1. Pace of Urbanization in India
- Challenges and Strategies in the 12th Five Year Plan

2. Pace of Urbanisation in India
• India’s urban population is expected to go up from 377 million in 2011 to about 600
million for the year 2031. This implies an increase of over 200 million in just 20
years.
• About 60% of the growth in the urban population in the past is due to natural increase
whereas rural – urban migration has contributed to only about 20%.
• There is a concentration of urban population in large cities and existing urban
agglomeration. The census of 2011 states that there are 53 million plus cities
accounting for 43% of India’s urban population.
• The census of 2011 notes that the number of towns in India increased from 5161 in
2001 to as many as 7935 in 2011. Most of this increase was in the growth of census
towns (2532) rather than on statutory towns (242).
• A large number of towns are born in the vicinity of existing cities with million plus
population.
• India’s urbanization, however, is in smaller proportion as compared to other large
developing countries such as China (45%), Indonesia (44%), Mexico (78%) and
Brazil (87%).

3. Main Challenges in Indian Urbanisation
• The main challenges as far as urbanization is concerned in India are:
There is a urban housing shortage of 18.78 million
According to the 2011 census, only 70.6% of urban population is covered by individual
water connections compared with China (91%), South Africa (86%) and Brazil (80%)
Duration of water supply in India cities is only between one to six hours
According to 2011 census, about 13% of urban population defecate in the open, about
37% are connected by open drains and 18% are not connected at all.
the number of urban poor has increased by about 34.4% between 1993-2004.
In so far as the urban transport is concerned, a Ministry of Urban Development study in
2010 based on sample of 87 cities has estimated that in about 20 years time, the
expected journey speed of major corridors in many cities would fall from 26-17 kmph to
8-6 kmph.
The air quality has also deteriorated sharply carrying with it concomitant health costs.
The per capita emission levels in India’s seven largest cities have been estimated to be
at least three times than WHO standards.

4. Strategy to be followed for Urbanisation
• Given the problem of urbanization, a multi-pronged strategy is required to meet the following
objectives:
i. Accelerate the rate of job creation
ii. To impart relevant skills to urban poor
iii. Facilitate self employment opportunities for urban poor
iv. Provide basic services to the urban poor especially through re-habilitation of
slums
v. Ensure financial inclusion of urban poor
• The strategy for urban Five Year Plan will focus on strengthening the five enablers for
organization i.e. Governance, Planning, Financing, Capacity Building and Innovation.

5. Governance Issues
• For strengthening urban governance, the following steps need to be taken:
i. Transfer of all the 18 functions identified in the 74th Constitutional Amendment to the
ULBs.
ii. Set up an independent utility regulator at the state level to monitor service levels and
adjudicate disputes related to state and pricing of services.
iii. With the objective of establishing single point accountability, the Mayor should be the
Executive Head of the city and he should be vested with appropriate authority.
iv. All million plus metropolitan areas should set up a Unified Metropolitan Transport
Authority (UMTA).
v. Every municipality should publish a Citizens’ Charter which should contain
comprehensive information on services levels for all urban services.

6. Governance Issues (contd.)
vi. In all metropolitan areas and cities, dedicated government agencies with additional
autonomy should be carved out to provide services like water supply, solid waste
management, sewerage, sanitation etc. The allocated municipal bodies may procure services
from these agencies by entering into suitable MoUs.
vii. Committees and Area Sabhas should be set up for institutionalizing participatory
development process for effectively carrying out the functions devolved to Urban Local
Bodies.
viii. Adopt an outcome based project and put up a robust monitoring system
ix. Set up Lokayuktas / Ombudsman at state and city level

7. Issues Related to Planning
• India’s urbanization effort is being implemented through disjointed projects / activities with
inadequate or no planning for the urban area as a whole.
• The Master Plan approach focuses on only the core area of the city and has little linkages to
any financial and operational strategy.
• Every city/town should have a Development Plan by taking at least a 10 year perspective
• Along with the City Development Plan, there is need for a functional plan that indicates the
sources of funds required for holistic urban development of the city.
• There is a need to provide incentives for strategic densification of cities / new towns on
growth corridors.
• Considering land re-adjustment which is gaining acceptance as an alternative to land
acquisition.

