Fertilization

1. DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY –
FERTILIZATION - GESTATION
PAVITHRA NARASIMHAN

2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• Scientific study of processes of change and stability
throughout the human life span.
• The study seeks to describe, explain , predict and
modify behavior in the dimensions of Physical,
Cognition and Psycho-social domains..
• Development is subject to Internal and External
influences. Contextual development include family,
neighbor-hood, socio-economic, culture,
ethnicity/race.

3. LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT
• Life Span development – Concept of a life long
process of development that can be studied
scientifically is known as Life – Span development.
• Kinds of development can be qualitative and
quantitative .
• Quantitative – Change in the number (Height,
Weight, Intelligence)
• Qualitative – Change in kind or structure – not overtly
observable.

4. LIFE SPAN INFLUENCES – ACCN TO
PAUL
• Development is continuous
• Development is allocating resources
• Development is modifiable.
• Development has gain and loss.
• Development is culture – specific and contextual

5. DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
Physical
• Body and Brain
• Sensory and motor
skills
Cognitive
• mental ability
(learning/memory)
• Emotional growth
Psycho-Sexual
• Change in
personality
• Impact of social
relationships

6. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
• The concept of a division of life span into periods is a
social construction – based on society’s shared
perceptions or assumptions .
• Individual differences - differences in characteristics,
influences developmental influence.
• Heredity – Inborn characteristics inherited from
biological parents at conception
• Environment – Non – hereditary factors on
development
• Maturation – readiness to master new abilities

7. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ON
DEVELOPMENT
Major Contextual factors(Family size)
Socio-economic factors(Income, age, education, culture, race)
Historical (normative/ non – normative)

8. NORMATIVE AND NON –
NORMATIVE INFLUENCES
• Normative : characteristic of events that occur in a
similar way for most people in a group.(puberty ,
menopause)
• Cohort : group of people growing up at about the
same time (economic recession, war , famine ,
technological development – Gen y and Z etc)
• Non – Normative : characteristic of an unusual event
that happens to a particular person at an unusual
time of life(birth defect, exposed to terror attacks)

9. CRITICAL AND SENSITIVE PERIOD
OF INFLUENCES
• Imprinting – Konrad Lorenz. – “Learning that occurs
during the early part of an animal life , whereby an
attachment is formed with the other animal (usually
the mother).
• Critical Period -refers to “not absolutely fixed” –
specific time when a given event has an
impact.(development at each stage)
• Sensitive Period – When the individual is responsive
to certain kinds of experience(response to the outside
world)

10. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
DEVELOPMENT
• Major theoretical perspectives are Psycho-
analytic,learning , cognitive , evolutionary , socio-
biological and contextual.
• Theoretical perspectives differ on three key issues; the
relative importance of
• heredity
• environment
• normative specifications.

11. EARLY SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
• Francis Galton - Eugenics
• Charles Darwin :Kept detailed records of “baby
biographies” to support notion of evolution from birth
till 12 months to observe (biological, cognitive and
emotional dvt)
• G. Stanley Hall :Wanted to find more objective ways to
study dev’t , hence used questionnaires & interviews
focussed on Personality & Intellectual developmental
process on aging

12. EARLY SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
Arnold Gesell emphasized on
• Maturation :genetically programmed sequential
patterns of change.
It occurred regardless of practice, training or effort
• Used movie cameras and one-way observation devices
to study children’s behavior

13. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
• Attachment theory is a psychological model that
attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and
short-term interpersonal relationships between
humans.
• The most important tenet of attachment theory is that
an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least
one primary caregiver for the child's successful social
and emotional development, and in particular for
learning how to effectively regulate their feelings

14. ATTACHMENT PATTERNS
• Secure attachment: A toddler who is securely
attached to his or her parent (or other familiar
caregiver) will explore freely while the caregiver is
present, typically engages with strangers, is often
visibly upset when the caregiver departs, and is
generally happy to see the caregiver return.
• Anxious-ambivalent attachment :When the mother
departs, the child is often highly distressed. The child
is generally ambivalent when she returns

15. ATTACHMENT PATTERNS
• Anxious-avoidant attachment
• An infant with an anxious-avoidant pattern of
attachment will avoid or ignore the caregiver —
showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or
returns.
• Disorganized/disoriented attachment

16. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY -
URIE BRONFENBRENNER.

17. FERTILIZATION - PROCESS

18. CONCEPTION -PRE-NATAL
DEVELOPMENT
• Conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of
about 200 million sperm.
• The sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the egg
surface
• Once the sperm penetrates the egg – we have a fertilized egg
called – Zygote.
• The first pre-natal development lasts about two weeks and
consist of rapid cell division.
• The Zygote attach itself to the uterine wall and develops into
embryo.(Lasts about 6 weeks. Heart begins to beat and the
organs develop).

19. BLASTOCYTE
• A single-celled zygote will undergo multiple rounds of cleavage,
or cell division, in order to produced a ball of cells, called
a blastula, with a fluid-filled cavity in its center, called a
blastocoel.
• The blastula eventually organizes itself into two layers: the inner
cell mass (which will become the embryo) and the outer layer
or trophoblast (which will become the placenta); the structure is
now called a blastocyst.
• During gastrulation, the blastula folds in on itself to form three
germ layers, the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm,
that will give rise to the internal structures of the organism.

20. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT - FETUS
• Prenatal Period – conception to birth
• Infancy- divided into two periods
• a.Partunatal period- from birth to cutting of the umbilical
cord
• b.Neonatal period (newborn)- from the cutting of the
umbilical cord to the end of the second week (28 days).
• The prenatal period is ten lunar months of 28 days in
length or nine calendar months. Average length of the
prenatal period: 38 weeks or 266 days 70 % of babies: 36
to 40 weeks (252 to 280 day)

21. GESTATION
• Gestation is the period of time between conception
and birth. During this time, the baby grows and
develops inside the mother's womb.
• Gestational age is the common term used during
pregnancy to describe how far along the pregnancy is.
It is measured in weeks, from the first day of the
woman's last menstrual cycle to the current date. A
normal pregnancy can range from 38 to 42 weeks.

