Call Girls Patiala Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Pradeep Paudel :Migraine
1. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Migraine
Pradeep Paudel
Fourth Semester, B Pharm
Roll.no:18
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Pokhara University, Dhungepatan, Lekhnath, Kaski , Nepal
2. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Topics Under Discussion
• Introduction
• Symptoms
• Causes
• Types of migraine
• Stages of migraine
• Treatment method
• Conclusion
• References
29 February 2016 Migraine 2
4. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Introduction
• Derived from the Greek word “ hemikranios” = half
head
• A neurological disorder characterized by hyper
excitability of the nervous system that leads to
recurrent moderate to severe headache.
• Migraine attacks are characterized by unilateral and
pulsating severe headache, lasting 4-72 hours.
29 February 2016 Migraine 4
5. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Migraine is the second most common cause of
headache, affecting approximately 15% of women
and 6% of men.
• It is usually an episodic throbbing headache
associated with certain features like: sensitivity to
light, sound or movement, nausea and vomiting.
29 February 2016 Migraine 5
6. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Migraine and Women
Hormonal fluctuation plays an important role in
migraine for many women.
• 60% of women with migraine experience “menstrual
migraine”.
• Headaches are associated with change in estrogen
levels right before menses and most often occur up
to 2 days before or during menses.
• Oral contraceptives may either exacerbate or
alleviate the frequency, severity and duration of
headaches.
29 February 2016 Migraine 6
7. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Menstrual Migraine
Menstrual migraine differs somewhat from other
migraine. They differ in following ways:
– Pain may persist longer and be more severe.
– Headache attack is more likely to be accompanied
by nausea or vomiting.
– Headache occurs more frequently.
– Menstrual migraine is more difficult to treat.
29 February 2016 Migraine 7
9. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Symptoms
Following symptoms are observed during migraine
attack:
• Eye pain
• Extreme sensitivity to light or sound
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Severe pain, usually on one side of the head
29 February 2016 Migraine 9
10. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Causes
• Triggers do not always cause migraines, and avoiding triggers
does not always prevent migraines.
29 February 2016 Migraine 10
11. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
How is migraine caused?
1
Migraine originates
deep within the brain
2
Electrical impulses
spread to other regions
of the brain
3
Changes in nerve cell
activity and blood flow
may result in visual
disturbance, numbness or
tingling, and dizziness
4
Chemicals in the brain
cause blood vessel
dilation and inflammation
of the surrounding tissue
5
The inflammation
irritates the trigeminal
nerve, resulting in
severe or throbbing pain
29 February 2016 Migraine 11
12. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Types of Migraine
Migraine with aura
(classical migraine)
Migraine without aura
(common migraine)
29 February 2016 Migraine 12
13. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Migraine without Aura Migraine With Aura
No aura or prodrome. Aura or prodrome is present.
Unilateral throbbing headache
may be accompanied by nausea
and vomiting.
Unilateral throbbing headache
and later becomes generalized.
During headache, patient
complains of phonophobia and
photophobia.
Patient complains of visual
disturbances and may have mood
variations.
29 February 2016 Migraine 13
14. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
• Migraine sometimes accompanied with some
warning signs are called "aura". Most of these signs
are sensory stimulations, such as flashes of light or
dark spots.
29 February 2016 Migraine 14
15. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Stages of Migraine
• Prodrome
• Aura
• Headache
• Postdrome
29 February 2016 Migraine 15
16. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
PRODROME
It’s the first stage of migraine which starts 2 days
before the attack, including:
• Depression
• Diarrhea or Constipation
• Neck stiffness
• Irritability or Hyperactivity
• Food cravings
29 February 2016 Migraine 16
17. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
AURA
• Not all the people with migraine headaches
experience aura. It is usually visual experiences, but
can also be sensory, motor or verbal disturbances.
These experiences last 10 to 30 minutes. They
include:
• Visual disturbances, bright spots or flashes of light
• Zig-zag lines
• Difficulty in focusing
29 February 2016 Migraine 17
20. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
HEADACHE
• Migraine headache typically last from 4 to 72 hours,
but the frequency with which headaches occur varies
from person to person. During a migraine, people
may experience some of the following symptoms:
• Pain on one side of head or both
• Pain that has a pulsating, throbbing quality
• Sensitivity to light, sounds and sometimes smells
• Nausea and vomiting
• Blurred vision
29 February 2016 Migraine 20
21. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
POSTDROME
Following headache, patient complains of:
• Fatigue
• Depression
• Severe exhaustion
• Some patients feel unusually fresh
Duration: Few hours or up to 2 days
29 February 2016 Migraine 21
22. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Treatment method
• A variety of drugs have been used to treat migraines.
• Pain relieving medications are taken during migraine attacks
and are designed to stop symptoms that have already begun.
• Pain-relievers
• Triptans
• Ergot
• Ergotamine and caffeine combination drugs
• Anti-nausea medications
• Opiates
• Dexamethasone
29 February 2016 Migraine 22
23. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Nonpharmacologic and Complementary
Therapies
• Relaxation training
• Hypnotherapy
• Biofeedback training
• Cognitive/behavioral management
• Acupuncture
• Nutritional supplements (B2 and others)
• Physical therapy and/or massage
29 February 2016 Migraine 23
24. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
Conclusion
• Hence, Migraine is a neurological disorder
characterized by recurrent moderate to severe
headaches. But one should know that not all
headaches represent migraines, and migraine is not
the only condition that can cause severe and
debilitating headaches.
• Self-care is recommended to reduce the migraine
severity and frequency.
29 February 2016 Migraine 24
25. Pokhara University
School of Health and Allied Sciences
References
• Walker BR and Ralston SH (2010) Davidson’s Principles and
Practice of Medicine (21st
Ed.), Elsevier, Edinburg, pp1267-
1268
• http://www.medicinenet.com/migraine/article.htm
(Accessed on: Dec 20, 2015)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine (Accessed on : Dec 20,
2015)
29 February 2016 Migraine 25
Here are some examples of nonpharmacologic and complementary therapies used to treat migraine. These approaches may be well suited for patients who have exhibited a poor tolerance or poor response to drug therapy, or who have a medical contraindication to drug therapy. Nonpharmacologic intervention may also be useful in patients with significant stress or in patients who are pregnant, are planning to become pregnant or are nursing. These therapies vary in effectiveness from patient to patient. Talk to your healthcare provider and together you can decide which, if any, may be a good choice for you.
