Feeding of Broiler, Layer, Duck, Guine fowl, Japanese Quail, Emu, Turkey
Psc 701present
1. Role of enzymes in poultry
nutrition
Dr.P.Ponnuvel
Assistant Professor
RAGACOVAS
Pondicherry-605009
2. Role of enzymes in poultry
nutrition
Poultry industry in India
Broiler growth – 10-12%
Broiler – 1600 million
Broiler feed - 5760 million kgs (3.6kg/bird)
Layers improved – 300 million
Layer growth – 5 -7%
Layer feed - 14.1 mmt ( 47 kg/b/l)
3. Enzyme feed additives
Improve production performance
Increase nutrient utilization
To use agro-industrial by-products
Prevent action of anti-nutritional factors
4. Structure of grains
Grains – starch - 60-70 percent of grains' weight
Pericarp - hull
Aleurone layer
Endosperm
Germ
Digestive enzymes necessary - process of germination- al .
5.
6. Anti-nutritional factors
Beta-glucans- barley
Arabino-xylans- wheat, rye
Cellulose - brans
Oligo-saccharides- soyabean
Phytate- cereals and their by-products
Pectin and alpha-galactose - legumes
7. Mode of action of NSPs
Composition of specific polysaccharides
Nature of bonds between mono-saccharides
Solubility of NSPs
Molecular weight of NSPs
Interaction of NSP with other nutrients
8. Mode of action of soluble NSPs
Arabino-xylan molecule
Soluble
Formation of long polymer – by entanglement
Beta-glucans are also soluble
Viscous gel formation
Sticky dropping
Increases water-holding capacity of the litter
9. …. Mode of action of soluble NSPs
As the intestinal viscosity increases- diffusion of
enzyme decreases
Digestion and absorption
G.I motility decreases
Slow transit of feed, slow flushing effect
Increased bacterial multiplication - starch and protein
Bacteria produce bile acid destroying enzyme -fat and
fat-soluble vitamins.
Bile acid - stabilises the pancreatic enzyme
11. ENZYME ACTION ON NSP
Altering the Physico - chemical conditions of the
digestive contents
Breaking down of cell walls and allowing access to
nutrients by digestive enzymes.
Hydrolysing NSP to produce absorbable nutrients or to
yield a more fermentable substrate
Reduces viscosity of gut content
13. Phytic Acid
Phytate known as hexa phosphate inositol
Commonly known as phytin/phytate/phytic acid
Primary storage form of phosphorus
It is an anti-nutritional factor
It binds with Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Starch, protein,
proteolytic enzymes and fat
18. Mode of Action of Phytate on Minerals
Phytate has strong chelating potential
Forms insoluble salts with di or trivalent cations
It binds strongly in the following order – Cu++, Zn++,
Co++, Mn++, Fe+++, Ca++( Vohra, 1965)
Phytate in feed makes more requirement of inorganic
minerals
Zinc become limiting mineral along with Ca
19. …Mode of Action of Phytate on Protein
Depending on pH phytate interacts with protein
At acidic pH Binary protein-phytate complexes
At neutral and alkaline pH tertiary protein-
mineral-phytate complexes are formed
20. Mode of Action of Phytate on Fat
Phytate combines with calcium and fatty acids
It form insoluble soap, reduces fat digestability
(Lesson, 1993)
Ileal digestability of crude fat improved by
phytase in feed ( Akyur et al 2005)
21. Mode of Action of Phytate on Digestive
Enzyme
Several findings indicate that phytate inhibit
the activity of alpha-amylase, pepsin and
trypsin ( Deshpande,1984)
By altering protein configuration of enzyme --
proteolysis affected
Calcium ion chelation with phytate, trypsin and
amylase activity affected
22. Phytase Enzyme
Inositol hexaphosphate phosphorylase is an
enzyme which causes dephosphorylation of
phytate
Exogenous phytase added in feed
The source of this enzyme may be
Plant phytase
Bacterial phytase
Fungal phytase
23. Types of Phytases
Phytase of microbial origin(3-phytase)
hydrolyses the phosphate group at the C3
position
Phytase of plant origin (6-phytase) acts first at
the C6 position
24. Plant Phytase
Phytase activity - a wide range of seeds
More plant phytase- wheat, rye and triticale
Phytase -maize and soybean meal - low .
