6. TREMOR
Rhythmical oscillatory movement
Ask about…
Duration of history
Symmetry
when occurs
ADL
FH
Alcohol
Drugs
Associated features
7. HELPFUL CLUES - EXAMINATION
Description
Rest, posture, action, intention
Frequency & amplitude
Which body part?
Gait
Arm swing
Rigidity?
Bradykinesia?
Draw Archimedes spiral, writing
8. CASE 1
55 yr old man R handed
Background psychotic depression many yrs
Tremor hands R>L
When holding cups, doing DIY
Some difficulty with dexterity
Sense smell normal
Smoker
Medication
Olanzapine 20mg many years, amlodipine
O/E
symmetrical tremor
Mild rigidity and bradykinesia
9. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Drugs
Da blocking drugs
Antipsychotics
Antiemetics
Inhalers – B agonists
Ca channel blockers
Li
Valproate
Digoxin
etc
PD
Thyrotoxicosis
Check TFTs
Anxiety
ET
Dystonic
10. DIAGNOSIS
Drug induced parkinsonism and tremor
Can be immediate or delayed effect.
Post synaptic blockade Da receptors
DaT scan normal (presynaptic receptors)
Clues
Symmetry
Smoker
No non-motor features
11. CASE 2
85 yr old man R handed
5-6 years tremor R >L hand
Carrying cups + holding paper
Head tremor ? Started same time
Sleeps well
Gait – L TKR last year
Alcohol no effect
Mother – tremor
Tried propranolol – initial effect, topiramate and
gbp – s/e, primidone – no effect
18. CASE 3
76 yr old man R handed
3 years tremor L hand (C4 decompression)
More recent R hand temor
Slowness L hand – no limitation ADL
Occ feels stumbling
Sleeps poorly, REM sleep behaviour disorder
PMH HTN, on lisinopril
Non-smoker
No FH
20. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PD
Dystonic
Asymmetrical ET
Any Investigations?
No need for Brain Scan unless atypical features
Consider DaT if unsure
23. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Older age mostly
Rest
Non-motor features
Smell, RBD, depression
Examination
Rest mostly, asymmetric, 4-6Hz
+/- legs
Jaw – not head
Parkinsonian
24. NEWCASTLE PD SERVICE
Movement disorder clinic (CRESTA, CAV)
Prof David Burn, Dr Naomi Warren + Dr Paul
Goldsmith
Care of Elderly
Dr Jane Noble (CAV)
Dr Alison Yarnell (FRH)
4 x Parkinson’s disease nurses (RVI)
Referral form
Fax
See within 6 weeks
25. NEW DIAGNOSIS PD
Explanation and information
PDUK website
PD nurse
DVLA + insurance
Consider Physiotherapy
Consider Research
26. TREATMENT
Refer in untreated
Treat if affects ADLs
First line:
MAOB-I ( rasageline, selegiline)
Da Agonist (ropinirole, pramipexole, rotigotine patch)
L Dopa (sinemet, madopar)
If elderly/severe symptoms – L dopa
27. CONTINUOUS DOPAMINERGIC
THERAPY
Aim for smooth drug delivery
Less long term comps
Multiple drugs in low doses
Long acting Da agonists
Da agonist patch
If wearing off – add entacapone (COMT-I)
Stalevo
Later …. Dyskinesias……..Amantadine
28. PD TREATMENT – OTHER OPTIONS
Apomorphine
Injections, infusion
Duodopa
Into Jejenum
Surgery
Deep brain stimulation
Mostly STN
Thalamus for tremor