This presentation discusses water sources, its use, wastage of water, importance of saving it, recycling and reusing it, water scarcity and ways to prevent the impending calamity

1. WATER
MORE PRECIOUS THAN OIL OR
GOLD
Pinaki Bhadury

2. DISCLAIMER
This presentation is based on the author’s knowledge, experience and information
available in the public domain and sources mentioned. The data presented here
has not been independently verified for its correctness nor does the author claim
its accuracy. The purpose of the presentation is to share and create awareness
amongst the readers and the public in general, about water and its impending
scarcity in most parts of the world that could threaten the very life on this planet.

3. FACTS ABOUT WATER
Water is Nectar of Life
 The single most essential element that sustains life in any planet
 One can survive without
 Food for weeks
 Without electricity
 But can’t survive more than 60 hours without water
 Any industry needs water
 For process use
 For cooling
 For utility Did you know that one of the first computers invented in 1936
by Russian scientist was powered by water?

4. HOW MUCH WATER IS CONSUMED FOR ……..
One cup of Tea?
One cup of Coffee?
One egg?
One glass of milk?
35 liters !
140 liters !
135 liters !
1000 liters !
Strange but trueSource: Best Water Technology Company Website

5. Drinking Water
₹100/ltr
Petrol
₹60/ltr
This may be the reality soon if we do not act now!

6. NEXT WAR OVER WATER?
India's coming water wars Mayank Agarwal, iMint, 17th March 2016
New Delhi: The face-off between Punjab and Haryana over sharing of Satluj-Yamuna
water has put the spotlight on brewing confrontations between states across India over
access to water. India is probably staring at its next challenge to its federal polity—water
wars.

7. By 2025:
Major Indian cities may become like Singapore
Recycle their entire waste water to meet the city’s water demands
Unless we take action now!
FACT

8. Where do we get our Water from?
Sources, its use and wastage

9. WATER AVAILABILITY AND DEMAND
4500 km3 /year
Natural runoff (Surface water and ground
water from the river basins of India)
1869
km3/year
Estimated utilizable surface water
potential
690
km3/year
Ground water resources 432
km3/year
Available ground water resource for
irrigation
361
km3/year
Net utilizable ground water resource for
irrigation
325
km3/year
• Each year, rains bring in 4500 km3 of water in
India
• Of this,
• 250 km3 gets stored in Dams & Reservoirs
• 440 km3 of water flows in to river and is
available as surface water
• 432 km3 gets stored in aquifers
• Rest flows in to seas & oceans
• Giving total fresh water availability of 1122
km3 a year
Source: Central Water Commission of India and IIT Kharagpur
3378
km3

10. WATER USE IN INDIA
Agriculture
91%
Domestic
7%
Industry
2%
Sectorial Water Use in India
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
China India Brazil Russia USA Germany
Agricultural water withdrawal as % of total water withdrawal (%)
Industrial water withdrawal as % of total water withdrawal (%)
Municipal water withdrawal as % of total withdrawal (%)
Parameter China India Russia Brazil USA Germany
Total water withdrawal (10^9 m3/yr) 554.13 761 66.2 58.07 478.44 32.299
Agricultural water withdrawal (10^9 m3/yr) 358 688 13.2 31.7 192.4 0.081
Industrial water withdrawal (10^9 m3/yr) 128.6 17 39.6 10.14 220.6 27.09
Municipal water withdrawal (10^9 m3/yr) 67.53 56 13.4 16.23 65.44 5.128
Agricultural water withdrawal as % of total water withdrawal (%) 64.61 90.41 19.94 61.77 40.22 0.2508
Industrial water withdrawal as % of total water withdrawal (%) 23.21 2.234 59.82 17.96 46.11 83.87
Municipal water withdrawal as % of total withdrawal (%) 12.19 7.359 20.24 20.27 13.68 15.88
Total water withdrawal per capita (m3/inhab/yr) 409.9 621.4 454.9 330.8 1583 391.4
Municipal water withdrawal per capita (total population) (m3/inhab/yr) 49.95 45.73 92.08 67.04 216.5 62.15
Water used per Agricultural Produce in 1000M3/US$ 0.49 2.27 0.17 0.22 1.06 0.00
Water used per Industrial Produce in 1000M3/US$ 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.66 0.03
As the Indian economy grows, so will its
demand for domestic water
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, 2012

