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Nucleic Acid Chemistry session one.ppt
1. AP Biology
Topic: Nucleic acid chemistry
By
Dr. Zablon Kerima
Lecturer
Dept. Biochemistry
Kampala International
University -Tanzania
2. AP Biology
Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for
cellular growth and reproduction
There are two types of nucleic acids:
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid
(RNA)
These are polymers consisting of long chains of
monomers called nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar and a phosphate group:
3. AP Biology
Nucleic Acids
Function:
store & transmit genetic information
Types:
RNA (ribonucleic acid) (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Structure:
monomers = nucleotides…..?
Polymers = polynucleotides (DNA, RNA)
6. AP Biology
Nucleotides
3 parts
nitrogen base (C-N ring)
pentose sugar (5C)
ribose in RNA
deoxyribose in DNA
phosphate (PO4) group
7. AP Biology
Nucleotide structure 1 - Pentose Sugars
There are two related pentose sugars:
- RNA contains ribose
- DNA contains deoxyribose
The sugars have their carbon atoms numbered with
primes to distinguish them from the nitrogen bases
9. AP Biology
Based on McMurry, Organic Chemistry, Chapter
28, 6th edition, (c) 2003
9
Nucleotide Structure - 2
Bases: Purine and Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine contains two pyridine-like nitrogens in a
six-membered aromatic ring (single ring)
Purine has 4 N’s in a fused-ring structure. Three
are basic like pyridine-like and one is like that in
pyrrole (double rings)
10. AP Biology
Nitrogen Bases
The nitrogen bases in nucleotides consist of two general
types:
- purines: adenine (A) and guanine (G)
- pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
12. AP Biology
Bases - Pyrimidines
N
N
5
6
1
2
3
4
Uracil
NH
N
O
U
O
H
Thymine is found ONLY in DNA.
In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil
Uracil and Thymine are structurally similar
13. AP Biology
Nucleotide Structure - 3
Phosphate Groups
Phosphate groups are what makes a nucleoside a
nucleotide……???
Phosphate groups are essential for nucleotide
polymerization
P
O
O
O
O X
Basic structure:
Free = inorganic
phosphate (Pi)
14. AP Biology
Nucleotide : Base-Sugar-PO4
2-
P
O
O
O
O
N
N
5
6
1
2
3
4
O
C
5’
1’
4’
3’ 2’
OH
Monophosphate
16. AP Biology
AMP, ADP and ATP
Additional phosphate groups can be added to the
nucleoside 5’-monophosphates to form diphosphates
and triphosphates
ATP is the major energy source for cellular activity
17. AP Biology
Nucleosides and Nucleotides
A nucleoside consists of a nitrogen base linked by
a glycosidic bond to C1’ of a ribose or
deoxyribose
Nucleosides are named by changing the nitrogen
base ending to -osine for purines and –idine for
pyrimidines
A nucleotide is a nucleoside that forms a
phosphate ester with the C5’ OH group of ribose
or deoxyribose
Nucleotides are named using the name of the
nucleoside followed by 5’-monophosphate
20. AP Biology
RNA & DNA
RNA
single nucleotide chain
DNA
double nucleotide chain
N bases bond in pairs
across chains
spiraled in a double helix
22. AP Biology
Nucleic polymer
Backbone
sugar to PO4 bond
new base added to sugar of previous base
polymer grows in one direction
N bases hang off the
sugar-phosphate backbone
Dangling bases?
Why is this important?
23. AP Biology
Nucleic acids
Structure / monomer
nucleotide
Function
information storage
& transfer
Examples
DNA, RNA
24. AP Biology
DNA molecule
Double helix
H bonds between bases join
the 2 strands
Adenine:: Thymine
(A-T)
Cytosine:: Guanine
(C-G)
RNA
oA-U (Uracil)
oG-C
25. AP Biology
Information polymer
Function
series of bases encodes information
like the letters of a book
stored information is passed
from parent to offspring
need to copy accurately
stored information = genes
genetic information
Passing on information?
Why is this important?
27. AP Biology
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine
Composed of adenine and ribose
Triphosphate
3 phosphate groups attached to
each other and the ribose
ATP = High energy molecule
-supplies energy for muscle contraction and
nerve impulses
ADP = Lower energy molecule (diphosphate)
+
+
28. AP Biology
What are the complementary
base pairs for DNA?
A. A-T and G-U
B. A-T and G-C
C. A-U and G-C
D. A-T and C-U
A
-
T
a
n
d
G
-
U
A
-
T
a
n
d
G
-
C
A
-
U
a
n
d
G
-
C
A
-
T
a
n
d
C
-
U
0%
10%
5%
86%
29. AP Biology
What is one difference between
DNA and RNA?
A. DNA has uracil and
RNA does not
B. RNA is single
stranded and DNA
is double stranded
C. DNA has 4 bases
and RNA has 5
D. DNA has a ribose
sugar and RNA
does not
D
N
A
h
a
s
u
r
a
c
i
l
a
n
d
R
N
A
.
.
.
R
N
A
i
s
s
i
n
g
l
e
s
t
r
a
n
d
e
d
a
.
.
D
N
A
h
a
s
4
b
a
s
e
s
a
n
d
R
N
.
.
.
D
N
A
h
a
s
a
r
i
b
o
s
e
s
u
g
a
r
a
.
.
5% 5%
10%
81%
30. AP Biology
What are the 3 parts of a
nucleotide?
A. 5 C sugar, carbon base,
carboxyl group
B. 3 C sugar, nitrogen base,
phosphate group
C. 5 C sugar, nitrogen base,
phosphate group
D. 5 C sugar, nitrogen base,
hydroxyl group
5
C
s
u
g
a
r
,
c
a
r
b
o
n
b
a
s
e
,
.
.
.
3
C
s
u
g
a
r
,
n
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
b
a
s
e
.
.
.
5
C
s
u
g
a
r
,
n
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
b
a
s
e
.
.
.
5
C
s
u
g
a
r
,
n
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
b
a
s
e
,
.
.
.
10%
5%
80%
5%
31. AP Biology
Which of the following supplies cellular
energy for muscle contractions and nerve
impulses?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. ATP
D. ABC
D
N
A
R
N
A
A
T
P
A
B
C
0% 0%
95%
5%
32. AP Biology
Proteins
Structure / monomer
amino acids
levels of structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiery
Quaternary
Function
enzymes u defense
transport u structure
signals u receptors
Examples
digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin
hormone, actin and myosin, antibodies, collagen
peptide bond