1. Structures shape the world:
How do we make a nature science
of Society?
Josefino Tulabing.Larena ,AB, CPS,CPE,MPA
Disciplines and Ideas in Social Sciences K to 12

2. Learning Objectives
 1. Examine the legacy of the Classical
Frameworks in the development of the
academic study of Society
 Discuss about the Founding Fathers of Social
Science and How their ideas impact present
theorizing about society and
 Operationalize the meaning of structures in
terms of how they help us understand social
reality

3. Modern times
 MOST FB LIKES
Shalomae J. Siason  Today ,Selfies are a
common phenomenon
among us, especially
the youth, Selfies are
generally portraits of &
about oneself, aided by
information and
communication
technology, which
enables the
photographer to easily
take, record and
document aspects

4. MOST FB SHARES
Diana Bulagao Cornelio
BEST SELFIE
Danica Bulagao Cornelio

5. Questions
 How a photographer take pictures of his
or her own subject?
 How does he or she compose his or her
photograph in accordance to physical and
temporal ( meaning time) conditions
where the shooting is taking place?
 Would there be a difference if the
photographer is female or male?
 How about if he or she is using a different
technology in taking pictures?

6. How do we see social reality? How
should we see it? How do we
intend to change or reform
 Theories are our explanatory models
where we could analyse, examine and
interpret what we see and experience
about life, society and humanity.
 Across many decades since the formal
founding of Social Science as an academic
discipline in the West, there have been
many forms of social theories .

7. Lens
 In contemporary social science theories,
the analogy for theoretical perspectives is
commonly expressed by the word “Lens”
to connote that there are various ways .

8. Classical Frameworks: Evolution
and Function

9. Understanding the Nature of
Society Based on Nature
 Classical social Theories do provide the
foundation. Drawing from a long and rich
intellectual tradition in philosophy
centuries before the age of modernity
particularly ,the 18th to the early 19th
century those ideas developed mainly as a
response to the most important discourse
of the time: MODERNITY

10. Evolution

11. Human Evolution
 Human evolution is the lengthy
process of change by which people
originated from apelike ancestors.
Scientific evidence shows that the
physical and behavioural traits
shared by all people originated
from apelike ancestors and
evolved over a period of
approximately six million years.

12.  One of the earliest defining human traits,
bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs --
evolved over 4 million years ago. Other
important human characteristics -- such as a
large and complex brain, the ability to make
and use tools, and the capacity for language --
developed more recently. Many advanced traits
-- including complex symbolic expression, art,
and elaborate cultural diversity -- emerged
mainly during the past 100,000 years.

13.  Humans are primates. Physical and genetic
similarities show that the modern
humanspecies, Homo sapiens, has a very
close relationship to another group of primate
species, the apes. Humans and the great
apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees
(including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy
chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a
common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6
million years ago. Humans first evolved in
Africa, and much of human evolution
occurred on that continent. The fossils of
early humans who lived between 6 and 2
million years ago come entirely from Africa.

14.  Most scientists currently recognize some 15
to 20 different species of early humans.
Scientists do not all agree, however, about
how these species are related or which ones
simply died out. Many early human species --
certainly the majority of them – left no living
descendants. Scientists also debate over how
to identify and classify particular species of
early humans, and about what factors
influenced the evolution and extinction of
each species.

15. Before Darwin
 The word homo, the name of the biological genus
to which humans belong, is Latin for "human". It
was chosen originally by Carl Linnaeus in his
classification system. The word "human" is from
the Latin humanus, the adjectival form of homo.
The Latin "homo" derives from the Indo-
European root *dhghem, or "earth". Linnaeus
and other scientists of his time also considered
the great apes to be the closest relatives of
humans based on morphological and anatomical
similarities.

16. Charles Darwin
 Naturalist Charles Darwin
was born in Shrewsbury,
England, on February 12,
1809. In 1831, he embarked
on a five-year survey
voyage around the world on
the HMS Beagle. His studies
of specimens around the
globe led him to formulate
his theory of evolution and
his views on the process of
natural selection. In 1859,
he published On the Origin
of Species. He died on April
19, 1882, in London.

