Content to Connectivity: The Prospective Digital Platform for Inclusive Growth and Development in Indian Agriculture

Content
to
Connectivity:
The
Prospective
Digital
Platform
for
Inclusive
Growth
and
Development
in
Indian
Agriculture1
Keynote
Address
Page
1
of
27
by
Prof.
M.
Moni,
Professor
Emeritus
&
Chairman
Centre
for
Agricultural
Informatics
and
e-‐Governance
Research
Studies,
SHOBHIT
University,
NCR
Delhi
Principal
Consultant
&
Advisor
(e-‐Governance),
DAMSON
Technology,
Lucknow
&
Former
Director
General,
National
Informatics
Centre,
Government
of
India
moni@shobhituniversity.ac.in,
moni@nic.in,
moni@damson.technology
1
Keynote
Address
delivered
the
National
Workshop
on
“Open
Access
to
Agricultural
Knowledge
for
Inclusive
Growth
and
Development”,
organized
by
National
Academy
of
Agricultural
Research
Management
(NAARM)
of
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural
Research
(ICAR),
in
collaboration
with
agINFRA
–
CIARD
–
FAO
–
GFAR
[Global
Forum
for
Agricultural
Research
(GFAR)
of
FAO
Rome],
on
29-‐30
October,
2014
at
Hyderabad
(India).

Abstract
Indian
Agriculture
sector
is
the
largest
employer
in
India's
economy
but
contributed
around
13.7%
in
2012-‐13.
There
are
about
125
Million
farm
households
needs
“scientific
agricultural
knowledge
and
innovation”,
over
and
above
their
traditional
knowledge
to
increase
their
agricultural
productivity,
and
strengthen
supply
chain
and
value
chain
of
agricultural
and
food
production
systems.
According
to
Mckinsey
Global
research
Institute’s
Report
“12
Technologies
to
empower
India”
(2014),
the
estimated
collective
impact
of
technology
interventions
in
Agriculture
is
US
$45
Billion
to
US
$80
Billion
in
2025.
Every
activity
in
the
agricultural
supply
chain
involves
the
creation,
processing
and
communication
of
information.
The
transformation
from
agrarian
to
industrial
and
now
to
Information
and
knowledge
society
has
largely
been
brought
out,
as
a
result
of
the
accumulation
of
knowledge
and
the
advancement
of
ICTs.
Open
Access
is
to
ensure
that
knowledge
related
to
agricultural
research
knowledge
is
in
the
public
domain
and
available
to
all,
especially
to
small
and
marginal
farmers.
.
The
dissemination
of
agricultural
research
information
and
knowledge
is
a
major
challenge.
Until
it
is
known
to
the
World,
this
research
has
no
meaning.
Open
access
to
indigenous
knowledge
resources
shall
avoid
misrepresentation
of
indigenous
knowledge.
Platform
for
Opening
up
Knowledge
in
Agricultural
Innovation
for
Development
is
envisaged.
The
Current
Status
of
Open
Knowledge
Resources
in
Agriculture
in
India
needs
a
large
scale
of
participation.
The
Gaps
are
expanding
and
Needs
to
improve
Open
Knowledge
Access
are
to
be
addressed
through
Capacity
Building.
The
Scope
for
further
Collaboration
–
National
and
Global
Agencies
–
is
enormous
but
needs
to
be
undertaken
on
priority
basis.
Indian
Agriculture
requires
“building
bridges
and
creating
synergies”
for
productivity
increase.
This
Paper
deals
with
issues
related
to
“Content
to
Connectivity”
to
synergize
into
prospective
“Digital
Platform”
for
Inclusive
growth
and
agricultural
development
in
India.
Page
2
of
27

