Male infertility can be caused by many factors and requires investigation. A semen analysis examines sperm concentration, morphology, and motility according to WHO guidelines. Other tests include a physical exam, genetic testing, and potentially a testicular biopsy to diagnose causes of male infertility such as abnormalities in sperm number, shape, movement or genetic issues. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

1. MALE INFERTILITY
M.Sc Clinical Embryology
Subject: Infertility & Ovulation Induction methods
By: Prachi Naik

2. What is Male Infertility
 Male infertility means a man is not able to start a
pregnancy with his female partner.

4. Causes of Male Infertility

5. Investigation
 General physical examination and medical history.
• genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions,
• chronic health problems
• Illnesses
• injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility.
• sexual habits
 Semen analysis.

6. Chromosomal Study
 A karyotype is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities, with the most
common finding being normal chromosome complement.
 The most common abnormalities found in men with azoospermia are
chromosomal numerical duplications such as 47,XXY, Klinefelter syndrome, but
can also find chromosomal deletions, translocations, inversions, and insertions.

7. Semen Abnormality
 Semen abnormality is caused due to many factors such as
1. Morphology
2. Motility
3. Count
4. Colour
5. Odour
6. Agglutination

8. Types of Semen Abnormality
 Aspermia
 Azoospermia
 Cryptozoospermia
 Oligozoospermia
 Teratozoospermia
 Asthenozoospermia, etc

9. Abnormality
 Aspermia: No semen in Ejaculation.
 Azoospermia: No Spermatozoa cells in semen.
 Cryptozoospermia: Spermatozoa absent from fresh sample but seen after centrifuge.
 Haemospermia: RBC’s seen in the semen.
 Leukospermia: Presence of leukocytes in semen about the normal value.
 Oligozoospermia: Total count is affected.
 Teratozoospermia: Only morphology is affected.
 Asthenozoospermia: % of progressive motility of spermatozoa below normal value.
 Oligoasthenozoospermia: Total no of spermatozoa and motility is seen below normal
value.
 Oligoteratozoospermia: Total count of morphology is seen below normal value.
 Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: Total number of spermatozoa and Motility and
Morphology is seen below normal value.
 Asthenoteratozoospermia: % of both Motility and Morphology below the normal Value.

12. Agglutination

13. Semen Analysis
 Semen Analysis is an important diagnostic tool for the
evaluation of male fertility, by examining the male
semen and the sperms present within.
 This investigation is carried out according to WHO
guidelines, focusing more on the concentration,
morphology and motility of the Sperm.

14. WHO Parameter for Semen Analysis

15. Testicular Biopsy
 A testicular biopsy takes a tissue sample from the testicle for
laboratory analysis.
 The two testicles are the male reproductive organs. They produce
sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone.
 A testicular biopsy can be used to:
 diagnose the location and condition of a lump in the testes
 Diagnose causes of male infertility
 obtain sperm for in vitro fertilization (IVF)