2. LEADERSHI
P
THEORIES
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP
STYLES
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3. Leadership
Trait Theory:
theories
there is a set of characteristics that
determines a good leader:
• Personality
• intelligence
• Self confidence
• Sociability
• Will
• Dominance
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4. Leadership theories
• Are such characteristics inherently
gender biased?
• Do such activities produce good
leaders?
• Is leadership more than just bringing
about change?
• Does this imply that leaders are born
not made
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5. Leadership theories
Behavioral:
Imply that leaders can be trained –
focus on the way of doing things.
• Structure based behavioral theories
– focus on the leader instituting
structure-task oriented.
• Relationship based behavioral
theories- focus on the development
and maintenance of relationships-
process oriented.
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6. Leadership theories
Four important behavioral
theories:
2.University of LOWA studies:
the studies conducted by KURT
LEWIN gave three leadership styles:
d.The Autocratic Style
e.The Democratic Style
f.Free-Rein or Laissez-Faire Style
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7. Leadership theories
1. The Ohio State Studies:
b. Initiating structure:
refers to the extent to which a
leader structure and defines the
activities of the subordinates.
d. Consideration:
refers to the ability of the leader
to establish rapport, mutual
respect and two way
communication.
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8. Leadership theories
• University of Michigan
studies:
The Michigan researches
identified two types of
leadership styles:
c. Employee oriented.
d. Production oriented.
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9. Leadership theories
4. Managerial Grid:
•Developed by Robert Blake & Jane Mouton.
•Focuses on task and employee orientation of
managers as well as combinations of concerns
between the two extremes.
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10. Likert’s System of Leadership
• Exploitive -Autocratic
• Benevolent Autocratic
• Consultative
• Democratic
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11. Leadership As A Continuum
• This theory implies that leadership
involves a variety of styles, raging from
one that is highly boss- centered to one
that is highly subordinate-centred
The continuous theory recognizes that
the appropriate style of leadership
depends on the leader, the followers and
situation
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12. This theory find three forces
3) Forces in managers.
4) Forces in subordinates.
5) Forces in situation.
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14. Leadership theories
Contingency Theories:
• Leadership as being more flexible –
• Different leadership styles being used at
different times depending upon the
circumstances.
• Suggest leadership is not a fixed series of
characteristics that can be transposed into
different contexts.
• May depend on:
vi. Type of staff
vii.History of business
viii.Culture of the business
ix.Quality of relationship
x.Nature of the change needed
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15. Leadership theories
Types of contingency theories:
2. Fiedler Model:
• Fiedler developed LPC questionnaire.
• LPC measured whether leader was
task oriented or relationship
oriented.
• Based on this Fiedler gave three
contingency dimensions:
vi. Leader-Member relation
vii.Task-Structure
viii.Position-Power
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16. Leadership theories
2. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational
Leadership:
•This theory focuses main attention on
follower readiness and situation behavior of
leader.
•It gives three variables.
1- Task behaviour
2- Relationship behaviour
3- Marturity of followers
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17. Leadership theories
The four styles:
ii.Telling /
Directing (h t & l
r)
iii.Selling (ht &
hr)
iv.Participating (l
t& hr)
v.Delegating (l
t& l r)
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18. Leadership theories
3. Path-Goal Theory:
Leader -
•Clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go.
•Remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there.
•Increasing the rewards along the route.
•According to House, there are four different types of
leadership styles depending on the situation:
1. Directive Leadership
2. Supportive Leadership
3. Participative Leadership
4. Achievement-oriented Leadership
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19. Leadership theories
Transactional Leadership:
• The transactional leader works through
creating clear structures .
• Subordinates are considered to be fully
responsible for it, whether or not they have the
resources or capability to carry it out
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20. Leadership theories
Transformational:
Widespread changes to a business or
organisation
Requires:
• Long term strategic planning
• Clear objectives
• Clear vision
• Leading by example – walk the walk
• Efficiency of systems and processes
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21. LEADERSHIP
THEORIES
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHI
P STYLES
June 27, 2012 21
22. types of Leadership styLe
Autocratic :
•Decision making power lies with Leader .He
makes decision without reference to
subordinate and wishes to dominate
• High degree of dependency on the leader .
• Can create de-motivation and alienation of
staff .
• Maybe valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly and
decisively.
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23. types of Leadership styLe
Democratic:
• The power of decision making is
decentralized.
• Consultative - process of consultation
before decisions are taken.
•It raises employee morale and job
satisfaction.
Draw back of this style
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24. types of Leadership styLe
Laissez-Faire:
• ‘let it be’-the leadership responsibilities are
shared by all.
• Can be very useful in businesses where creative
ideas are important.
• Can be highly motivational, as people have
control over their working life.
Draw back
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25. types of Leadership styLe
Paternalistic:
• Leader acts as a ‘father figure’.
• The leader aim to protect and guide
his followers.
Draw back
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26. Leadership styLe
PERSONAL LEADERSHIP
It is exercised through the influence of
personality.
Directions and motivations are given
personally.
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27. IMPERSONAL LEADERSHIP
Impersonal leadership is a term used to
designate leadership exercised through
subordinates of the leader or by non
personal medium such as written
instructions, orders, polices, etc.
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28. FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP
• Functional leadership exits because an
individual possesses specialized skill and
renders expert advice. The group follows
him as it believes that his advice will help
and guide them in difficult and
complicated situation.
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30. Leadership styLe
Leadership styles given by LIKERT’S:
Exploitative autocratic:
• Low concern for employees
• Uses threat and fear based methods to
achieve excellence.
•Benevolent autocratic :
• Leader adds concern for employees –a
‘benevolent dictatorship’ is formed.
• Uses rewards to achieve excellence.
• Major decisions are centrally made.
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31. Leadership styLe
Consultative:
• Set goals and issue orders after discussing
them with the subordinates.
• Leader makes genuine efforts to listen to the
subordinates.
• Major decisions are still largely centrally made.
Participative:
• Maximum use of participative methods.
• Supervision and control are group-oriented
• Employees across the organization are
psychologically more close.
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32. Leadership styLe
Leadership styles given in path-goal
theory:
Directive Leadership:
Supportive Leadership:
Participative Leadership:
Achievement-oriented Leadership:
June 27, 2012 32
