Wind Energy System Planning & Operating Electricty Network with Renewable Generation-3

1. Planning & Operating
Electricity Network with
Renewable Generation

2. 3. Wind energy systems

3. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. History of Wind Machines
3. Wind Resource
4. Wind Energy Technology
– Horizontal Axis turbine
– Vertical Axis turbine
5. Wind turbine Use
6. Wind energy in Turkey
7. Environment
8. Economics
9. Conclusion

4. 1-INTRODUCTION
Wind energy, the world's fastest growing
energy source, is a clean and renewable
source of energy that has been in use for
centuries in Europe and more recently in the
United States and other nations.
And todays world wind is one of the cheapest
and cleanest energy source.

5. 2-HISTORY of WIND MACHINES
• Throughout history people have harnessed the wind. Over 5,000 years ago, the
ancient Egyptians used wind power to sail their ships on the Nile River. Later
people built windmills to grind their grain. The earliest known windmills were in
Persia (the area now occupied by Iran). The early windmills looked like large
paddle wheels.
• Centuries later, the people in Holland improved the windmill. They gave it
propeller-type blades and made it so it could be turned to face the wind.
Windmills helped Holland become one of the world's most industrialized countries
by the 17th century.
• American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to
cut wood at sawmills.
• Last century, people used windmills to generate electricity in rural areas that did
not have electric service. When power lines began to transport electricity to rural
areas in the 1930s, the electric windmills were used less and less.
• Then in the early 1970s, oil shortages created an environment eager for alternative
energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of the electric windmill on the
world landscape.

6. 3-WIND RESOURCE
Where Wind Energy Comes From
All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal
power), and even the energy in fossil fuels, ultimately
comes from the sun. The sun radiates of 1.74 x 10
watts energy to the earth per hour.
About 1 to 2 per cent of the energy coming from the
sun is converted into wind energy. That is about 50 to
100 times more than the energy converted into
biomass by all plants on earth.
17

7. What Wind Is
Wind is simply air in motion. It is caused by
the uneven heating of the earth's surface by
the sun. Since the earth's surface is made up
of land, desert, water, and forest areas, the
surface absorbs the sun's radiation differently.

8. Wind Resources
• Global winds
• Local Winds
– Land Breezes and Sea Breezes
– Mountain Breezes and Valley Breezes

9. Global Winds
The wind rises from the equator and moves north and south in the higher
layers of the atmosphere.
Around 30°; latitude in both hemispheres the Coriolis force prevents the air
from moving much farther. At this latitude there is a high pressure area, as
the air begins sinking down again.
As the wind rises from the equator there will be a low pressure area close
to ground level attracting winds from the North and South.
At the Poles, there will be high pressure due to the cooling of the air.

10. OBJECTIVES: HOW TO MANIPULATE WIND ENERGY
• Two ways glaciers
move

11. ANALYZING OUR SOURCE

12. What
Makes
Wind

13. Global Wind
Patterns

14. History of Wind Energy
5000 BC
Sailboats used on the
Nile indicate the power
of wind
500-900 AD
First windmills
developed in Persia
1300 AD
First horizontal-axis
windmills in Europe
1850s
Daniel Halladay and
John Burnham build
Halladay Windmill; start
US Wind Engine Company
Late 1880s
Thomas O. Perry
conducted 5,000
wind experiments;
starts Aermotor Company
1888
Charles F. Brush
used windmill to generate
electricity
in Cleveland, OH
Early 1900s
Windmills in CA
pumped saltwater
to evaporate ponds
1941
In VT, Grandpa’s
Knob turbine
supplies power to
town during WWII
1979
First wind turbine
rated over 1 MW
began operating
1985
CA wind capacity
exceeded 1,000 MW
1993
US WindPower developed
first commercial variable-speed wind
turbine
2004
Electricity from
wind generation
costs 3 to 4.5 cents per
kWh
2013
Wind power provided
over 17% of renewable
energy used in US
2016
Block Island Offshore Wind
Farm was brought online (US’s
first offshore wind farm)

15. Why Wind
Energy?
• Clean, zero emissions
– NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
– Air quality, water quality
– Climate change
• Reduce fossil fuel dependence
– Energy independence
– Domestic energy—national
security
• Renewable
– No fuel-price volatility

16. Renewable Electric Capacity
Worldwide
US DOE, EERE 2016 Renewable Energy Data
Book

17. U.S.
Electricity
Generatio
n from
Non-Hydro
Renewabl
es
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Millionkilowatt-hours
Wind
Solar PV
Solar Thermal
Waste
Geothermal

