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2. Introduction
 The name is derived from Greek word,
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trypano means (borer)
soma means (body)
They are unicellular flagellate protozoa.
Have corkscrew like motion.
Need more than one host to complete its life cycle.
Oftenly transmitted by a vector.
Generally found in intestine, but some time found in
blood stream or in heart.

3. Vector of trypanosoma
 It oftenly transmits by these vectors.

 Tsetse fly
Rhodnius prolixus

4. species
 There are two distinct species of trypanosoma which
cause diseases.
 Trypanosoma bruci
 Causes sleeeping sickness.
 Trypanosoma cruzi
 Causes chages disease,

5. Assignment of
Trypanosoma
 Scientific classification:
 Domain.

Eukaryota
 Kingdom

Excavata
 Phylum
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Sarcomastigophora

6. Classification
 Class

Kinetoplastida
 Order
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Trypanosomatida
 Family

Trypanosomatidae
 Genus

Trypanosoma

7. types
 There are two types of trypanosomes.
 Salivarian
 These mostly develop in insects interior gut, and after
that transfer to other hosts or humans
 Stercorarian
 These cause infections in the insects, you may say
these insects parasites.

8. Size of trypanosoma
 Trypanosoma range in size from 14 to 33 micro meter.
 Here slides are shown .

9. Trypanosoma in blood

10. History
 its species was discovered by a scientist Valentine” in
1841.
 But these are found in mammals after 50 – 80 years
later.
 Then further studied about their diseases.

11. Geographical distribution
 The trypanosoma is disributed throughout the world,
mainly found in african countries.
 Places are: Angola, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Uganda & Sudan , and central african republic.

12. Morphology of trypanosoma

13. Life or development stages

14. Life cycle

1) Infection of a human host occurs when a
tsetse fly bites a human and transmits from its
salivary glands the metacylic stage (the infective
state) of the trypanosome.
 2) This metacylic stage quickly gives way to a
blood-borne stage that begins a series of binary
fission divisions at the site of inoculation. This
process leads to the formation of a primary
chancre.

15. Life cycle
 3)
The trypanosomes enter the bloodstream via the
lymphatics and continue to multiply. They also enter
the CNS from here.
 4) A subsequent tsetse fly becomes infected by
ingesting a blood meal that contains the
trypanosomes from the infected host.
 5) In the gut of the fly, the trypanosomes transform
into procyclic trypmastigotes that divide for 10 days.
 6) The organisms then migrate to the salivary glands
and transform into epimastigotes, which later
transform into metacyclic trypanosomes that can
infect a new host.

16. Life cycle

17. Pathogenesis of trypanosoma
 Both of the species of trypanosoma cause diseases in
mammals specially human.
 Trypanosoma bruci causes a disease which is called
 “ sleeping sickness”
 It is also called “african trypanosomiasis”
 It is a disease in which severe mental retardation takes
place.

18. Diseases caused by trypanosoma
Clinical presentation:
The first clinical manifestation of African
trypanosomiasis occurs a few days after infection.
As a result a chancer forms due to proliferation at the
site of inoculation .

19. pathogenesis
 Incubation period may be from few days to weeks.
 Then it comes into blood stream and multiply by
binary fission.

20. Pathogenesis
 After some weeks it invades to nervous system, the
time may vary from weeks to years dependent on
species.
 This causes a patient to be sensless during sleeping
and ultimately NS retards, eventually causing death.

21. Pathogenesis
 Another species trypanosoma cruzi causes another
disease : chages disease” also called ,
 American Trypanosomiasis.
 It can be divided into two phases
 Acute stage
 Chronic stage

22. Pathogenesis
 In acute disease the trypanosoma resides intracellular
and divides, then it comes into blood stream, here no
multiplication occurs.
At this stage no special signs and symptoms show, as a
result generalized signs and symptoms may occur as
headache , loss of appetite and diarrhea.

23.  Chronic stage.
 In chronic stage these parasites reside in heart and
midgut, and some time in hind gut causing giantism of
the midgut.

24. Giantism of midgut
 Here you can see the giantism in the midgut.
 After postmartem

25. Treatment
Medical treatment
benznidazole and nifurtimox
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