Faculty Development Programme on Mobile Communication History and Principles
1.
2. 25 th Faculty Development Programme
08 October 2012
Department of Computer Applications
Vidya Academy of Science & Technology
Thrissur – 680501, INDIA
3. Agenda
History of Mobile Communication
Fundamental Principles of Mobile Communication
Cellular Mobile Communication
GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
5. BRIEF HISTORY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
1973 - Dr. Martin Kooper
Father of Mobile Phones
Technology uses Simple Receiver & Transmitter
1978- Bahrain Telephone Company -1G( Ist Generation)
Commercial Cellular Telephone System
only 250 Subscribers
6. 1980- NTT-Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
Company ( Ist Generation(1G))
New Cellular Technology in Japan
1981- Nordic Mobile Phone ( Ist Generation(1G))
Used in Northern European Countries
Offers Speech only
First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to
offer a single service, i.e., speech.
7. Second Generation (2G)
1982- GSM -Group Speciale Mobile (IInd
Generation(2G))
Global System for Mobile Communication
Fully Digital Technology
Offers Speech & Data Service
Most successful DIGITAL MOBILE
COMUNICATION SYSTEM
1983- AMPS-Advanced Mobile Phone System(IInd Generation(2G))
Developed in US
1991-DECT-Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone(IInd
Generation(2G))
Developed by ETSI(European Technical Standard Institute)
8. Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also
designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to
offer data at low rates.(max 9.6kbits/s)
GSM (Global System for Mobile comm)can only offer a data
rate of 9.6 kbps
2.5G-GPRS General packet Radio Service
GPRS allows simultaneous voice and data communication
Increase data transmission speeds from the current 9.6 Kbps to over 100
Kbps
2.75G- EDGE -Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Supports High-speed data applications such as video services
384 kbps data transfer rate
9. THIRD GENERATION(3G)
1998-Satellite Mobile Communication System
Using in Europe
2 Satellite systems are used
1. Iridium-66 satellites
2.Globalstar-less than 35
System is now called UMTS
Universal Mobile Telephone System
2001-3G Mobile Systems
IMTS -International Mobile Telecomm. System
10. Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to
offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different
environments
3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europe and
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
(IMT2000) worldwide.
Frequency band 1.8 -2.5 GHz
2Mbps data transfer rate.
4G SYSTEMS
Frequency band (2 – 8 GHz)
Expecting- 20 Mbps-100Mbps Data
Transfer Rate
12. Wireless Comm. Systems- Overview
Conventional Broadcast Satellite Wireless
Telecom systems systems Networks
systems
GSM-1900
Cdma2000 DAB LEO Wireless PAN
W-CDMA DVB MEO Wireless LAN
3G GEO Wireless ATM
14. Defining Mobility ..
From the Latin word “Mobilis” = “to
move” able to move freely or easily
Properties
Reachability (anywhere)
Accessibility (any device)
Service portability
15. 2 Different Kinds of Mobility
User Mobility
User accessing the telecomm. services at different
places.
ie the User can be mobile and services will follow
him…..
Device Portability
Communication Device Moves(with or without a
user)
eg. Mobile phone system
16. 2 types of Voice & Data Communication
1. Wired Communication
2. Wireless Communication
20. Uplink Freq - From Receiver to Base station
Downlink Freq- From Base station To Receiver
GSM Mobile Communication Frequency range in
India
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
21. Signal propagation ranges
Transmission range
– communication possible
– low error rate
Detection range
– detection of the signal sender
possible
– no communication transmission
possible distance
Interference range detection
– signal may not be interference
detected
– signal adds to the
background noise
22. BTS -Base Transceiver Station
These transmitting stations or Base stations are called Antennas
In Mobile comm. They are called BTS -Base Transceiver Station
24. Each Base Station covers a certain area called a CELL
For Each BTS only one cell
Cell-A basic geographic unit of a cellular system
25. Maximum Cell Radii is
100 of metres in cities
35 kms in Open space
Radio stations use powerful transmitters with huge cells
26. Mobile Base stations generate very small cells why?
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
f3
f5 f2
1. Frequency Reuse
f4 f6 f5
f1 f4
f3 f7 f1
f2
2. Less Transmission power
3. Local Interference only
27. Components in Cellular System Architecture
1. Cell-A basic geographic unit of a cellular system
2. Cluster(Cell Site) -Group of Cells
f5
f4 f6
f1
f3 f7
f2
28. Cells with the same no. have the same set of
frequencies
f3
7 cells in one cluster
f5 f2
f4 f6 f5
f1 f4 Coverage area of Cells are called
f3 f7 f1 FOOTPRINT
f2
No Channels are reused within a cluster
29. 3. Cell Splitting
Cities contain large number of low power BTS
Produce large no. of cells
Handle heavy traffic & Less Interference
30. 3. Cell Splitting
Rural areas contain only one high power BTS
Produce only one cell
Covers more area,
Interference will be very high
31. Some Figures
No. of Cells in one cluster or cellsite = 3
Subscribers supported per cell = 596
Total No. of Subscribers /Cluster or cellsite =1788
35. GSM - Group speciale Mobile
Global system for Mobile Communication
2nd Generation system
Formed in 1982
Initially Implemented in Europe
Using 10 billion People in 212 countries
Technology that widely used in India-700
million customers
9.6 Kbits/sec DTR(Data Transf. Rate)
38. GSM Mile Stones
Year Mile Stone
1982 GSM Formed
1986 Field Test
1987 Access Methods Chosen
1988 MOU Signed
1989 Validation of GSM System
1990 Preoperation System
1989 Validation of GSM System
1991 Commercial System Startup
1993 Coverage of Main Roads/Cities
1995 Coverage of Rural areas
39. GSM in 3 Frequencies
GSM -900 MHz
Used In
890-915 MHz- Uplink Freq India
935-960 MHz - Downlink Freq.