18. Why Such Growth? …costs are low!
• Increased Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing Improvements
1979
40
cents/kWh
2000
4 - 6 cents/kWh
2004
3 - 4.5 cents/kWh
2017
Less than 5 cents/kWh

19. Modern Wind Turbines
Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.

20. Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantages
• Omni-directional
– accepts wind from any
direction
• Components can be
mounted at ground level
– ease of service
– lighter weight towers
• Can theoretically use less
materials to capture the
same amount of wind
Disadvantages
• Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer
• Centrifugal force stresses blades
• Poor self-starting capabilities
• Requires support at top of
turbine rotor
• Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace bearings
• Overall poor performance and
reliability

21. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW)
• Homes
• Farms
• Remote Applications (e.g.,
water pumping, Telecom
sites, ice making)
Large (250 kW-2+ MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Schools
Intermediate(10-250 kW)
• Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power

22. Large Wind
Turbines
• Common Utility-Scale Turbines
• 328’ base to blade
• Each blade is 112’
• 200 tons total
• Foundation 20’ deep
• Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts
• Supply power to about 500 homes

23. • Wind Turbine Components

25. Wind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle
56 tons
Tower
3 sections
Workers Blade
112’ long

26. Wind Farms

27. Offshore Wind Farms
The first U.S. offshore
wind farm is Block Island
Wind Farm, located off
the coast of Rhode Island.
This five-turbine, 30
megawatt wind farm
began operation in 2016.
Photo of Block Island Wind Farm

28. Residential
Wind
Systems
and Net
Metering
Wind
Turbine
AC Utility
Meter
AC to Grid
AC Electrical
Circuits
Main Utility
Breaker Panel
Inverter &
Interconnects
DC Voltage
Input
AC Voltage
Input

29. Potential Impacts and Issues
• Property Values
• Noise
• Visual Impact
• Land Use
• Wildlife Impact
Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate
many of these issues.

30. • Impacts of
Wind
Power:
Noise

31. Wildlife
Impacts
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife · U.S. only, as of 2017
2400 M
2,400,000,000
599,000,000
6,600,000 25,500,000
214,500,000
234,012
0
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
2,500,000,000
3,000,000,000
Median/Avg.Estimated
Hazard Type
Top Common Human-caused Threats to
Birds

32. GENERATING WIND POWER
1
2
3

33. GENERATING WIND POWER
1
2
3
Attach a voltage probe
Attach a current probe
POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

34. THINK OUTSIDE OF THE BOX
ROOFTOP WIND
TURBINE
HIGHWAY WIND
TURBINE

35. Local Winds
• Land Breezes and Sea Breezes
Land masses are heated by the sun more quickly
than the sea in the daytime. The air rises, flows out
to the sea, and creates a low pressure at ground level
which attracts the cool air from the sea. This is called
a sea breeze. At nightfall there is often a period of
calm when land and sea temperatures are equal.
At night the wind blows in the opposite direction.
The land breeze at night generally has lower wind
speeds, because the temperature difference
between land and sea is smaller at night.

36. • Mountain Breezes and Valley Breezes
Mountain breezes and valley breezes are due to a
combination of differential heating and geometry. When
the sun rises, it is the tops of the mountain peaks which
receive first light, and as the day progresses, the
mountain slopes take on a greater heat load than the
valleys. This results in a temperature inequity between
the two, and as warm air rises off the slopes, cool air
moves up out of the valleys to replace it. This upslope
wind is called a valley breeze. The opposite effect takes
place in the afternoon, as the valley radiates heat. The
peaks, long since cooled, transport air into the valley in a
process that is partly gravitational and partly convective
and is called a mountain breeze.

37. 4-WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
• Horizontal Axis Turbine
• Vertical Axis Turbine
• Old-fashioned windmills

38. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Most of the technology described in this project is related to
horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs,) as shown in figure 2.
The reason is simple: All grid-connected commercial wind
turbines today are built with a propeller-type rotor on a
horizontal axis (i.e. a horizontal main shaft).
The purpose of the rotor, of course, is to convert the linear
motion of the wind into rotational energy that can be used to
drive a generator. The same basic principle is used in a
modern water turbine, where the flow of water is parallel to
the rotational axis of the turbine blades [5].

39. • Figure 2 Horizontal axis Turbine [6].

40. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
• As you will probably recall, classical water
wheels let the water arrive at a right angle
(perpendicular) to the rotational axis (shaft) of
the water wheel.
• Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a bit like
water wheels in that sense. (Some vertical axis
turbine types could actually work with a
horizontal axis as well, but they would hardly be
able to beat the efficiency of a propeller-type
turbine).