of
27
Introduction
The
National
Academy
of
Agricultural
Research
Management
(NAARM),
a
premier
Institution
of
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural
Research
(ICAR),
is
organizing
the
Workshop
on
“Open
Access
to
Agricultural
Knowledge
for
Inclusive
Growth
and
Development”,
in
collaboration
with
the
global
agencies
such
as
agINFRA,
CIARD,
FAO
and
GFAR.
This
Workshop
aims
to
(a)
review
the
current
status
of
Open
Knowledge
Resources
in
Agriculture
in
India,
(b)
identify
gaps
and
needs
to
improve
Open
Knowledge
Access
and
Use,
and
(c)
scope
for
further
collaboration
with
National
and
Global
Agencies.
Experts
from
both
national
and
international
organizations
are
participating
in
this
Workshop,
and
are
expected
to
deliver
keynote
lectures.
My
Keynote
Address
is
titled
“Content
to
Connectivity:
The
Prospective
Digital
Platform
for
Inclusive
Growth
and
development
in
Indian
Agriculture”.
The
Mission
shall
be:
“Open
Access
to
ensure
knowledge
related
to
agricultural
research
knowledge
is
in
the
public
domain
and
available
to
all,
especially
to
small
and
marginal
farmers”.
Indian
Agriculture
–
Building
Bridges
and
Creating
Synergies
for
Productivity
Increase
Indian
Agriculture
sector
is
the
largest
employer
in
India's
economy
but
contributed
around
13.7%
in
2012-‐13.
Rural
India
has
about
70%
of
India’s
population,
as
its
demographic
dividend,
and
is
in
need
of
better
roads,
potable
water,
education,
health,
supply
chain,
electricity,
broadband,
job
creation,
security
and
linkage
to
input
and
output
markets,
and
technology.
There
are
about
125
Million
farm
households
needs
“scientific
agricultural
knowledge
and
innovation”,
over
and
above
their
traditional
knowledge
to
increase
their
agricultural
productivity,
and
strengthen
supply
chain
and
value
chain
of
agricultural
and
food
production
systems.

Rural
India
has
sustainable
lifestyles
but
strives
to
have
sustainable
Page
4
of
27
development
and
growth.
To
make
farming
competitive
and
profitable,
there
is
an
urgent
need
to
step
up
investment,
both
public
and
private,
in
agro-‐technology
development
and
creation
of
new
/
modernization
of
existing
agri-‐business
infrastructure.
The
World
Bank,
in
its
report,
titled
“India
–
Taking
Agriculture
to
Market”
(2008)2
stated
that
“the
rapid
growth
of
the
Indian
economy
is
bringing
new
forces
for
change
in
agricultural
marketing
and
processing
systems”.
I
wish
to
refer
to
the
Hon’ble
President
of
India’s
Address
to
the
Joint
Session
of
Parliament
on
9th
June
2014
and
the
Hon’ble
Prime
Minister’s
Speech
in
the
Parliament
on
11th
June
2014,
and
both
of
them
have
stressed
upon
:
(a)
development
through
good
governance,
(b)
Improving
supply-‐side
constraints
on
Agro
and
Agro-‐based
products,
(c)
modernization
of
farming
practices,
(d)
national
land
use
policy,
(e)
availability
of
real-‐time
data
on
agricultural
products,
(f)
farm
health
management
(soil
health
card),
(g)
“lab
to
land”,
(h)
“per
drop
more
crop”,
(i)
multi-‐skill
development,
(j)
Youth
led
development,
(k)
Internet
connectivity
to
villages,
and
(l)
digital
India.
While
addressing
the
Agricultural
scientific
community
on
the
86th
Foundation
day
of
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural
research
(ICAR),
at
the
NASC
Complex
in
Delhi,
on
29th
July
2014,
the
Hon'ble
Prime
Minister
of
India,
Shri
Narendra
Modi,
has
emphasized:
(a)
creation
of
a
talent
pool
of
young,
educated
and
progressive
farmers,
and
agricultural
research
scholars
in
all
districts
of
the
country,
(b)
Development
of
a
digitized
database
of
all
agricultural
research
in
the
country,
(c)
Reaching
out
Agriculture
technology
to
the
farmers”.
Our
Hon’ble
President
of
India,
during
his
inaugural
address
in
the
Asia-‐Africa
Agri
Business,
on
4thFebruary
2014,
has
said
that
(a)
as
demonstrated
by
the
Action
2
World
Bank
(2008):
“India
-‐
Taking
Agriculture
to
the
Market”,
Washington,
DC.
©
World
Bank.
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7919
License:
CC
BY
3.0
Unported.