GSM 1800 MHz
1710-1785 MHz -Uplink Freq. DCS-1800
1930-1990 MHz- Downlink Freq Digital
Comm.
Service
GSM 1900 MHz
1850-1910MHz- Uplink Freq PCS-1900
1930-1990MHz- Downlink Freq Personal Comm.
Service
46. Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2
Not „visible“, but
comprise the major
part of the network
(also from an
investment point of
view…)
Management
Data bases
Switching units
Monitoring
47. GSM network is mainly divided in to 3 Major Systems
1. Switching System (SS)
2. Base Station System(BSS)
3. Operation & Support System(OSS)
48. PSTN
AUC VLR
Switching
system
HLR
PLMN
GMSC EIR
Operation &
MSC Support
Other GIWU
System
Base Station OSS
BSC
System
BTS Mobile
Station
49. 1. Switching System(SS)
Heart of GSM
Performs Call Processing and Subscriber related functions
Functional Units in SS
1. MSC- Mobile Service Switching Centre
High Performance Digital Switch
Fixed Backbone
Complete Connection Setup & Release
IWF - Connects to other Networks
50. 2. HLR - Home Location Register
Most Important Database
Stores Permanent Data about the subscriber
Location Information
MSIN no. ,IMSI no. MSRN no.
Eg:-IMSI(MCC+MNC+MSIN)
3. VLR- Visitor Location Register
Database
Stores temporary data about subscriber
4. AUC- Authentication Centre
Provides Security
User Authentication & Data Encryption
51. 5. EIR- Equipment Identity Register
Database contains the information about the identity of mobile
equipment- Unique identity number for mobile devices
IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity NO.
*#06# -Shows a 17 digit No.
In Nokia Phones
#92702689# Shows
Slno
Mfg date
Purchase date……..
52. 2. BSS- Base station System
All Radio related functions
Consists of 2 Components
1. BSC- Base Station Controller
High Capacity Switch
Call Configuration
Handover
Freq. Distribution
2. BTS- Base Transciever Station
Handles Connection to the MS
Generate Cells
53. 3. OSS- Operation & Support System
Functions for network operations & Management
Consists of one important functional unit
OMC-Operation & Maintenance Center
Monitor & Controls the System
A/C & Billing
Subscriber & Security Management
54. Additional Functional Elements
1. MXE -Message Center
Provides SMS, Voicemail,Fax, E-mail etc
2. MSN -Mobile Service Node
Provides Intelligent Network Services
3. GMSC- Gateway Mobile Service Switching Centre
A gateway that interconnects two networks:
the cellular network and the PSTN.
55. GSM Services
1. SMS - Short Message Service -160 alphanumeric characters
2.EMS- Extended Message Service -760 alphanumeric characters
3.MMS-Multimedia Message Service
4. Cell Broadcast
5. Call forwarding
6.Barring of Incoming Calls
7. Barring of Outgoing Calls
8.AOC- Advice of Charge
9. Call hold
10. Call waiting
56. 11. CLIP- Call Line Identification Presentation
12. CUG - Closed user Group
57. Evolution Path for GSM
IMT-2000
Capable Systems
3G
GSM GPRS EDGE
Existing New
spectrum spectrum
2G evolved 2G 3G
14.4 kbps 64–115 kbps 115–384 kbps 0.384–2 mbps
58. Key Feature of GSM
SIM- Subscriber Identity Module
Detachable Smart Card
User Subscribed Information
Phone Book
PIN- Personal Ident. No.
Size-16KB,64 KB,512 KB
59. 2 Types of Calling In GSM
1. Calling to Mobile (Mobile Terminated Call)
2. Mobile to Fixed Telephone Network (Mobile Originated Call)
60. Mobile Terminated Call
1: calling a GSM subscriber
2: forwarding call to GMSC GSM
3: signal call setup to HLR 4
HLR VLR
4, 5: request MSRN from
5
8 9
3 6
VLR 14 15
calling 7
6: forward responsible station 1
PSTN
2
GMSC MSC
MSC to GMSC 10 10 13 10
16
7: forward call to BSS BSS BSS
current MSC 11 11 11
8, 9: get current status of 11 12
17
MS MS
10, 11: paging of MS
12, 13: MS answers
14, 15: security checks
16, 17: set up connection
62. Advantages of GSM
Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
Ability to use repeaters
The availability of Subscriber Identity Module allows users to switch
networks and handsets.
GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not
a problem.
The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better
network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.