The majority of the phytase activity in wheat, rye and
triticale is in the bran.
Diets formulated using ingredients - greater absorption of
phytate P
25. Phytase in Feed Stuffs
Phytase activity of some
common feed ingredients Phytase activity (units/Kg)
Maize 15
Wheat 1193
Sorghum 24
Barley 582
Oats 40
Wheat bran 2957
Oilseed meals
Soybean meal 8
Canola meal 16
Sunflower meal 60
Groundnut meal 3
Cottonseed meal NA
26. Sources in G.I. Tract
Three possible sources of phytase could breakdown
phytate within the digestive tract of poultry
(i) Endogenous phytase present in some feed
ingredients- Plant phytase
(ii) Phytase originating from resident bacteria and
(iii) Phytase produced by exogenous microorganisms –
added in feed
27. Microbial Phytase
Mainly produced from Fungus
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus
awamori, Aspergillus ficuum, Aspergillus fumigatus
Bacteria : Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus
fructivorans, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
Pseudomonas sp.
Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schwanniomyces
castellii
Optimum pH – 2.5 to 7.5
Temperature range – 35 to 65 C
28. Mode of Action of Phytase
Phytate ( Inositol hexaphosphate)
Phytase H2 O (dephosphorylation)
Inositol and six phosphates
29. Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Protein and amino acids availability
Kornegay (1999) reported that phytase in corn-soyabean
diet enhanced protein utilisation in broilers
Namkung and Leeson (1999) found that phytase in corn-
soyabean diet increased the digestibility of Valine,
Isoleucine (P<0.05) and total animo acids
Ravindran et al (2001) reported that graded level of
phytase in lysine-deficient broiler diet had siginificant
effect on digestibility of all amino acids.
30. ……Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Bio- availability of Phosphorus
Simons et al (1990) reported that phytase in low
phosphorus corn-soyabean diet increased the bio-
availability of phophorus to over 60 percent and decreased
the phosphorus in droppins by 50 percent
Quantity of phytate phosphorus release by microbial
phytase depends on its concentration, sources , calcium
content and phytate content of feed – Kornegay et al
(1996), Ravindran et al (1995) and Yi et al (1994)
31. …….Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Bio- availability of other minerals
Phytic acid form complexes with cations which are
released upon dephosphorylation by phytase
Calcium, copper, zinc, Manganese and magnesiums are
released from chelates
Simon et al (1990), Yi et al ( 1996) and Sebastian et al
(1996)
32. …..Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Egg Production
Roland and Gordon (1996) reported that phytase addition
– 300 U/Kg layer diet improved the egg production
Oloff et al (1997) observed that phytase – 500U/Kg in
phosphorus deficient corn-soya diet improved egg
production
Sukumar (1999) noted that phytase addition in low
phosphorus diet 400U/ Kg layer diet improved egg
production
33. Nutritional Benefit of Phytase
Growth performance
Several studies indicate increase in body weight gain, feed
intake and feed efficiency in broilers fed with
supplemental phytase
These effects are due to release and increased utilisation of
minerals, amino-acids, starch and fat from phytate
complex
These are conformed by Panda et al (2007), Karim
(2006), Pillai et al (2006), Singh (2006) and Selle et al
(2007)
34. Effect of Phytase on Performance of Broiler
Percent improvement
Researcher Phytase NPP % Body wt. Feed Feed P
gain intake efficiency retention
Simons 750 0.15 37.9 0.64 19.57
(1990)
Perney 500 0.32 12.50 8.60 3.98 15.56
(2003)
Broz 500 6.50 3.34 3.70 18.05
(2005)
Singh 750 0.31 17.76 5.34 11.80 16.11
(1996)
35. Effect of Phytase on Performance of Layer
Percent improvement
Researcher Age Phyta NPP % Total Ca Feed Egg Egg
weeks se P intake produc wt
tion
Gordon 21-38 300 0.40 0.63 4.0 2.32 0 0.91
(1996)
Vander 20-68 300 0.33 4.0 4.8 5.95 2.87
(2001)
Punna 21-36 300 0.10 0.31 4.0 20.69 79.83 4.47
(2003)
Rama Rao 48-55 250 0.11 0.33 3.61 12.25 44.90 5.28
(1999)
Sukumar 20-40 400 0.30 0.78 3.03 7.0 5.0 2.20
(1999)
36. Environmental Pollution
Poultry manure is an important organic fertilizer
Excess phosphorus in excreta increases the soil load and
contaminates the surface water which promote
eutrophication and affect fish life
Feeding low phosphorus diet to poultry and use of phytase
reduces excretion of P 20 to 50 %
Phosphorus pollution can be controlled by formulation of
diet and use of phytase
38. Conclusion
Improve production performance – egg, meat
Improve utilization of phosphorus and other
nutrients
Lower feed cost and more farm profit
Less inorganic phosphorus supplementation needed
Decrease of phosphorus excretion by up to 50%
Environmental pollution - controlled
39. References
Akyurek, H., Senkoylu, N andOzduven,M.L. (2005) Effect of
microbial phytase on growth performance in broiler. Pakistan Journal
of Nutrition 4(1):22-26.
