Ed tech 105 topic 1

EDTECH 1 EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Topic 1 Introduction to Educational Technology

History of Educational Technology
Lesson 1

a. Education during the Ancient Times
Educational technology is a complex concept and seems to be the phenomenon of the
21st Century. But history tells us that this started during the ancient civilization when man
started to use pointed sticks to inscript signs and symbols on the leaves of trees and knives
for the bark of trees. At about 3100 BC, the Egyptians devised a system of picture called
hieroglyphics. Although they may represent the objects for which they stand for,
hieroglyphics symbols usually represent a sound or a group of sounds. This development
gave rise to the class known as scribes, a group of men trained in the art of writing. The
scribes came to be the country’s chronicler of events (DUka,1999).
In ancient Greece, the Spartan education emphasized the development of the physical
body coupled with discipline. The boys underwent exercises and activities that promoted
bodily strength, endurance and vitality. These included dancing, wrestling, horseback riding,
swimming and gymnastics. They were taught by the paidonomus, a military commander in
the public barracks. The girls on the other hand stayed by their mother who taught tem the
rudiments of housekeeping and motherhood.
In Athens, recognition is given for its beign the first to recognize the right of individual
to develop to the fullest. They believe that the mind and the body has a strong relationship,
thus activities to develop both were the prime concerns in the music schools, the grammar
schools and public gymnasium or palaestra. With the help of the sophist cognitive rules,
systematically arranged subject matter instructional technologies and effective instructional
materials were designed and implemented.

b. Education during the Medieval Era
During the medieval era, the establishment of the Medieval University was an important
milestone in educational development Emperor Frederick I of Bologna in 1158 chartered the
first university Degrees offered were expanded which required students to engage in more
in dept studies and to write their theses, defend them in public before the deans, facultas
and rectors. This created the spark in writing textbooks, which was felt problem at the time.
The Saracens or the Arabs among the Moors of Spain gave a significant contribution
in determining the direction of what educational technology is today. The aims of their
education was search for knowledge and the application of scientific facts to their daily lives.
Their curriculum was the most organized and complete in the elementary, secondary and
collegiate levels. Their universities and libraries were the models in the entire Europe
because they invented the printing press. They also originated the scientific method of
teaching.

c. Education during the Renaissance Period
Authorities agree that modern times began with the movement known as age of
renaissance or Reawakening. The period has three main lines of concern; the
intellectual to which education belongs, the aesthetic and scientific. Along the intellectual
development, movements like Humanism, Reformation, Realism, Disciplinism and
Rationalism contributed to the development of educational technology especially along
theories and practices. Bacon, Rabelais, Vives and Milton advanced their own ideas
about education; John Locke came our with his idea about the nature of child’s mind at
birth in Tabula Rasa. Johann Amos Comenius was recognized for developing the first
picture book known as Orbis Pictus (The World in Pictures). He was considered as the
pioneer in instructional technology development. Maira Montessoru contributed her own

Maria Theresa P.Pelones, DM,MS,MA 1


ideas about teaching, which is the use of multi-sensory materials to teaching, which is
still use in Montessori schools of today.

d. Education during the Age of Naturalism
Notable figure during this age was Jean Jacques Rosseau. His educational
views were contained in a book titled Emile, which he authored. The aims of education
was the preservation of the natural goodness of the individual and the formation of
society based upon the recognition of natural individual and formation of society based
upon the recognition of natural individual rights. Herbart also came out with the five
formal steps to teaching now known as the Herbatian Method of Teaching with the
following steps: preparation, presentation, comparison and abstratction, generalization
and application. Peztallozi believed that teaching is more effective if its proceeds from
concrete to abstract, hence the use of actual and real objects that involve most of the
senses. Froebel, who was known as the Father of kindergarten emphasized the use of
actual objects, which could be manipulated by the learners. He too, recommended the
use of plays and songs. This encouraged the writing of songs and discovery of games
suited for the grades.

e. Education Movement in the 19th Century
Famous are the works of John Dewey and Edward Lee Thorndike Dewey, An
American Pragmatist, formulated the scientific theory of learning while Thorndike, A
connectionist, advanced the primary laws of learning.
This era paved the way to the development of effective educational technology,
including the production of books, the use of blackboards and the improvement of
writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented giving way to movement
called visual instruction. By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the
publication of audio-visual media texts. In 1926 educational films were used as
instructional media. In 1932 the first instructional television program was aired in the
State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16mm sound motion picture was
develop.
During the 2nd WW, the experiences of the American soldiers showed the
importance of educational devices. They used these devices in military trainings. After
the war more developments in educational technology were seen like the use of
programmed instruction by Skinner, the taxonomy of educational objectives by Bloom;
the use of modularized instruction.