11. WATER USE BY SECTORS
90
2
7
70
22
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Agriculture Industry Domestic
%WaterUse
India World Average
• India uses maximum amount of water
for agriculture in the world
• 35% higher than the world
average
• Where as in the industrial sector,
India’s consumption is marginal as
compared to the global average
Sectors Billion M3/year
Agricultural water withdrawal 688
Industrial water withdrawal 17
Municipal water withdrawal 56
Total water withdrawal 761
Source : Central Water Commission of India, Food & Agriculture Organization of UN
Note: Industrial Water includes water for power generation
Parameters China India Brazil Russi
a
USA German
y
Total water
withdrawal per capita
(M³/inhab/yr)
409.9 621.4 330.8 454.9 1583 391.4
Municipal water
withdrawal per capita
(total population)
(M³/inhab/yr)
50.0 45.7 67.0 92.1 216.5 62.2
Water used per
Agricultural Produce
in 100 M³/US$
4.86 22.68 2.19 1.70 10.62 0.03
Water used per
Industrial Produce in
100 M³/US$
0.38 0.39 0.15 0.58 6.61 0.27
How efficiently do we use our water?

12. AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Water Footprint in M3/MT1
Crops India Global
Wheat 1654 1334
Rice 2850 2291
Sugarcane 159 175
Virtual Water Use for Crops in M3/Tonne2
Crops India U.S. China
Rice 4254 1903 1972
Wheat 1654 849 690
Corn 1937 489 801
Soya beans 4124 1869 2617
Sugarcane 159 103 117
Cottonseed 8264 2535 1419
Roast coffee 14500 5790 7488
Source : 1Grail Research, 2Food & Agriculture Organization and
Lenntech B.V. 2008
Inefficiency & Over Use!
• India uses about 688 M3 of water for
agriculture every year
• That’s the second highest in the
world!
• Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane constitute
91% of crop production in India
• While for Sugarcane India uses less
water than global average
• For Wheat and Rice, water use is
higher than global average
• Lack of use of modern irrigation
techniques is resulting in loss of water
in this sector
Adopt modern irrigation
methods

13. WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN CITIES
Metros
85.67%
Class I
cities
13.71%
Class II
cities
0.62%
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Water Demand in MLD/year
Source: Central Pollution Control Board, 2005
Delhi
27%
Mumbai
26%
Hyderabad
9%
Bangalore
8%
Kolkata
6%
Chennai
5%
Pune
4%
Lucknow
4%
Surat
4%
Kanpur
4%
Jaipur
3%
Water Demand in MLD/year
• Delhi has the highest domestic water demand
followed by Mumbai
• These two metros have more than 50% of Indian
cities’ demand
• The demand in urbanized cities are much higher
than any other city
• More the urbanization, higher the consumption
• Of the total demand, around 35 – 40% is lost due to
leakages

14. DOMESTIC WATER USE
54.6
39
37.05
31.2
13.65
7.8
5.85
3.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Lts/person/day
Water Consumed lts/person
Water Consumed by Average
Urban Indian
Other
Cooking
Drinking
House
Cleaning
Washing
Utensils
Washing
Clothes
Toilet
Bathing
Source: Frost & Sullivan
• The Domestic Sector consumes 56 M3 of water every year
• Of this majority is consumed by the Urban Sector
• This demand is estimated to increase by 4 folds in the
next 20 years due to greater urbanization of Indian
population
• About 500 Million urban Indians consume 135 – 196 liters
of water per day per person
• 24 x 7 water supply is limited to just 15 – 20% of the
urban population
• Domestic Water Supply is mostly not metered and a lump
sum charge is levied
• With rural Indians, the consumption varies widely from
just sustenance to less than 80 liters per day per person
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics - Aqaustat
Issues with domestic water supply in major Indian cities:
• Water leakages and lack of proper distribution main bane of the
Urban population
• Lack of metering
• Inequitable supply of water between Urban and Rural Indians

15. REASONS FOR HIGH WATER USE IN INDIA
 Water is a natural resource
 Must be 'freely' available to all its inhabitants
 Should not be priced as it is nature's 'gift'
 Lot of our daily chores are based on water
 Lack of proper water pricing based on cost to
serve
 High water wastage
 Old pipelines,not maintained properly, leakages
 Users not conscious about its use
 Use of appliances using high quantities of water
 Top loading washing machines
 RO plants for water purification in homes
 Unauthorized connections not accounted for
 Lack of point of use metering
 Lack of regulatory authority