41. • The only vertical axis turbine which has ever
been manufactured commercially at any volume
is the Darrieus machine, named after the French
engineer Georges Darrieus who patented the
design in 1931. (It was manufactured by the U.S.
company FloWind which went bankrupt in
1997). The Darrieus machine is characterized by
its C-shaped rotor blades which make it look a
bit like an eggbeater. It is normally built with
two or three blades.

42. • Figure 3 Vertical axis wind turbine.

43. Advantages of VAWT’s
1) You may place the generator, gearbox
etc. on the ground, and you may not
need a tower for the machine.
2) You do not need a yaw mechanism to
turn the rotor against the wind.

44. Disadvantages of VAWT’s
1) Wind speeds are very low close to ground
level, so although you may save a tower, your
wind speeds will be very low on the lower part
of your rotor.
2) The overall efficiency of the vertical axis
machines is not impressive.
3) The machine is not self-starting (e.g. a
Darrieus machine will need a "push" before it
starts. This is only a minor inconvenience for a
grid.

45. Old-fashioned windmills
• Figure 4 Old-fashioned windmills.

46. Why turbines not look like old-fashioned
windmills
The old-fashioned, as seen in figure 4, windmill is
viewed with nostalgia, and some people prefer the
look of them to that of their modern counterparts.
Just because wind turbines are modern, it does not
mean that they are less aesthetically pleasing. A
modern wind turbine is simply an improved windmill.
Every aspect of their design has been optimized, and
they are hundreds of times more efficient than old-
fashioned windmills. To make them look more old-
fashioned would result in much more expensive
electricity.

47. 5-WIND TRIBUNE USE
• Electricity for homes and farms
• Electricity for communities
• Electricity in industry
• Supplying electricity for a nation
• Remote communities
• Energy to drive pumps

48. Electricity from turbines
As shown in figure 5 a wind turbine consists of six major
components :
• A rotor that aerodynamically converts the wind energy into
mechanical energy on a slowly turning shaft.
• A gearbox that increases the rotor-shaft speed for the generator.
Some specially designed generators run at rotor-shaft speed and
do not need a gearbox.
• A generator that produces electricity.
• A control and protection system that optimizes performance and
keeps the machinery operating within safe limits.
• A tower that raises the rotor high off the ground where the wind
speed is greater and the effects of local obstructions are less.
• A foundation that supports the wind turbine system, sometimes
with the aid of guy wires.

49. • Figure 5 Major components of horizontal and
vertical axis wind turbines.

50. • Wind turbine generators produce a range of
electricity. Rotors that have diameters of
about 1m produce a few hundred watts of
electricity. Rotors that have diameters that
approach 75 m can produce over one
megawatt.

51. Electricity for Homes and Farms
Small and medium wind turbine generators at
homes, farms or small industrial sites can be
used with diesel generators or connected to the
electrical supply grid. By connecting to the
electrical grid, the user of the electrical supply
pays only for the electricity they use from the
electrical utility company.

52. Electricity For Communities
• Small numbers of medium/large wind turbine
generators can be installed by groups of
individuals wishing to contribute pollution-
free energy to their electricity networks.

53. Electricity in Industry
Medium systems (10 to 100 kilowatts) can be used
by large farms, process industries, and groups of
individuals to offset costs of electricity from the grid
network, or by remote communities to offset fuel
costs and pollution of diesel power plants.
Large systems (100 kilowatts to 1 megawatt) can be
used either individually or in small clusters to provide
electricity to industries, large farms, or groups of
dwellings. When used in arrays of multiple units,
they can supply significant amounts of electricity to
provincial or national networks.

54. Supplying Electricity For A Nation
Arrays of large wind turbine generators can be
connected to electricity supply grids and can
provide significant amounts of provincial and
national electrical demand. In Denmark, for
example, wind-generated electricity now
provides about 10 % of national needs and is
scheduled to provide 50 % of the need by
2030.

55. Remote Communities
• Small wind turbine generators that are
connected to batteries can provide sufficient
electricity for rural dwellings, communications
relay stations, navigational aids, and other
needs in isolated areas. Small and medium
wind turbines may also be used for pumping,
either by direct drive or by powering electric
pumps.

56. Energy To Drive Pumps
A wind turbine can be used to drive a rotating
or reciprocating pump. Like a wind turbine, a
wind pump has a rotor, a tower, and
foundations. However, the hydraulic pump
replaces the generator. Often, the rotor shaft
drives the pump directly, which eliminates the
need for a gearbox.

57. As shown in figure 6 the pump can be located in
the following places:
• on top of the tower at the turbine rotor shaft
• at ground level, in which case shafting or pulleys
are used
• at the bottom of the well, in which case a
reciprocating pump with a long "dipper rod" is
used.