8. Issues about Financing of Urban Infrastructure
• The total capital investments required in urban infrastructure over the next 20 years has been
estimated to be about Rs. 39 lakh crore.
• The share of Urban Local Bodies own revenues has declined significantly from 63% in 2002-
03 to about 53% in 2007-08.
• A major strategy under the 12th Plan would be to strengthen the municipal finance and make
them predictable.
• Profits accruing to Urban Local Bodies from innovative sources like land monetization should
be pooled into a “ring fenced” City Development Fund which should be used only for urban
infrastructure projects.
• The State Finance Commissions need to be further strengthened for functional devolution and
imparting predictability to the municipal finances.

9. How to improve municipal finances
• Some measures on how to improve municipal functions would include:
i. Making a Constitutional Amendment that clearly outlines the various tax and non-tax
revenue streams for Urban Local Bodies through the incorporation of a Local Bodies
Finance List in the Constitution.
ii. States should share 25% of the GST equivalent with Urban and Local Bodies.
iii. Additional Floor Space Index (FSI) i.e. giving beyond what is normally prescribed
should be charged for adequately.
iv Increase user charges collection for all measurable services where beneficiaries are
easily identifiable. The user charges should not only cover O&M cost, debt servicing cost
and depreciation, but also provide minimal profit to the Urban Local Bodies.
v. Added investments from the private sector can be obtained through People – Private –
Public Partnerships (PPPP) and about 13-23% of investments in urban infrastructure can be
raised through this mode.

10. Issues on Capacity Building
• Lack of efficient capacity across all levels of Government is the root cause of India’s urban
development challenges.
• Substantial skill gaps exist across all areas of urban management.
• The Central Government should create a comprehensive frame-work that addresses issues
such as staffing, training, skill development and finances.
• Every State should institutionalize a dedicated municipal cadre with necessary technical
skills.
• To meet the skill deficit in the short to medium term, policies should enable reforms from the
private sector and hiring of external Consultants through a fast track process.

11. Issues on Capacity Building (contd.)
• A dedicated unit to address issues such as implementation of reforms, dissemination of best practices
across urban issues should be set up under the capacity building mission structure of JNNURM.
• The Government of India in partnership with the State Governments and the private sector should set
up 5 Indian Institutes of Urban Management (IIUMs).
• The Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation
should bolster existing institutions and set up new ones to assist with policy research, design etc.
• The Government’s net-work of about 1,800 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and 3,300 Industrial
Training Centers (ITCs) run by the private sector can be roped in for skilling personnel from Urban
Local bodies.
• The Indian Institute of Public Administration along with the Administrative Training Institutes
should be tasked with the preparation of standardized training modules.
• The focus of the National Institute of Urban Affairs should be renewed so that it is capable of
assisting the Ministry of Urban Development with policy formulation, providing advisory services to
States etc.

12. Matters related to Housing
• The Technical Group on the Estimation of Urban Housing shortage has estimated the current
shortage to be about 18.8 million dwelling units. The Group has further estimated that 73%
of the shortage in self occupied units is in bottom 40% of the urban households.
• Under the scheme of JNNURM, only about 1.6 million dwelling units have been sanctioned.
• All costs for housing cannot be met by the Government and, therefore, there is need to attract
private investment.
• It is not just the availability of finance which is problematic as far as housing is concerned
since availability of land itself is the most crucial issue.
• Scarcity of land is the result of sub-optimal land use patterns largely induced by the regulatory
regime in place, lack of long term urban planning and lack of participatory planning process.

