It is all about cell structure and functions

1. STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTIONS

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Identify the major parts and the
organelles of a cell.
Give the function of the cell’s
parts and organelles.
Describe cell modifications.

3. MAJOR
PARTS OF

4. CELL MEMBRANE
Outermost part, has the role of protecting
the cell and its content.
Composed of Phospholipid, it is a double
layer of fats and protein.
Serves as a security of the cells.

5. CYTOPLASM
The middle layer where most of the activities of the
cell take place.
It is where the organelles are located.
Organelles are suspended in a gel-like solution called
cytosol.
Also contains enzymes that break down waste and
enable metabolic reactions.

6. NUCLEUS
Discovered by Robert Brown in 1883, it is the vital part of the cell.
It serves as the brain of the cell and directs all of the cell’s activities.
Dubbed as the “control center”, the cell nucleus directs all of the cell’s
activities and determines how a cell should appear and function.
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus, which serve as the site of ribosome
synthesis.
It also holds the chromosomes which carry the tightly wrapped and
coiled DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of an
organism.

8. THE CELL
ORGANELLES

9. Endomembrane system
Consists of network of structures involved in
many functions, such as ensuring the
adaptation, wrapping and transfer of proteins
across the cell.
Protein movement is a vital function of this
system in carrying out the processes within a
cell.

10. centrosome
Cell wall
chromosome
Cell membrane

11. chromosome

13. Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport molecules across
the cytoplasm and is also
capable of assembling new
lipids for export to other cell
membranes.

15. ROUGH ER / GRANULAR ER
it synthesize and modify proteins,
significant parts in the information of
plasma membrane proteins and
proteins outside the cell.

17. SMOOTH ER / AGRANULAR ER
Incorporates proteins into the
cisternae and transports synthesized
proteins across the cytoplasm.

19. RIBOSOMES
Provide a frame for
protein synthesis, they
are sites of protein
production.

21. VACUOLES
Is a fluid-filled vesicle enclosed by a
membrane.
It allows water passage freely but retains
smaller molecules within it, and stores
chemicals within the cell.
In animal cell it is smaller while in plant cell it
usually occupies majority of the cell volume.

23. LYSOSOMES
“cell reprocessing area”, where it hacks the
chemical bonds of any foreign substance to
recycle the raw materials.
“suicide bags” because they do self-
destruction in order to save the rest of the
other organelles from being poisoned.

25. PERIXOSOMES
Somehow resembles a
lysosome.
They are also responsible for
self-damage.
Shields the cell from being
damage.

27. GOLGI APPARATUS
Stacks of flat framework which held
several sacs of secretory granules.
Manufacturer and the shipping center of
the cell.
It modifies, sorts, and packages the
macromolecules synthesized by the cells.

29. CENTROSOMES
Assist in arranging microtubules
to be utilized during the cell
division.
Assemble spindle fibers at cell
division and contribute to the
successful outcome of mitosis.

31. MITOCHONDRIA
Known as the “animal cell’s powerhouse” –
role to produce role energy through cellular
respiration.
It is also responsible for the production of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP) – the cells
energy currency.

33. CHLOROPLAST
Found only in plants and photosynthetic
protists.
In plant cell it is comparable to mitochondrion
in animal cells, serve as the site of energy
conversion in plant cells.
The best known for housing chlorophyll – the
pigment that causes the green color of plants.

35. CELL
MODIFICATIONS
 Are modifications that
make a cell different
from another type of
cell.

36. Nerve cells have
dendrites that
receives electric
signals from neuron
and axons that
transmit an electrical
signal to another
neuron.

37. Muscle cells
have actin and
myosin that
allows the muscle
to contract.

38. RBC contains a
large amount of
hemoglobin to
transport oxygen
throughout the
body.

39. Plant cells have
chloroplast which
allows cell to
undergo
photosynthesis.

40. Plant cells also
have cell wall that
gives them
shape.

41. Sperm cells have
flagellum helps
them to swim
through the
vagina.