58. • Figure 6 Mechanical and wind-electric water-pumping wind
systems.

59. 6-WIND ENERGY IN TURKEY
Turkish wind energy association was founded in
1992. by the help of energy ministry first turbines
built at İzmir- Çeşme-Alaçatı by ARES –GÜÇ BİRLİĞİ
co. This turbines produces 7,2 MW energy. In the
same years DEMİRER HOLDİNG built turbines at
Çanakkale-Bozcaada which produces 10,2 MW.
Today working is still going on to built new turbines
at İzmir- Çeşme, Çanakkale- Karacaören, Muğla–
Datça, Balıkesir- Bandırma [12].

60. 7-ENVIRONMENT
Wind energy is considered a green power
technology because it has only minor impacts
on the environment. Wind energy plants
produce no air pollutants or greenhouse gases.
However, any means of energy production
impacts the environment in some way, wind
energy is no different.

61. • Aesthetics and Visual Impacts
Elements that influence visual impacts include
the spacing, design, and uniformity of the
turbines.
• Birds and Other living Resources
Preconstruction surveys can indicate whether
birds or other living resources are likely to be
affected by wind turbines.

62. • Noise
Like all mechanical systems, wind turbines produce
some noise when they operate. In recent years,
engineers have made design changes to reduce the
noise from wind turbines.
• TV/Radio Interference
In the past, older turbines with metal blades caused
television interference in areas near the turbine.
Interference from modern turbines is unlikely because
many components formerly made of metal are now
made from composites.

63. • Global Warming
Wind energy can help fight global warming.
Wind turbines produce no air emissions or
greenhouse gases.

64. 8-ECONOMICS
Ecomomics of wind energy based on
followings as shown in figure 7
• Wind source.
• Capital cost.
• Wind energy market.
• Technology.

65. • Figure 7 Economics of wind energy.

66. • The cost of electricity from utility-scale wind systems
has dropped by more than 80% over the last 20 years
as seen in figure 8 and graph 1.
• Graphic (1) kwh cost ($/kwh) vs year graphic.

67. A simple turbine cost in
• Figure 8 cost of wind energy

68. • Wind energy is one of the
cheapest energy source
We can compare wind energy
source with another sources in
graphic 2.

69. • Graphic (2) cent/kwh&energy sources.

70. Wind Power
Adapted from KidWind.org

71. Where do we get our electricity?

72. What is a Fossil Fuel???

73. What is “Renewable Energy?”

74. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!
US installed capacity grew 45% in 2007 and 50%in 2008!!!

75. 2008: 8,358 megawatts (MW) of new wind energy
capacity installed
• 50% growth rate!
• Brings US total installed wind energy capacity
to 25,170 MW
• Enough electricity to power the equivalent of
close to 7 million households!
• 2009 was a slower year due to the economy

76. Why such growth…costs!
1979: 40 cents/kWh
• Increased
Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements
NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm
4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)
2004:
3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
2000:
4 - 6
cents/kWh

77. Wind Farms

78. Modern Small Wind Turbines:
High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
• Technically Advanced
• Only 2-3 Moving Parts
• Very Low Maintenance
Requirements
• Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid
• American Companies are the
Market and Technology
Leaders
10 kW
50
kW
400 W
900 W
(Not to scale)

79. Does Small Wind Energy Pay?
• Does wind energy have to pay for itself?
– We often buy items of equivalent cost that provide no
monetary value, and often cost money to use
– Off grid customers are looking for least cost option
(connect to grid, diesel generator, solar/wind hybrid, etc..)
• Comparing initial costs is not useful
– Wind has no fuel cost
– Generators are cheaper per kW, but not necessarily
cheaper at producing energy over the entire life

80. Economic Incentives
Tax Credits
Tax Exemptions
Rebates
Production Incentives & Rebates
Accelerated Depreciation
Grants & Loans
Net Metering Arrangements

81. The Siting Process
Wind Farm in Palm Springs, CA
•Where is the best
location for a wind
farm?
•Is the farm near the
power grid?
•Where is the wind
consistently strong?
•What is the weather
like?

82. Location, Location, Location!
•It is best to build a wind farm where wind
speed and direction has been studied for 1-
3 years
•Strong and steady winds are needed to
produce reliable electricity
•The site should not be prone to hurricanes,
tornadoes, etc.
Best sites:
•Hilltops
•Open plains
•Mountain passes
•Coasts
•Offshore

83. Off-Shore Wind Farms

84. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??