22. STAGES OF PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT A.GERMINAL
STAGE/PRE-EMBRYONIC
• The germinal stage is the prenatal, developmental
stage that begins at fertilization and lasts through the
second week. During this time, the fertilized egg/ovum
(now called a zygote, and consists of a single cell)
makes it way down the fallopian tube, and begins to
have cell reproduction.

23. EMBRYONIC STAGE

24. B. THE EMBRYONIC STAGE- (2
TO 8- 12 WEEKS)
During this stage, the major body systems (respiratory,
alimentary, nervous) and organs develop. Because of
the rapid growth and development in this stage, the
embryo is most vulnerable to prenatal environmental
influences. Almost all the developmental birth defects
(cleft palate, incomplete or missing limbs, blindness,
deafness) occur during the first trimester of pregnancy.

25. FETAL DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

26. BABY DEVELOPMENT
FETAL STAGE (8-12 WEEKS TO BIRTH)
• The lungs are beginning to form, however; the major
portion of the lung development is yet to occur.
• Brain activity can be recorded.
• Eyes are present, but no eyelids yet.
• The heart appears as a prominent bulge on the
anterior surface.
• Structures that will become arms and legs, called limb
buds, begin to appear.

27. 8 WEEKS OF GESTATION – FETAL
DEVELOPMENT
• organogenesis is complete.
• Elbows are visible.
• Facial features - the eyes, nose, lips, and tongue -
continue to develop. The outer ears begin to take
shape.
• The hands and feet have fingers and toes, but might
still be webbed. Organs begin to be controlled by the
brain. The length is about 1/2 to 3/4 inch.

28. ORGANOGENESIS – MASS OF
CELLS INTO A COMPLETE ORGAN
The endoderm produces tissue within the lungs, thyroid, and pancreas.
The mesoderm aids in the production of cardiac muscle, skeletal
muscle, smooth muscle, tissues within the kidneys, and red blood cells.
The ectoderm produces tissues within the epidermis and aids in the
formation of neurons within the brain, and melanocytes.

29. 10 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE
• The developing unborn child is now called a fetus,
rather than an embryo.
• The head is half the length of the body.
• The arms and legs are long and thin.
• Red blood cells are produced.
• The weight is less than ½ of an ounce. The length is
about 1 1/4 to 1 3/4 inches

30. 12 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE
• Nail beds are forming on fingers and toes.
• Some reflexes, such as baby skin reflex, are present.
• Tooth buds are present.
• Heartbeat is audible through doppler. All body parts
and organs are present. The hands can make a fist.
• The weight is about 1½ ounce. The length is about 2
to 3 inches

31. 14 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE
• The skin is almost transparent.
• The mouth makes sucking motions. Amniotic fluid is
swallowed.
• The arms are in proportion to the body.
• The liver and pancreas are starting to work. The
weight is about 2 ounces.
• The length is about 3 to 4 inches.

32. 16 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE
• Fetal heart sounds are audible with an ordinary
stethoscope. Lanugo (the fine downy hair on the back
and arms of the newborns, which apparently serves as
a source of insulation for body heat) is well formed.
• Sex can be determined via ultrasound.
• The head and body become proportional.
• The weight is approximately 3.9 ounces
• The length is about 4 to 5 inches.

33. 20 – 24 WEEKS OF GESTATIONAL
AGE
• Spontaneous fetal movements can be sensed by the mother.
Eyebrows and lashes appear. Hearing can be demonstrated by
response to sudden sound. Pupil are capable of reacting to
light. Time of rapid brain growth. The unborn child can turn its
entire body side to side and front to back.
• The weight is about 11 ounces. The length is about 6 to 7
inches
• Unique footprints and fingerprints are present. The skin
becomes less transparent as fat begins to deposit. Actions such
as hiccupping, squinting, smiling, and frowning might be seen
through ultrasound. Surviving premature babies might have
severe disabilities and require long-term intensive care.

34. 32 – 40 WEEKS GESTATIONAL AGE
• newborn is considered full-term at 38 weeks.
• Small breast buds are present on both sexes.
• The unborn child can grasp firmly.
• The unborn child turns toward a light source.
• The average weight is greater than 6 pounds.
• The length is about 19 to 21 inches.

35. STAGES OF CHILD BIRTH
• 1.First stage: Dilation of the cervix
• 2.Second stage: Descent and emergence of the baby
• 3.Third stage: Expulsion of the placenta and the
umbilical cord.

36. CHILD BIRTH
• Childbirth is the action of giving birth to a child. Not
all childbirths are the same for every woman. There
are different types of childbirths.
• For example, home childbirth, vaginal birth,
caesarean section and medicated birth.

37. METHODS OF CHILDBIRTH
• Home Child birth - an attended or unattended birth.
Takes place in a residence instead of a hospital or
baby center.
• Vaginal Birth -When you give birth through the
vagina. It is the most natural method.
• Cesarean Section- A surgical procedure where one
or more incisions are made through a mother’s
abdomen and uterus.

38. MEDICATED AND PREPARED
CHILD BIRTH
• When a mother gets pain medication because she is
having trouble giving birth. Epidural is a pain
medication.
• Lamaze Method-Is a childbirth class that women can
take so it can increase their confidence in their ability
to give birth through breathing techniques to
alleviate pain
• Bradley Method- Another class for pregnant women.
It teaches them about nutrition and exercise.