Cosgrove, D.J.(1980) Inositol Phosphate: Their chemistry and
biochemistry and physiology. Elsevier Publication Scientific
Publishing Co., New York.
Deshpande, S.S and Cheryan, M. (1984) Effect of phytic acid
divalent cations and their interactions on alpha-amylase activity.
Journal of Food Science 49: 516-519
Karim, A.(2006) Responses of broiler chicks to non-phytate
phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation. International
Journal of Poultry Science. 5(3): 251-254.
Kornegay, E.T, Ravindran, V. And Denbow, D.M (1996) Improving
phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soyabean meal for broiler
using microbial phytase .Poult.Sci.75 240-249
40. References
Kornegay, E.T., Denbow, D.M and Zhang, Z. (1999) Phytase in animal
nutrition and waste management, BASF Corporation, Mount Olive,NJ
Leeson.S (1993) Recent advances in fat utilization by poultry pp 170-180
Namkung, H and Leeson.S (1999) Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary
nitrogen corrected AME and the ileal digestability of protein and amino
acids. Poult.Sci. 78: 1317-1319
Panda A.K, Rao, S.V.R., Raju, M.V.L.N, Gauja, S.S and Bhanja, S.K (2007)
Performance of broiler chicken fed low non phytate phosphorus diet
supplemented with microbial phytase. J. Poult. Sci. 44(3): 258-264.
Pillai, P.B, Conner, D.T, Owens, C.M and Emmert, J.I (2006) Efficacy of
E.coli phytase in broiler fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diet and its
effect on carcass characteristics. Poult.Sci. 85(10): 1737-1745
Ravindran, V, Selle, P.H, Ravindran, G, Morrel, P.C.H and Bryden, W.L
(2001) Influence of supplemental phytase on the performance and AME and
ileal digestibility of amino acids in broiler fed lysine deficient diet Poult.Sci.
80: 338-344.
41. References
Rama Rao, S.V, Reddy, V.R., and Reddy R.S. (1999) Enhancement of
phytate phosphorus availability in the diet of commercial broilers and
layers. Anim.Feed.Sci.Technol. 79: 211-222.
Reddy, N.R., Sathe, S.K., and Salunkhe, D.K. (1982) Phytase in legumes
and cereals. Advances in Food Research. 28:1-9.
Selle,P.H., Ravindran,V., Ravindran,G., and Bryden,W.L. (2007) Effect of
dietary lysine and microbial phytase on growth performance and nutrient
utilisation of broiler chicken. Asian- Australian J. Anim.Sci. 20(7): 1100-
1107.
Sebastian, S., Touchburn, S.P., Chavez,E.R., and Lague, P.C. ( 1996)
Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different dietary calcium
levels on growth performance and mineral utilisation of broiler chickens.
Poult.Sci. 75 (5): 1516-1523.
Yi,Z., Kornegay,E.T., and Denbow,D.M. (1996) Supplemental microbial
phytase improves the zinc utilization in broilers. Poult.Sci. 75: 540-546.