16. METHODS FOR DECREASING WATER USE
Measure
Water
Use
Recycle &
Reuse
Decrease
water
demands
Automatic faucets
Sensor based
efficient showers
Low water consuming
vacuum based WC
Front loading
washing machines
with Ionization
Dish Washers
Water Metering
Water Efficiency
Rating
₹
Price Water as per
use

17. TIPS TO SAVE WATER IN DOMESTIC USE

18. INCREASE WATER SOURCE – CAPTURE THE LOSS
Rainwater Harvesting Groundwater Recharge
Make Checkdams

19. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
Source: World Bank, 2001
Country Industrial water
use (billion M3)
Industrial
productivity
(million US
$)
Industrial water
productivity (US $ /
cubic metre)
Argentina 2.6 77171.0 30.0
Brazil 9.9 231442.0 23.4
India 15.0 113041.0 7.5
Korea, Rep. 2.6 249268.0 95.6
Norway 1.4 47599.0 35.0
Sweden 0.8 74703.0 92.2
Thailand 1.3 64800.0 48.9
United Kingdom 0.7 330097.0 443.7
• Indian industries use 15 M3 of water every year
to give industrial output of US $ 113.041 Billion
• This is one of the lowest water industrial
productivity of water in the world
• Power generation consumes 2 M3 of water
every year to generate 855 Billion Units of
power
• It is estimated that industrial water
consumption in India will increase from 17 M3
to 68 M3 in order to keep pace with economic
growth of 7% per annum
• India’s water use efficiency being low in
industry it is heavily dependent on water supply
• Many of the industries use their own ground
water
• The actual water consumption figures may be
much higher
Low Water Productivity in the
Industrial Sector
Industrial Sector Annual
consumption
(million cubic
meters)
Proportion
of water
consumed in
industry
Thermal power plants 35157.4 87.87
Engineering (Mainly Automobiles) 2019.9 5.05
Pulp and paper 905.8 2.26
Textiles 829.8 2.07
Steel 516.6 1.29
Sugar 194.9 0.49
Fertiliser 73.5 0.18
Others 314.2 0.78
Note: For methodology see www.downtoearth.org.in
Source: Estimated by CSE based on the wastewater discharged data published by
CPCB in "Water quality in India (Status and trends) 1990 - 2001".

20. INDUSTRIES SHUT DOWN DUE TO WATER
SHORTAGE!
Wed, 29 Aug 2012 10:50:42 GMT | By
Business Line
Water shortage leaves industry parched
Chennai: A slowing economy and a crippling
power crisis have given industry sleepless
nights. Adding to its woes is the poor south-
west monsoon, which threatens to leave
water-intensive manufacturing units high
and dry.
Companies that have invested on rain water harvesting and other water saving systems are managing to tide over the shortfall. But,
production at a few manufacturing facilities has been hampered.
For instance, Southern Petrochemicals Industries Corporation (SPIC) has completely stopped production at its Tuticorin plant, in
southern Tamil Nadu, as there is no water supply. The company said production has been suspended due to reasons beyond its control
and that "production would resume once the water supply is restored."
Last month, Grasim Industries suspended production at its staple fibre plant in Nagda (Madhya Pradesh); also, output at its chlor-alkali
plant was reduced by half. However, with the delayed onset of the monsoon, work at these plants resumed gradually.
Alkyl Amines Chemicals too faced production constraints with the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation restricting water
supply to various industrial units in Kurkumbh. Water availability has improved at Kurkumbh, and the company's operations have been
normalised. But industrial units in the area may still not be out of the woods.

21. POWER PLANT SHUTDOWN DUE TO WATER SHORTAGE
Saturday, 12th March 2016
Water Shortage forces NTPC to shutdown its Farakka 1600 MW Power Plant
Unprecedented dip in the water level of Farakka Feder Canal has forced the country's largest
power plant producer NTPC to shut down Farakka Super Thermal Power Station's five units of
Stage 1 and 2 of its 2100 MW generating facility at Farakka in Murshidabad District of West
Bengal
Power prices rise on NTPC Farakka shutdown
By Debjoy Sengupta, ET Bureau | Mar 16, 2016, 07.15 PM IST – The Economic Times
KOLKATA: State-run NTPC's decision to shut its 1,600 MW Farakka Thermal Power Plant due to
water shortage has pushed power prices up at the India Energy Exchange.

