This presentation gives you an idea about mineral and energy resources.

1. Geography Project
By – Pratham Gupta
X-A
Minerals and
Energy Resources

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Mrs. Alpana Goel Ma'am as well as our
principal Mrs. Promini Chopra Ma'am who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic- Minerals and Energy Resources, which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came
to know about so many new things and I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

3. Contents
Topics Page no.
Acknowledgement 2
Intro 4
About Minerals 5 - 7
Minerals 8 -18
About Energy resource 19
Energy resource 20 - 32
Bibliography 34
Thanking you 33

4. Introduction
 Minerals- are solid substances that are present in nature
and can be made of one element or more elements
combined together. are usually solid, inorganic, have a
crystal structure, and form naturally by geological
processes.
 Energy- Resource is something that can produce heat,
power life, move objects, or produce electricity. As a
matter of fact Most of the energy we use today come
from fossil fuels. It is an essential input for industrial
and economic development and for improving th
standard of living.

5. Minerals
 In geology and mineralogy, a Mineral or
mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid
chemical compound with a fairly well-
defined chemical composition and a
specific crystal structure, that occurs
naturally in pure form.
 Energy minerals are used to produce
electricity, fuel for transportation, heating
for homes and offices and in the
manufacture of plastics. Energy minerals
include coal, oil, natural gas and uranium.

6. Metallic Minerals
 As the name suggests, metallic minerals are the minerals
that contain one or more metals, e.g. iron, copper, gold,
bauxite, manganese etc.
 Generally, metallic minerals are hard and have a shiny
surface, so some of them can be used as gems in jewelry.
They are also used in various industries for different
purposes, e.g. silicon, which is obtained from quartz,
is extensively used in the computer industry; aluminium
which is obtained from bauxite is used in automobile and
bottling industry.
 They are generally found in igneous rocks that are formed
by cooling and solidification of lava or magma.
Iron Ore
Siderite
Copper Ore
Magnetite
Bauxite
Manganese

7. Non Metallic Minerals
 As the name suggests, non-metallic minerals are the
minerals that do not contain metals, e.g. limestone, mica,
coal, gypsum, dolomite, phosphate, salt, manganese,
granite etc.
 They are used in various industries to produce a variety of
products, e.g. mica is used in electrical industry, limestone
is used in cement industry. Furthermore, they are also used
in the production of fertilizers and manufacturing of
refractories.
 They are generally found in sedimentary rocks that are
formed by the aggregation of various materials like
minerals, remains of organisms, rock particles etc.

8. Iron Ore
 Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic
iron can be economically extracted.
 The iron is usually found in the form of-
1. Magnetite
2. Hematite
3. Limonite
4. Siderite.
 It is used widely in construction of roads, railways,
appliances, buildings, machines, tools and automobiles.
 It is also used as sponge iron for blending with high
grade ore.

9. Magnetite
 Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main iron ores.
It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic.
 It is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to
become a permanent magnet itself. It is the most magnetic
of all the naturally-occurring minerals on Earth.
 This is the best quality of iron ore and contains 72% of pure
iron.
 It is used in industries as ore of iron and in manufacturing
steel.
 It is used to produce pigments.
 It is found in Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
and Karnataka.
Magnetite showing
magnetic property

10. Hematite
 Hematite forms in the shape of crystals through the
rhombohedral lattice system, and it has the same crystal
structure as ilmenite and corundum.
 It contains about 60 – 70% pure iron.
 The mineral is used to produce pigments, preparations for
heavy media separation, radiation shielding, ballast, and
many other products.
 It is found in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand,
Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka,
Maharashtra.

11. Limonite
 Limonite is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of
hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying
composition.
 It contains 40% to 60% of pure iron.
 Limonite is used as a pigment in the manufacturer of
paints.
 It is found in Raniganj, (W.B.) Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (in Kangra
Valley).

12. Siderite
 Siderite is a mineral composed of iron(II) carbonate. It
is a valuable iron mineral, since it is 48% iron and
contains no sulfur or phosphorus.
 It is an inferior ore and has many impurities. It has only
10 to 40% of pure iron. It is self-fluxing due to presence
of lime.
 Siderite is economically important for steel production.
 It is found in Gujarat, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh
and Rajasthan.
Siderite Ore

13. Manganese
 Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted
array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless
steels.
 It is the most important minerals for making iron and
steel. Nearly 9 kg manganese is required for
manufacturing one tone of steel.
 It makes steel strong, removes impurities and makes it
immune to rusting.
 An important use of manganese is creating an alloy with
aluminium to produce a metal that is resistant to
corrosion.
 Also used in making Paints, Pigments and ceramics.

14. Distribution of
Manganese
 Odisha is the leading producer and it is mined in Surdargarh
Koraput, Bolangir and Sambalpur Kalahandi, Keonjhar and
Mayurbhanj districts.
 Karnataka is the 2nd largest producer and deposits are found
mainly in Tumkur and Chitradurg.
 Other states where manganese is found are Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Karnataka.