17. Theory of Evolution
 Darwin's exposure to specimens all over the globe raised
important questions. Other naturalists believed that all
species either came into being at the start of the world, or
were created over the course of natural history. In either
case, the species were believed to remain much the same
throughout time. Darwin, however, noticed similarities
among species all over the globe, along with variations
based on specific locations, leading him to believe that they
had gradually evolved from common ancestors. He came to
believe that species survived through a process called
"natural selection," where species that successfully adapted
to meet the changing requirements of their natural habitat
thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce
died off.

18. Theory of Evolution
 In 1858, after years of further scientific
investigation, Darwin publically introduced
his revolutionary theory of evolution in a
letter read at a meeting of the Linnean
Society. On November 24, 1859, he
published a detailed explanation of his
theory in his best-known work, On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection.

19.  British philosopher and
sociologist, Herbert Spencer was
a major figure in the intellectual
life of the Victorian era. He was
one of the principal proponents of
evolutionary theory in the mid
nineteenth century, and his
reputation at the time rivalled
that of Charles Darwin.
 Spencer was initially best known
for developing and applying
evolutionary theory to philosophy,
psychology and the study of
society -- what he called his
"synthetic philosophy"

20. Father of Sociology
David Émile Durkheim
 ( April 15, 1858 –
November 15, 1917) was
a French sociologist,
social psychologist and
philosopher. He formally
established the academic
discipline and—with Karl
Marx and Max Weber—is
commonly cited as the
principal architect of
modern social science and
father of sociology

21. Father of the study of Culture
Edward Tylor
 Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (2
October 1832 – 2 January
1917) was an English
anthropologist, the founder of
cultural anthropology.
 Tylor is representative of
cultural evolutionism. In his
works Primitive Culture and
Anthropology, he defined the
context of the scientific study
of anthropology, based on the
evolutionary theories of
Charles Lyell. He believed that
there was a functional basis
for the development of society
and religion, which he
determined was universal.

25. Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-
1942), Polish Pioneer Functionalism ethnologist
 one of the most
important
anthropologists of
the 20th century
who is widely
recognized as a
founder of social
anthropology and
principally
associated with field
studies of the
peoples of Oceania.

26. Functionalism
 Functionalism,
mental states are
identified by what
they do rather than
by what they are
made of. This can
be understood by
thinking about
artefacts like
mousetraps and
keys.

27. Structure
 Structure is an
arrangement and
organization of
interrelated elements in
a material object or
system, or the object or
system so organized

28. Marcel Mauss
 Marcel Mauss was a
French sociologist.
The nephew of Émile
Durkheim, Mauss's
academic work
traversed the
boundaries between
sociology and
anthropology.

29. Cross –Cultural and gift -giving

30. Classical Framework :Historical
Materialism & Human Personality

31. Karl Marx
 Karl Marx was a
philosopher,
economist, sociologist,
journalist, and
revolutionary socialist.
Born in Prussia to a
middle-class family, he
later studied political
economy and Hegelian
philosophy

32. Karl Marx Books

33. Classical Psychoanalysis &
Sigmund Freud
 Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological
and psychotherapeutic theories and
associated techniques, created by
Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and
stemming partly from the clinical work of
Josef Breuer and others

34. Sigmund Freud - The Father of
Psychoanalysis and Psychology
 Sigmund Freud was an
Austrian neurologist
and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a
clinical method for
treating
psychopathology
through dialogue
between a patient and
a psychoanalyst

35.  The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include:
 a person's development is determined by often forgotten events in
early childhood rather than by inherited traits alone
 human attitude, mannerism, experience, and thought is largely
influenced by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious
 it is necessary to bypass psychological resistance in the form of
defense mechanisms when bringing drives into awareness
 conflicts between the conscious and the unconscious, or with
repressed material can materialize in the form of mental or emotional
disturbances, for example: neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety,
depression etc.
 liberating the elements of the unconscious is achieved through
bringing this material into the conscious mind (via e.g. skilled
guidance, i.e. therapeutic intervention

36.  Freudian psychoanalysis refers to a
specific type of treatment in which the
"analysand" (analytic patient) verbally
expresses his or her thoughts, including
free associations, fantasies, and dreams,
from which the analyst infers the
unconscious conflicts causing the patient's
symptoms and character problems, and
interprets them for the patient to create
insight for resolution of the problems.

37. Diagram showing the structure of
the human psyche

38. Society and Social Media

39. A man who dares to waste one
hour of time has not discovered
the value of life.
Charles Darwin