22. VIZAG STEEL PLANT WATER CRISIS
Vizag Steel Plant faces the danger of shutdown due to water supply crisis
Chief Secretary, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, assures all possible assistance to RINL on
Water - Corporate Communications Dept , Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited | 08-Feb-2016
The Government of Andhra Pradesh assured that it will extend all possible help to RINL, the corporate entity of Visakhapatnam
Steel Plant to tide over the present water crisis.
This assurance was given to Shri P Madhusudan, CMD, RINL, who called on the Chief Secretary to GoAP, Shri SathyaPrakash Tucker,
IAS, in Hyderabad

23. WATER – SCARCITY AND POLLUTION
India’s industrial zones are located in the water stressed regions
Datasource:CSE–‘ExcretaMatters”

24. WASTE WATER GENERATION AND ITS
USE
18 Billion M3 a year
4.2 Billion M3
13.8 Billion M3
• India generates 18 Billion M3 of waste
water every year
• Not all waste water from Domestic
and Industry is treated
• Only 30% & 7% of sewage from Tier I
& II cities is treated
• Rest is discharged untreated in to
rivers and fields
• Untreated water is contaminating
surface and ground water resources
• Treatment and Recycle will
• Save precious natural resources from
pollution
• Generate additional 32 Billion M3 water
for reuse annually both for industry and
domestic sectors
Source: Central Pollution Control Board
Waste Water Recycle and Reuse can be new water resource and help reduce water stress

25. INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS – HEAVY METALS
• Study shows that some of the major industries discharge dangerous heavy metals which are
considered to be highly toxic – Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu
• This leads to contamination of ground as well as surface water that leads to long lasting health
problems and threatens the aquatic life of the marshy lands and landfall in to the sea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Engineering Paper Mill Fine Chemicals Dyes
mg/litre
Heavy Metals in Industrial Effluent
Cr Cd Ni Zn Cu Pb Fe
A study conducted of the industrial belt in
Taloja, Navi Mumbai showed dangerous
levels of heavy metals being discharged in
the effluents from the industries in the
area
Source : “Toxicity Study of Heavy Metals Pollutants in Waste
Water” by Ram S Lokhande
Dangerous Metals in Effluents

26. WATER – SCARCITY AND POLLUTION
• India’s water source is limited to 1122
Billion M3
• Of this 688 Billion M3 is used for
Agriculture
• Where as the industrial demand at 17
Billion M3 is rising by 35% year on year
• The only way industries can meet their
demand is through waste water recycle and
reuse
• Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) provides
maximum potential for water reuse

27. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT POLLUTANTS
Refineries
• Toxic Hydrocarbons
• Oils and grease with high BOD and COD
Battery Manufacturing
• Lead
• Heavy Metals
• Acids
Textiles
• Dye, Color
• Surfactants
• Phenols
• Heavy Metals (e.g. Cr, Co, Zn, Pb, or Ni)
• Halogens
• Amines

28. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT POLLUTANTS
Chemical & Pharma
• Organic Solvents
• Methanol
• Toluene
• Hexane
• Branched chain fatty acids & Ketone
Paints & Inks
• Heavy Metals
• Solvents
Pulp & Paper
• High BOD & COD
• Heavy Metals
• Inflammable Solvents

29. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT POLLUTANTS
Metals
• Low pH Acid Waste
• Heavy Metals
• Cyanide waste,
• Paint waste
Beverages & Sugar
• Spent Wash containing Methanol
• High BOD & COD
Leather & Tanning
• BOD
• COD
• Sulphate,
• Chromium
• Oil & Grease

30. SOLUTION FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER SCARCITY & POLLUTION
Water Source
Water Storage Water Treatment Process / Power Plant
Effluent Treatment PlantRecycle & Reuse
Evaporation
70 – 92%
recycled water
8 – 30% fresh
water
Water is never consumed – it can only be used

31. THANK YOU
Pinaki Bhadury
pbhadury@yahoo.com