13. Urban Transport
The National Urban Transport Policy 2006 calls for increasing the share of public
transport in our cities from 22% to 60%.
The Study (2008) conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development estimated that
public transport had accounted for only 27% of the urban transport in India.
In the 12th Plan, the aim must be to raise the share of public transport to at least 50%
of all motorized trips.
A key challenge to generate non-budgetary resources to fund transport projects
especially through land based instruments needs to be devised.
The Ministry of Urban Development should initiate a proposal for setting up an
apex institution viz. the National Urban Rail Transit Authority.
The Ministry of Urban Development should also initiate a proposal for setting up a
Center of Excellence for Rail based Mass Transit system which should promote
research in civil net-work, rolling stock, tracks and signaling etc.
All metro projects which are in high density corridors and are viable on their own
may be encouraged under People – Private – Public Partnership mode.

14. Water Supply
As regards water supply, the target for the 12th Plan period should be:
i. Universalization of water and sanitation of urban areas
ii. Reduction in unaccounted water ie. Non revenue water (NRW)
iii. 100% metering of water supply
iv. Ensuring 24x7 water supply
v. Take an integrated view of water supply and sanitation

15. Solid Waste Management
• For solid waste management, some of the important issues are:
i. Absence of segregation of waste at source
ii. Lack of funds for waste management at Urban Local Bodies.
iii. Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement
iv. Unwillingness of Urban Local Bodies to introduce appropriate collection,
segregation, transportation etc.
v. Indifference of citizens towards waste management due to lack of
awareness

16. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
• The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Reforms Mission (JNNURM) was launched in December, 2005 for
a period of seven years with an outlay of Rs. 66,085 crore. The objective of the Scheme included
empowerment of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), planned and holistic development of cities and making them
inclusive.
• About 70% of the funds were used for projects in 65 identified Mission cities and only the balance was
used for projects in smaller cities/towns
• The Scheme mandated preparation of City Development Plans and setting up urban reforms at state and
municipal levels.
• Release of funds under JNNURM was linked to reforms undertaken by the State and also at the municipal
level.
• The majority of the projects which were taken up were for water supply, sewerage, drainage, housing with
upgradation of slums, roads and flyovers etc.
• Some key inadequacies noted during its implementation included failure to mainstream urban planning,
incomplete reforms and slow progress of project implementation, delay in securing land for projects and
obtaining approvals in a time bound manner from various regulatory authorities. Till March 2012, only
about 30% of the projects were completed.
• The scheme of JNNURM has been instrumental in ushering in an era of reforms in the urban sector and the
areas where a lot of progress has been made includes Shift to double entry accounting system, Revision of
building bye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory, Rationalisation of stamp duty to 5%, Increase
in coverage of property tax, E-Governance

17. Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rozghar Ypjana (SJSRY)
• The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna (SJSRY) is designed to enable
poor to get gainful employment. Under the Scheme, about 4,000 towns
have been covered with an assistance of Rs. 3,360 crore. Since inception,
about 12.3 lakh persons have been imparted training under the scheme.
• The funds have been utilised for upgradation of skills and also for
providing financial assistance to Self-Help Groups (SHGs) apart from
assisting setting up of micro enterprises.
• One of the major drawbacks of this scheme is that while information is
available on the number of beneficiaries, no information is available on
how many beneficiaries actually got employment after being given training.
These deficiencies are being corrected during the 12th Plan period.

18. Focus during the 12th Plan Period
• The outlay for JNNURM has been stepped up substantially from Rs.
66,085 crore for the years 2005 to 2012 to about Rs. 1.02 lakh
crore.
• The distinction between Mission and Non-mission cities is being
removed so that smaller cities and towns are also able to avail the
benefits of this scheme.
• Greater emphasis is being laid to capacity building which was one of
the major weaknesses of the program.
• The link between release of money under the program to that of
reforms actually achieved would continue during the 12th Plan
period.
• As far as employment opportunities is concerned for the urban
poor, the scheme of SJSRY would continue but would now be
implemented on a mission mode and would be rechristened as
National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM). The outlay of NULM
during the 12th Plan has been stepped up to Rs. 6,400 crore from
Rs. 1750 crore during the 11th Plan period.