85. Turbulent wind is bad wind

86. Wind Varies Annually
Average annual wind speeds may vary as much as 25% from
year to year

87. Wind Varies Seasonally

88. Wind Varies Daily
Wind varies daily not
only because of
weather but because of
convective heating
Winds typically
strongest in mid-late
afternoon
Convective heating is
less of an influence in
winter, when storms
dominate wind patterns

89. •Where is the wind?
•Where are the
population centers?
•Where are the wind
farms?
•How do we get wind
energy from the wind
farms to the population
centers?
Transmission Problems

90. Wildlife & Wind Power
•When siting a wind farm, developers must consider any possible wildlife
impacts.
•Though this was not the case in early wind farm development (1980’s), today
all proposed wind farms must undergo a strict environmental impact
assessment.

91. What about
the birds?
Wind Turbines kill very few
birds compared to other
human activities
Estimates are ~1-2 bird deaths
per turbine per year
Global warming is the single
biggest threat to wildlife today
A recent study in Nature found
that more than 1/3 of species
worldwide will be extinct by
2050 if global warming trends
continue
“As responsible citizens, stewards, and
advocates, Mass Audubon strongly supports
public policies and private projects that
advance energy conservation and efficiency.
We also support the development of wind
farms, as a renewable energy source to
offset the effects of global climate change
produced by the burning of fossil fuels.”
Sept. 21, 2004

92. Impact on Birds of Prey and Migratory Birds
•Do wind turbines affect migration
patterns of birds?
•Though the turbines do not kills many
birds each year, the total deaths could
eventually tip the species into decline.
•The majority of birds killed by wind
turbines are birds of prey
This experimental turbine built by
Northeast Wind Energy can be
lowered and turned off when birds
migrate through the area, or during
foul weather
•Birds of prey and wind developers are
both drawn to the same sites – hills and
ridges where the wind provides lift for
soaring birds
•Wind farms can create wind vortexes
that draw in birds and cause fatal
collisions with turbines

93. What About the Bats?
•Many bats die not from colliding with the
turbines, but from a sudden drop in air
pressure
•Their lungs cannot accommodate for the
change in pressure
•Bats can detect most human-made structures
through echolocation.
•An atmospheric-pressure drop at wind turbine
blades is undetectable through echolocation
•Many migratory bats and bats that live in
forest trees have been affected: the bats come
in at night to eat insects, and the effects of the
bat deaths can be far-reaching
•Proposals to turn off wind turbines
when wind speed is low at night and
bats are migrating to prevent more
deaths

94. Impacts of Wind Power:
Noise
• Modern turbines are
relatively quiet
• Noise can be mitigated
with setback distance
– Utility scale wind turbines
should be at least ¼ to ½
mile away from residences

95. Visual Impact
• Many people think wind turbines are “graceful, kinetic sculptures.”
• People who have never seen modern wind turbines in person are more likely
to think they will be an eyesore.
• People may complain that wind turbines look industrial and take away from
the natural beauty of the landscape
• Though people may support renewable energy, they may not want the
turbines in their “backyard”
– NIMBY

96. Similar Structures
Utility Poles
Radio Towers
Cell Phone Towers
Water Towers

97. Similar Structures
Utility Poles
Radio Towers
Cell Phone Towers
Water Towers

98. Similar Structures
Utility Poles
Radio Towers
Cell Phone Towers
Water Towers

99. Similar Structures
Utility Poles
Radio Towers
Cell Phone Towers
Water Towers

100. CONCLUSION
This is true that today's world need more
clean and more cheap energy. As I try to
mentioned in this project wind energy is the
one of the best way of clean and cheap
energy. And also it is understood that in the
future most of our energy source will based
on wind energy.

101. • The costs for a utility scale wind turbine range
from about $1.3 million to $2.2 million per
MW of nameplate capacity installed. Most of
the commercial-scale turbines installed today
are 2 MW in size and cost roughly $3-$4
million installed

102. • According to the federal Energy Information
Administration, the "levelized cost" of new
wind power (including capital and operating
costs) is 8.2 cents per kWh. Advanced clean-
coal plants cost about 11 cents per kWh, the
same as nuclear. But advanced natural gas-
burning plants come in at just6.3 cents per
kWh.

103. • Globally, onshore wind schemes are now
costing an average of $0.06 per kilowatt hour
(kWh), although some schemes are coming in
at $0.04 per KwH, while the cost of solar PV is
down to $0.10 per KwH.

104. vg. US Installed Capital Costs - 2017
(NREL)
Cost Per Watt (DC)
Residential Rooftop $2.80
Large Commercial $1.85
Utility Scale (Fixed) $1.03