dental hygenic

1. GENERAL PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORAL CAVITY
Presented by,
Pratiksha C Chandragirivar
M pharma 2nd sem
Dept. of pharmaceutics
HSK COP Bagalkot
FACILITATED TO:
PRABHU HALAKATTI
ASST.PROFESSOR
DEPT.OF PHARMACEUTICS
HSK COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
BAGALKOT.
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2. Contents
• Tooth
• General problems associated with the oral cavity
• References
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3. STRUCTURE OF THE TOOTH :
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5. Oral problems
Medical
concern
Dental decay
Dental disease
Dental
hypersensitivity
Dry mouth
Cosmetic
concern
Dental staining
oral malodor
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6. Medical concern:
Dental diseases
Dental plaque:
• Dental plaque is not actually a problem, as it is
ubiquitous in individuals exhibiting both dental health
and dental disease.
• The pathogenicity of dental plaque is related not only
to its mass but also to relatively specific classes of
microorganisms.
• Dental plaque associated with gum disease tends to be
highly populated with anaerobic Gram-negative
bacteria that produce toxic substances such as
volatile sulfur compounds, short-chain fatty acids, or
bacterial toxins.
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8. How can plaque formation be prevented?
• Brush your teeth at least twice a day, one of the two
times for 2 minutes. Use a soft, rounded-tip bristled
toothbrush, preferably electric. Pay particular
attention to the space where the gums and teeth
meet. Use toothpaste that contains fluoride.
• Floss between teeth at least once a day to remove
food particles and bacteria.
• See your dentist or oral hygienist at least every 6
months for a check-up and teeth cleaning.
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9. • Ask your dentist if a dental sealant is appropriate for
you. A dental sealant is a thin, plastic coating that is
painted on the chewing surfaces of teeth to protect
them from cavities and decay.
• Eat a balanced diet and limit the number of between-
meal snacks. If you need a snack, choose nutritious
foods such as plain yogurt, cheese, fruit, or raw
vegetables. Vegetables, such as celery, help remove
food and help saliva neutralize plaque-causing acids.
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10. Dental calculus:
• Calculus is periodental disease irritates the gingival
tissues and encourages the formation of a pocket
between tooth and gingivae, in which food debris and
bacteria may lodge.
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11. Dental caries(tooth decay)
• Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, is a
disease that is widely distributed worldwide and is
associated with more frequent consumption of foods
containing sugars or refined starches.
• Tooth decay used to be considered a disease of
children, especially in affluent societies with plentiful
access to sugary foods, since most tooth surfaces
became decayed by early adulthood.
• Dental decay occurs as the results of tooth
demineralization by acids produced during
carbohydrate fermentation by dental plaque bacteria.
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14. Prevention and treatment
• Brushing twice a day
• Flossing
• Consulting sealants
• Using fluoride tooth paste
• Following the oral diet
• Avoid more intake of sugary foods.
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15. Dental hypersensitivity
• In healthy teeth the dentin of the crown and tooth
root is generally covered completely by enamel or gum
tissue.
• However, when dentin is exposed by enamel decay or
fracture or gingival recession that exposes the tooth
root, it becomes susceptible to a variety of problems.
• Exposure of dentin can lead to sensitive teeth
(dentinal hypersensitivity), in which a variety of
stimuli (e.g., heat or cold, pressure, or high-sugar
foods) can trigger discomfort ranging from a mild
twinge to severe pain.
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17. How to Prevent Tooth Sensitivity
• Here are some steps you can take to prevent tooth
sensitivity:
• Use a soft-bristled toothbrush, which will help
prevent gum loss.
• Brush with a sensitivity toothpaste like Crest Gum
and Sensitivity, which will continue removing plaque to
clean teeth while providing fast relief from
sensitivity by treating it at the source—your gum line.
• Brush and floss your teeth twice a day to prevent gum
loss.
• Be sure to clean all parts of your mouth, including
between teeth and along the gum line.
• Avoid acidic foods and drinks.
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18. Dry mouth(xerostomia)
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19. Prevention and treatment
• Management of patients with dry mouth generally
involves first reducing their susceptibility to oral
disease. This commonly includes daily use of fluoride
mouth rinses or gels and the use of antifungal drugs
when necessary.
• A number of other products generally classified as
"artificial salivas" are also available to increase the
patients' comfort by reducing the sensation of oral
dryness.
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20. Cosmetic concern
Dental staining :
• Dental stain or discoloration can be roughly
categorized as either intrinsic or extrinsic.
• Intrinsic discoloration exists within the tooth
structure itself and may result from discoloration laid
down during tooth formation, thinning of tooth enamel
(permitting the color of the underlying dentin to show
through), or loss of tooth vitality.
• Extrinsic discoloration results from deposition of
exogenous colored material (chromogens) on the tooth
surface. (e.g., pigments from tea, coffee, or tobacco)
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22. Prevention
• Using proper tooth brushing and flossing techniques
• Avoidance of the foods and beverages that cause
stains Bondings Veneers
• Using over-the-counter whitening agents
• In-home whitening agents purchased from your
dentist
• In-office whitening procedures
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23. Oral malodour
• Another concern of consumers of cosmetic oral care
products is oral malodor(also known as bad breath or
halitosis).
• Oral malodor can be classified into two basic
categories, intrinsic and extrinsic.
• Intrinsic oral malodor has its origin within the
individual and is most commonly caused by substances
produced by bacteria in the oral cavity.
• Malodorous substances of bacterial origin are
primarily produced by anaerobic species(some, but
not all, of which may be associated with gingivitis or
periodontitis) and include volatile sulfur compounds,
volatile organic acids, and a variety of other volatile
malodorous compounds.23

24. • Extrinsic oral malodor originates from the ingestion
of substances (such as garlic, cheese, tobacco, etc.)
that contain malodorous compounds.
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25. Prevention and treatment
• The treatment of oral malodor (thus of intraoral
origin) should preferably be cause related.
• Because oral malodor is caused by the metabolic
degradation of available proteins to malodorous gases
by certain oral microorganisms, the following general
treatment strategies can be applied:
• 1. Mechanical reduction of intraoral nutrients and
microorganisms
• 2. Chemical reduction of oral microbial load
• 3. Rendering malodorous gases nonvolatile
• 4. Masking the malodor
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26. References
1. Reiger, Martin M. Eds. Harrys Cosmeticology,
Volumes I-II, page no.87-107.
2. www.webmd.com
3. www.oralb.in.
4. Images are from google
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