Module 2 Chapter 1.pptx

Energy resources
(renewables and
non-renewables)
in Uganda

In partnership with
11.10.2022 Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme (PREEEP) - Skills Development Slide 4
Types of energy
• The basis for understanding the concept of
energy flow is from primary energy
contained in energy carriers to the useful
energy consumed through various
activities of the society, there is loss of
energy.
• Energy losses occur in processes of
energy transformation, transmission, and
distribution as well as in the final uses of
energy.
• Energy efficiency is all about reducing
energy losses.
Source: Bukarica, V., Robic, S. & Tomsic, Z. Securing energy supply by harnessing negajoules. in 2011 8th International
Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) 741–746 (IEEE, 2011).

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Energy flow and losses
11.10.202
5
Source: Understanding Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development. –R. Canudas
Session 2.1: Energy , Energy Conversion and Efficiency

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Example on Primary and secondary energy sources
11.10.202
6
Session 2.1: Energy , Energy Conversion and Efficiency
Primary
Secondary
Source: www.wikipedia.org

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Energy Resources

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Potential Energy Resources
Energy
Resource
Potential
Energy
Resource
Potential
4,137 MW of
hydro power
450 MW of geothermal
1,650 MW of biomass cogeneration,
460 million tons of biomass standing
stock with a sustainable annual yield of
50 million tons
250 Mtoe of peat (800 MW)
200 MWp of solar power
an average of 5.1 kWh/m2 of solar
energy
6.5 billion barrels of petroleum

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What is Hydropower?

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Hydropower Potential
• The gross theoretical hydropower potential of the country has not been fully assessed (H&D, 2019).
• The technically feasible potential of Uganda is 20,833 GWh/year
• The economically feasible one - 12,500 GWh/year.
• The presented data is an average annual generation estimate for 2018.

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• Uganda has abundant of lakes running from small swamps to
large lakes like Victoria. The total area of the lakes is estimated
at 66 km2 1 which is almost 15% of the total area of Uganda.
• The Nile River connects Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, and Lake
Albert as it flows downstream from Lake Victoria. The river
stretch from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert is called the Victoria
Nile River.
• The location of the major lakes and rivers in Uganda is shown in
the figure opposite expanding with the profile of them on the
next slide.

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What is Biomass?

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Biomass
• Biomass is the major source of energy contributing over 90% of the
energy requirements of Uganda
• However, of recent, rapid population growth, urbanisation and
industrialization have increased the demand for biomass resources in
the country.
• Annual demand for woody biomass and charcoal is reported to be
increasing at about 3% and 6%, respectively.
• The main source of biomass energy in the country is wood from
unmanaged natural forests.
• Natural forests in Uganda are dominated by slow-growing species,
thus high rates of harvesting leads to deforestation and environmental
degradation.

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Biomass
• A report on the global forest resource assessment of 2005,
indicates that between the year 2000 and 2005, the annual
deforestation rate in Uganda was 2.2%, and is one of the highest in
the world.
• Moreover, the demand for biomass energy is expected to increase
with increasing population in most sub-Saharan African countries.
• One would therefore expect a similar trend in Uganda, where
population growth rate is about 3.3% per year. This leads to
concerns about the sustainability of forest biomass supplies in the
country

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What is Solar?

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Solar Resource Maps of Uganda
• In planning a solar photovoltaic generation installation, the first
element to consider is the insolation level in the area. These levels can
be measured directly, but there are public access sources that allow us
to know the levels of insolation.
• Reference is made to information provided by the World Bank Group,
its SOLARGIS data base and applications, and the facilities provided
by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (“ESMAP”).
• Although there is solar irradiation in any part of the world, it is in
tropical areas where higher irradiation levels and a more
homogeneous distribution are achieved throughout the year.

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Solar Resource Maps of Uganda
• Uganda enjoys good potential for the use of solar energy, with
excellent levels of irradiation in the northern part of the country, and
intermediate levels in the southern part of the country.
• The average solar radiation is 5.5 kWh/m2/day.
• Existing solar data clearly indicate that the solar energy resource in
Uganda is high throughout the year.
• The data indicate a yearly variation (max month / min month) of only
about 20% (from 5.0 to 6.0 W/m2), which is due to the location near
the equator.
• The insolation is highest in the dryer area in the north-east and very
low in the mountains in the east and south-west.

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Photovoltaic Power Potential of Uganda
• The average photovoltaic power potential is 4.4 kWh/kWp.
• Existing solar data clearly indicate that the photovoltaic power potential
is following the global horizontal irradiation.
• The data indicate a yearly variation (max month / min month) of only
about 20% (from 4.0 to 4.8 W/m2) in the majority of the country, which
is due to the location near the equator.
• The photovoltaic power potential is highest in the dryer area in the
north-east and very low in the mountains in the east and south-west
similar to the global horizontal irradiation.
• Taking into consideration both the rapid decrease in the capital costs of
PV and the great irradiation covering most of the territory, it can be
concluded that, based on resource quality and availability alone, solar-
based technologies should be considered for integration in the more
diversified generation matrix.

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What is Geothermal?

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Geothermal
• Uganda has geothermal potential, particularly in
Eastern Uganda around Lake Albert, but the
resource has not been developed so far.
• ERA’s most recent least cost development plan
indicates that the country has a potential of 450
MW.
• As of 2021, feasibility studies have been ongoing
in the Kibiro and Panyimur areas, under a
contract Royal Techno Industries.
• The current government policy is to have the
private sector take ownership of most of the
technology.
• The LEI team understands that private
developers are expected to conduct all
prerequisite exploration development (including
drilling and steam testing), however this may
prove challenging and counter-productive due to
high risk/high upfront costs associated with
geothermal exploration.

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Geothermal
• The opposite figure shows the identified geothermal
sites in Uganda (data obtained from the Energy Sector
Geographic Information System (GIS) working group).
These investigations have so far identified three major
potential areas that are located in the western branch of
the East African Rift Valley in western Uganda, including
Katwe-Kikorongo, Buranga and Kibiro.

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What is Peat?

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Peat distribution

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What is Wind?

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Wind
• Based on the availability and
quality of wind resources, we
could reasonably conclude that
the potential for wind
development in Uganda is
somewhat limited;
• It could be maximized in the area
(such as the Karamoja region)
where the best wind
measurements have been
recorded.

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