15. Bauxite
 India is the third largest producer of bauxite in the
world.
 It is used making aircraft, ships and utensils etc.
 It is also used for making headlight reflector, mirrors
and telescope.
 Bauxite is also used in cement, Chemicals, soda cans
and dishwashers.

16. Distribution of Bauxite
 In Odisha: Kalahandi, Balangir, Koraput, Sundergarh
and Sambalpur districts.
 In Jharkhand – Ranchi and Panama.
 In Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh : Mandla, Balaghat
are the leading producers in Madhya Pradesh. In
Chattisgarh, the Maikala range of hills in Bilaspur, Durg
and Raigarh districts are important producers.

17. Copper
 The use of copper is universal in India. Even in the early
days of civilization copper was used for making arms,
ammunitions and utensils.
 Copper is in great demand in the industrial field
because of its high ductility, and high thermal and
electrical conductivity.
 Copper is also used in railway equipment industry and
other engineering work.

18. Distribution of Copper
 Madhya Pradesh has become the largest producer of
India.
 In Rajasthan, copper is found at Khetri-Singhara belt in
Jhunjhunu district. It is also mined in Ajmer, Alwar,
Bhilwara, and Chittorgarh.
 Jharkhand is the 3rd largest producer state of copper in
the country. Copper is mined in Hazaribagh and Palamu
district.

19. Energy Resource
 Energy is an essential input for industrial and
economic development and for improving the
standard of living. Energy output is obtained from
commercial sources like coal, petroleum and
electricity.
 The energy sources which cannot be compensated.
Once these are used are termed as conventional
energy sources.

20. Coal
 India is the third largest producer of coal in the world.
 Coal is the main source of power generation in India.
Hence, it meets around 67% of the country’s
requirements of power. We use coal in the manufacture
of iron and steel. We also use coal as a raw material for
the chemical industry.

21. Uses of Coal
 Coal is used in generation of power. It is used in the
generation of electric power for mineral-based
industries like iron and steel and cement industries.
 The demand of coal for railways has been reduced due to
electrification of railways
 About 2% Indian coal is of tertiary type and is found in
Assam and Jammu and Kashmir.

22. Distribution of Coal
 Jharkhand has the largest reserves of coal in india. The
main coalfields are Jharia, Bokaro Giridih and
Karanpura.
 Chhattisgarh : the main coalfield in Korba.
 Odisha : the main coalfield are Talcher and Sambalpur.
 West Bengal : produces about 18% of India’s coal
reserves. Ranigunj is the main coalfield.

23. Advantages of Coal
1. Coal supplies around 30% generating 40% of electricity.
2. Affordable and stable prices
3. Easy to burn
4. No dependence on climatic condition
5. Coal is versatile.

24. Disadvantages of Coal
 Environmental impact : Burning coal emits harmful
waste such as carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid, arsenic
etc.
 Coal mining impacts forests and climate.
 Non Renewable source of energy.
 Impact on minors health.

25. Anthracite
 It is the best quality of coal and contains
over 80% carbon.
 It is hard, compact and black in color. It is
found only in Jammu Kashmir in small
quantity.

26. Bituminous Coal
 It is the most widely used variety of coal and contains
about 60-80% carbon.
 Its calorific value is very high due to high proportion of
carbon and low moisture content.
 It is mainly used for heating, steam raising and
production of coke.

27. Lignite
 It is also called brown coal. It is of inferior quality. It is
friable in nature.
 It contains more of moisture and less of combustible
matter.
 It is found in Palna of Rajasthan, Neyveli in Tamil Nadu,
Lakhimpur in Assam and Karewa in Jammu Kashmir.

28. Peat
 It is the first stage of transformation of wood to
coal
 It contains about 50-60% carbon.
 It emits more smoke and leaves lot of ash after
burning.

29. Petroleum
 Also known as mineral oil. As it is the oil obtained by the
rocks.
 petroleum and its products are mainly used as
locomotive power.
 It emits very little smoke and leaves no ash and can be
used to the last drop.
 It is the main source of many products like petrol
kerosene and diesel oil etc.
 It is used for making important raw material for
chemical industry.

30. Advantages of Petroleum
 It can be extracted easily : modern technologies for
extracting oil beneath the oceans surface or with special
climatic conditions.
 It has high density : the average 1kg of burnt oil can
generate up to 10000 kilo calories.
 It can be extracted at low cost : due to the fact that
petroleum products require reduced technical and
physical effort.

31. Disadvantages of Petroleum
 Although oil is a natural fossil fuel, Its resource is now
limited.
 Environmental pollution : extracting and burning oil
generates greenhouse gases that contribute to
environment pollution and global warming.
 It is non-renewable for of energy resource, once burned
to generate electricity, it cannot be replaced.
 The depletion of fossil fuel leads to limited supply of
petroleum. This leads to increase in prices which may
cause conflict between nations.

32. Natural Gas
 Biogenic mechanisms create natural gas by methanogenic
organisms. This natural gas is create in landfills and is
often harvested to be used for fuel.
 Thermogenic gas is create inside the earth at great
temperature and pressure conditions from buried organic
material.

33. Bibliography
 GEOGRAPHY Class 10 textbook
 www.icsehub.com
 www.sparknotes.com