The Internet and Law Enforcement

Copyright Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Chapter TenChapter Ten
The Internet and LawThe Internet and Law
EnforcementEnforcement

Copyright Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymo
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
 Understand the Historical Development ofUnderstand the Historical Development of
the Internet,the Internet,
 Increased navigation skills,Increased navigation skills,
 Explore how law enforcement has usedExplore how law enforcement has used
the Internet,the Internet,
 Understand how the Internet mightUnderstand how the Internet might
increase efficiency and effectiveness,increase efficiency and effectiveness,
 View the Internet as an enhancer ofView the Internet as an enhancer of
community orientated policing.community orientated policing.

The History of the InternetThe History of the Internet
 Licklider’s “Galactic Network”Licklider’s “Galactic Network”
 Department of DefenseDepartment of Defense
 Advanced Project Research AgencyAdvanced Project Research Agency
 APRANetAPRANet
 The First Two Computers “hooked it”The First Two Computers “hooked it”
 1972 Computer Communications1972 Computer Communications
ConferenceConference

Open ArchitectureOpen Architecture
 No one “big” network; rather a collection of smallNo one “big” network; rather a collection of small
networks.networks.
 Each Network has its own designEach Network has its own design
 Relies on Transmission Control Protocol/InternetRelies on Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Error checking standardsError checking standards
 Access points control flow, do not record dataAccess points control flow, do not record data

Bigger and BiggerBigger and Bigger
 Early use was primarily academicEarly use was primarily academic
 In 1987, Simple Network ManagementIn 1987, Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) was adopted to TCP/IPProtocol (SNMP) was adopted to TCP/IP
 In essence the Internet is a system ofIn essence the Internet is a system of
protocols that allow different networks toprotocols that allow different networks to
“connect.”“connect.”

The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web
 The Internet is the system of protocols thatThe Internet is the system of protocols that
allow different networks to connect. Theallow different networks to connect. The
World Wide Web (WWW) consists of WebWorld Wide Web (WWW) consists of Web
pages that are connected together viapages that are connected together via
HyperlinksHyperlinks..
 Hyperlinks may take you to pages on theHyperlinks may take you to pages on the
same website, or to a website halfwaysame website, or to a website halfway
around the worldaround the world

Navigating the WebNavigating the Web
 A website is a cyber-locationA website is a cyber-location
created by people to exchangecreated by people to exchange
information – websites mayinformation – websites may
consist of a single page, orconsist of a single page, or
hundreds of pages.hundreds of pages.
 The first page is referred to as theThe first page is referred to as the
homepagehomepage oror index pageindex page
 The physical site (the hardware)The physical site (the hardware)
storing the webpage is called thestoring the webpage is called the
Point of PresencePoint of Presence and the entityand the entity
providing the Point of Presence is theproviding the Point of Presence is the
Internet Service ProviderInternet Service Provider (ISP).(ISP).

 People (users)People (users)
navigate the webnavigate the web
using a GUI softwareusing a GUI software
tool called atool called a BrowserBrowser..

 Websites have an address called aWebsites have an address called a domaindomain
namename..
 www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com the companion website for thethe companion website for the
book “Police Technology.”book “Police Technology.”
 The domain name is a series of numbers calledThe domain name is a series of numbers called
an Internet Protocol (IP) address:an Internet Protocol (IP) address:
 www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com is 209.35.187.202is 209.35.187.202
 Numbers would be difficult to recall, so softwareNumbers would be difficult to recall, so software
called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) translates thecalled Uniform Resource Locator (URL) translates the
number to names we remembernumber to names we remember

URL
Hot Tip: The Domain Name is the
plain language we use to find
sites – IP Address is the computer
version they use to find each
other!

 Domain names haveDomain names have
different parts –different parts –
 WWW = world wide webWWW = world wide web
 HITECHCJ = is the nameHITECHCJ = is the name
 .COM is the extension.COM is the extension
 Domain names haveDomain names have
extensions that generallyextensions that generally
describe the entity thatdescribe the entity that
manages the website:manages the website:
 .com or commercial.com or commercial
 .edu or educational.edu or educational
 .mil or military.mil or military
 .gov or government.gov or government
 .org or different.org or different
organizations often non-organizations often non-
profitprofit

 The most commonThe most common
website programmingwebsite programming
language islanguage is HypertextHypertext
Markup LanguageMarkup Language oror
HTMLHTML
 Websites often useWebsites often use
short programs calledshort programs called
“scripts” that make your“scripts” that make your
website interactivewebsite interactive

 Search engines, likeSearch engines, like
Google constantlyGoogle constantly
search and classifysearch and classify
the WebPages on thethe WebPages on the
Internet.Internet.
 Once search enginesOnce search engines
classify theclassify the
information we areinformation we are
able to search itable to search it

(Search Engine Basics)(Search Engine Basics)
 Search enginesSearch engines
searchsearch,, retrieveretrieve andand
classifyclassify information.information.
 Search engines useSearch engines use
software programssoftware programs
called “called “spidersspiders” to” to
crawl the web.crawl the web.
Spiders bring theSpiders bring the
information back toinformation back to
the search enginethe search engine
where it is classified.where it is classified.