f. Education in Contemporary Times
The 2nd Millenium saw the persasiveness of educational technology in all aspects
of educational organization and management. Most schools have already adopted the
computerization of records, entrance procedures and all other aspects of administration and
supervision. In the classrooms of the better finance schools multi-media resources and
computers are common fixtures while the lesser financed ones, they maintain an
educational media center where few computer units are being installed to be shared by the
whole studentry. Schools in he secondary, collegiate levels and even in the graduate level
have radically revised and enriched their curricular offerings to include course in computer
applications. In fact, private elementary schools which are well finance and well-equipped
offer computer lessons as early as in the elementary grades.
Schools administrators saw the need of retooling teachers so that they can lead
fello teachers and students to make use of various softwares and other computer assisted
instructions like CD-ROM, so that they can create multi-media presentations to make
teaching and learning more interesting and effective. Educational organizations like the
INTEL and UP NISMED build linkages with Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs ) in the
training of key teachers in the integration of INTEL Teach of the Future and Curriculum
Review for Pre Servie Education. The Training provides the teachers first hand experiences
in applying computer skills in the preparation of multi-media presentations using power
point, the preparation of brochures or newsletter using publisher, creating webpage,
exploring the internet and the preparation of other teacher and student support materials on
specific content.
The internet and e-mails have become tools for what is known as fast-paced
interactive learning, communication and search for information. This era saw the
proliferation of computer schools, internet cafes and computer centers to serve the
escalating need of computer services. The GOs as well as NGOs sponsor computer literacy
training to in-school youths, OSYs and to the employes and unemployed adults under the
auspices of the NFE.
With the advent of computers peripherals, computers became more user-friendly
so people began procuring sets for personal as well as for office and instructional use. With
the mouse even a new computer user could direct the progress of a blinking indicators. The
user could now transport instruction and information, start and stop program operations, find
stored data and perform other important tasks quickly and easily (David King, 2002)

.
APPLICATION
Suggested Activity:
1. Create a graphic organizer showing the historical
development of educational technology by giving the
significance of each development period. You can use
sample graphic organizers below



Putting your Ideas to Work
(Group 1)
Materials:
Cartolina or art paper, pair of scissors, paste, ruler, short bond paper

Direction:
Complete the pyramid by writing the events that took place in the history of
educational technology

Ancient
Greece

Middle
Age

Time of Comenius,
Petalozzi and others

Time of Comenius, Petalozzi and
others

Time of Johann Amos Comenius

Time of Edward Thorndike & John Dewey

19th Century

1992

World War II



(Group 2)

Materials:
Cartolina or art paper, pair of scissors, paste, ruler, short bond paper

Direction:
Create a graphic Organizer showing the historical development of educational
technology.

Ancient
Greece
World War II Middle Age

Time of Comenius,
Historical Pestalozzi and
1932
Development of others
Educational
Technology

19th Century
Time of Johann Amos
Comenius

Time of Edward
Thorndike & John
Dewey

Time of Edward Time of Comenius,
Maria Theresa P.Pelones, DM,MS,MA Thorndike & John 5
Time of Johann Amos and
Pestalozzi
1932 Century II
19
World War
th
Ancient Middle Age
Dewey Comeniusothers
Greece


(Group 3)

Materials:
Cartolina or art paper, pair of scissors, paste, ruler

Direction:
technology.

Ancient
World War Greece Middle
II Age

Historical
Development of Time of
1932 Educational Comenius,
Technology Pestalozzi and
others

19th
Time of Edward Time of Johann
Century
Thorndike & John Amos Comenius
Dewey



(Group 4)

Materials:
Cartolina or art paper, pair of scissors, paste, ruler

Direction:
technology.

Ancient
Greece

World War II
Middle Age

Historical
Historical
Development of Time of
1932 Development of
Educational Technology
Comenius,
Pestalozzi and
Educational Technology
others

Time of Johann
19th Century Amos Comenius

Time of Edward
Thorndike & John Dewey


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