The document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution including its definition, major types, causes and control measures of air, water and soil pollution. It also discusses solid waste management, water conservation techniques like rainwater harvesting and watershed management. Other topics covered are climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion and an individual's role in preventing pollution.

1. Presented By
ANIL THAPA
Department of Horticulture
AFU, Rampur Campus
Engineering and Bio-engineering
Soil Conservation measures
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY UNIVERSITY
Rampur Chitwan

2. Contents
 Definition of environmental pollution
 Major types
 Causes, Effects and Control measures of
• Air Pollution
• Water pollution
• Soil Pollution
 Solid waste management
 Urban and industrial wastes
• Causes
• Effects
• Control measures
 Water Conservation
 Rain Water Harvesting
 Watershed management
 Climate change, Global warming, Acid rain, Ozone depletion
 Role of an individual in prevention of pollution

3. Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is defined as the
contamination of physical and biological components
of the earth’s atmosphere to such an extent that
normal environmental processess are adversely
affected.
It is a global problem and is common to both
developed as well as developing countries.
The substances that causes pollution are known as
pollutants. The pollutants can be any physical (heat,
sound, radiation), chemical (toxic metal, gases),
geochemical (dust, sediments) and biological agents.

4. Major types of Environmental Pollution
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Soil Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Radioactive Pollution
 Thermal Pollution

5. Air Pollution
The degradation in the physical and chemical quality of
air due to the excessive accumulation of gases, liquids
or solids in the atmosphere that may harm humans and
other organisms.
Causes of Air Pollution
 Automobiles
 Industrial and construction activities.
 Domestic sources or household activities.
 Smoking
 burning of fossil fuels.
 Application of chemical pesticides in agricultural
activities.
 Harmful gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide
etc.

6. Effects of air pollution
 Increased incidence of acute respiratory diseases
 Irritation of mucus membrane
 Global warming due to the emission of greenhouse
gases.
 Acid rain due to burning of fossil fuels.
 Ozone layer depletion
 Effect on animals, causing its extinction.

7. Control measures of air pollution
 Eliminate or control the sources of pollution
 Use of air filters or gas adsorbing materials.
 Establishment of green belt along the roadside or
around your locality
 Education and public awareness
 Environment realted Policy making.
 Solid waste management
 Use of clean energy resources

8. Water pollution
The contamination of water sources due to harfmul
substances like chemicals and micro-organisms that
deteriorates its quality and render it unsuitable for
consumption is called water pollution.
Causes of Water Pollution
 Domestic and solid wates.
 Industrial activities
 Insecticides and pesticides
 Use of chemical fertilizers
 Population growth and increases urbanization
 Use of plastic and polythene bags
 Dumping of industrial wastes directly into the water
bodies.
 Mining activities.

9. Effects of water pollution
 Occurrence of several water-borne diseases like
cholera, diarrhoea, dysentry etc.
 Effect on water eco-systems
 Eutrophication in water creatures due to accumulation
of harmful chemicals.
 extinction of aquatic creatures
 Effect on agriculture, thus reducing the productivity of
crops and soil.

10. Control measures of water pollution
 Maintenance of drainage line
 Judicious application of agro-chemicals
 Treatment of sewage and industrial wastes before
leaving into the water bodies.
 Public awareness about causes and effects of water
pollution.
 Government plans and policies regarding
management of water sources.
 Use of environmentally friendly products.
 Afforeststion near water bodies prevent water
pollution due to erosion control.

11. Soil or Land pollution
Any change in the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil due to natural causes or human
activities is called soil pollution.
Causes of Land Pollution
 Domestic and solid wates.
 Industrial activities
 Insecticides and pesticides
 Use of chemical fertilizers
 Population growth and increased urbanization
 Use of plastic and polythene bags
 Dumping of industrial wastes directly into the soil.
 Mining activities.
 Deforestation and soil erosion

12. Effects of Land pollution
 Occurrence of several diseases
 Effect on land eco-systems
 Low productivity of crops due to loss of soil fertility.
 loss of habitat for soil dwelling animals
 Effect on animal health.
 Major cause of air and water pollution.

13. Control measures of land pollution
 Judicious application of agro-chemicals
 Treatment of sewage and industrial wastes before
leaving into the soil.
 Public awareness about causes and effects of land
pollution.
 Government plans and policies regarding
management of solid waste disposal
 Use of environmentally friendly products.
 Afforeststion and reforestation prevents soil pollution
due to erosion control.

14. Rain Water Harvesting
RWH is a process of collecting, supplying and
storing the water from rainfall in an area for some
beneficial use.
It is the water use efficiency technique most
suitably used in urban areas, where there is scarcity of
water during winter or dry seasons
Advantages
1. Reliable and cheap method of water collection.
2. Reduces soil erosion and flooding to some extent.
3. Provides high quality water which are low in minerals
4. Only means of irrigation in desert areas.
5. High water use efficiency i.e. more production with
low supply of water

15. Methods of RWH
1. Surface runoff rain water harvesting
2. Rooftop rainwater harvesting
3. Watershed rainwater harvesting
Components of RWH
1. Catchment area
2. Gutter and downtake pipe
3. Flush and filter
4. Delivery System
5. Storage

16.  Why rooftop rather than surface runoff??
1. Roof catchment are cleaner than the ground level
catchment
2. Minimum loses
3. No chemical contamination
4. Easily available at low cost.

17. Global Warming
Global warming can be defined as the increase in
average temperature of earth’s surface due to the
accumulation of green house gases in the atmosphere.
Causes:
 Excessive emission of greenhouse gases like
carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. into the
atmosphere.
 Increased population and their activities beyond the
carrying capacity.
 Deforestation
 Pollution

18. Effects of global warming
 Increasing average temperature of the earth
 Effect on ecology, causing imbalance in climate and
ecosystem
 Occurrence of drastic climatic events like floods,
earthquakes, volcanoes etc.
 Melting of glacier.
 Emergence of new diseases
 Extinction of several organisms.

19. Acid Rain
Acid rain can be defined as any form of
precipitation in wet or dry forms with acidic
components such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall into
the ground from the atmosphere.
It can be rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is
acidic.
Acid rain results when harmful gases like SO2
and NO2 are emitted into the atmosphere, where they
react with water to form harmful acids. i.e.
SO2+H2O=H2SO4
NO2 + H20 = HNO3

20. Ozone Layer Depletion
The gradual thinning of earth's ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere i.e. stratosphere caused due to the
release of chemical compunds from industry and
human activities is called ozone layer depletion.
It is highly pronounced in the polar regions,
especially over Antarctica

21. It is also a major environmental problem
because it increases the amount of ultraviolet
radiation that reaches the earth's surface and
increases the rate of skin cancer and genetic
diseases

22. Climate Change
Climate change is the drastic shift or change in weather
patterns that ultimately affects food production to rising
sea levels that increases the risk of catastrophic
disasters.
It includes both global warming caused due to the
emission of harmful greenhouse gases and resulting
large scale shift in weather patterns.

23. Watershed Management
Watershed management is the process of
implementing land use practices and water
management practices to protect and improve
the water quality and natural resources within
the watershed in a comprehensive manner.