Boolean logic isBoolean logic is
Typically used byTypically used by
““end users”end users”
to search theto search the
information as itinformation as it
has been classified byhas been classified by
the search engine.the search engine.
 Boolean operatorsBoolean operators ––
 AndAnd
 OrOr
 NotNot
 Followed byFollowed by
 NearNear
 ““quotation marks”quotation marks”

Web TermsWeb Terms
 Webmaster – the person who createsWebmaster – the person who creates
and/or maintains the website.and/or maintains the website.
 Cookies – information gathered by aCookies – information gathered by a
website about a user – often used towebsite about a user – often used to
record site settingsrecord site settings
 Spam – Unsolicited commercial email.Spam – Unsolicited commercial email.

Web TermsWeb Terms
 Hyperlink – Words, information or symbolsHyperlink – Words, information or symbols
that contains coding that jumps the user tothat contains coding that jumps the user to
a new webpage when the hyperlink is clicka new webpage when the hyperlink is click
 FAQs – Frequently Asked QuestionsFAQs – Frequently Asked Questions

Email and Instant MessagingEmail and Instant Messaging
EmailEmail is transmitting an electronic file fromis transmitting an electronic file from
one user to another. Like regular mail, it canone user to another. Like regular mail, it can
be sent and opened at the user’s convenience.be sent and opened at the user’s convenience.
Instant MessagingInstant Messaging (IM) or(IM) or Internet RelayInternet Relay
ChatChat (IRC) is the real-time transmission of(IRC) is the real-time transmission of
electronic files (conversations) over theelectronic files (conversations) over the
InternetInternet

Email and Instant MessagingEmail and Instant Messaging
 Generally, email or IM transmitted to orGenerally, email or IM transmitted to or
from an employer’s computer is subject tofrom an employer’s computer is subject to
unrestricted:unrestricted:
 InterceptionInterception
 MonitoringMonitoring
 AuditingAuditing

ListservListserv
 A listserv is a programA listserv is a program
that automaticallythat automatically
redistributes emailredistributes email
messages to users tomessages to users to
have registered to thehave registered to the
service.service.
 Crimeweb.net is aCrimeweb.net is a
sophisticated Listservsophisticated Listserv
used by many lawused by many law
enforcementenforcement
organizationsorganizations

Law Enforcement on the NetLaw Enforcement on the Net
 E-government is following e-commerce.E-government is following e-commerce.
 Most law enforcement websites are staticMost law enforcement websites are static
or one-way systems of communication.or one-way systems of communication.
 Law enforcement use of the Internet as aLaw enforcement use of the Internet as a
means of communicating and conductingmeans of communicating and conducting
investigations is increasing.investigations is increasing.
 While the “open” nature of the InternetWhile the “open” nature of the Internet
does increase interoperability it also raisesdoes increase interoperability it also raises
security concerns.security concerns.

 Although the LosAlthough the Los
Angeles PoliceAngeles Police
Department’s website isDepartment’s website is
probably the largest, it isprobably the largest, it is
primarily a one-way formprimarily a one-way form
of communication.of communication.

Some crime andSome crime and
incident reporting canincident reporting can
be completed over thebe completed over the
internetinternet
What crimes can beWhat crimes can be
reported?reported?
Is this an efficient andIs this an efficient and
effective tool?effective tool?

 Advanced lawAdvanced law
enforcementenforcement
applications involveapplications involve
real-time crimereal-time crime
mapping. In thismapping. In this
instance, the San Diegoinstance, the San Diego
Police DepartmentPolice Department
provides real-time crimeprovides real-time crime
maps to the public.maps to the public.

NCJRS hosts one of theNCJRS hosts one of the
largest criminal and juvenilelargest criminal and juvenile
justice libraries andjustice libraries and
databases in the world, thedatabases in the world, the
NCJRS Abstracts Database.NCJRS Abstracts Database.
The collection, with holdingsThe collection, with holdings
from the early 1970s to thefrom the early 1970s to the
present, contains more thanpresent, contains more than
180,000 publications,180,000 publications,
reports, articles, andreports, articles, and
audiovisual products.audiovisual products.

 Some commercialSome commercial
organizations, likeorganizations, like
policeone.com publishpoliceone.com publish
news, articles andnews, articles and
product informationproduct information
directly to policedirectly to police
officers.officers.

PortalsPortals
LargerLarger
governmentgovernment
agencies areagencies are
beginning tobeginning to
designdesign portalsportals ––
gateways to allgateways to all
governmentgovernment
servicesservices

Community PolicingCommunity Policing
 As an technology enhancer of communityAs an technology enhancer of community
policing, websites can:policing, websites can:
 Enhance servicesEnhance services
 Increase one-way communicationsIncrease one-way communications
 Facilitate two-way communicationsFacilitate two-way communications
 Increase partnershipsIncrease partnerships
 Enhance problem solvingEnhance problem solving

Community PolicingCommunity Policing
 Problem SolvingProblem Solving
 Increased communicationIncreased communication
 Interactive mappingInteractive mapping
 Hyperlinks to essentialHyperlinks to essential
services.services.
 FAQsFAQs
 Access to web-based bestAccess to web-based best
practicespractices
 PartnershipPartnership
 Community participation inCommunity participation in
content and design.content and design.
 Hyperlinks to essentialHyperlinks to essential
non-governmentalnon-governmental
services.services.
 FAQsFAQs
 Interactive nature canInteractive nature can
make law enforcementmake law enforcement
seem more part of ratherseem more part of rather
than apart from.than apart from.

Copyright Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Go to theGo to the Student ResourcesStudent Resources page atpage at
www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com

The Internet and Law Enforcement

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