Plan
for
ICT
for
Agriculture,
launched
in
1995,
India
has
recognized
ICTs
to
be
powerful
catalysts
for
sustainable
agricultural
development,
(b)
there
is
need
for
ICT
to
facilitate
the
development
of
extension
services,
value
chain,
production
and
marketing
systems,
and
agriculture
risk
management,
(c)
the
ICT
for
Agriculture
Plan
calls
for
strong
cooperation
between
Asia
and
Africa,
and
(d)
during
the
ICT4Ag
Conference,
held
in
Kigali,
Rwanda,
from
the
4th
to
the
8th
of
October
2013,
stakeholders
“highlighted
the
need
to
have
a
South-‐South
Cooperation
Programme
on
ICT
for
Agriculture”.
During
my
long
tenure
of
about
35
years
at
National
Informatics
Centre,
I
was
instrumental
in
visualizing
and
operationalizing
“district
information
system”
project
of
NIC
(DISNIC)
in
28
development
sectors
(Agriculture,
Animal
husbandry,
Fisheries,
Industries,
Education,
SC
Development,
ST
development,
Health,
Transport,
Rural
development,
etc.),
in
about
512+
districts,
way
back
in
1987-‐95,
along
with
the
establishment
of
NICNET
facilities
in
all
District
Collectorates
of
the
Country.
Page
5
of
27
This
happened
to
be
the
first
e-‐Government
/
e-‐Governance
Programme
in
India
and
in
the
World.
During
1995
–
2013,
I
was
instrumental
in
visualizing
and
implementing
ICT
projects
Viz.,
AGMARKNET,
AGRISNET,
SEEDNET,
FISHNET,
FERTNET,
PPIN,
APHNET
(NADRS),
WeatherNet
etc.,
strengthening
“ICT
in
Agriculture”
in
India,
in
collaboration
with
the
Ministry
of
Agriculture.
The
Action
Plan
on
“IT
for
Agriculture
(IT4Ag)
in
India”
was
prepared
through
the
National
Conference
on
“Informatics
for
Sustainable
Agricultural
Development”
in
May
1995,
called
ISDA-‐95
recommendations.
The
AGMARKNET
Project
and
National
Animal
Disease
Reporting
System
(NADRS)
project
have
received
International
attention.
The
Proposed
Agri
TV
Channel
can
get
benefit
from
such
projects,
if
I&B
Ministry
desire
so.
The
Mckinsey
Global
Research
Institute
(MGI)’s
Research
Report
titled
“12
Technologies
to
empower
India”
(2014)
identifies
12
technologies
in
six
sectors
(Health
care,
Education,
Financial
services,
Agriculture,
Infrastructure
and

Government
Services),
which
can
create
$550
Billion
to
$
1
Trillion
of
additional
impact
per
year
in
2025
and
for
the
Agriculture
Sector
Page
6
of
27
:
“80
–
90
million
acres
of
farmland
can
benefit
from
precision
farming
methods
(using
sensor
and
GIS-‐based
soil,
water
and
water
Data
to
guide
farming
decision)
,
which
would
be
taught
by
community
agricultural
extension
workers
using
smart
tablets;
90
to
100
million
farmers
can
benefit
from
real-‐time
market
information
delivered
on
mobile
devices;
IT
systems
and
digital
communication
can
vastly
improve
PDS
food
procurement,
storage
and
distribution
processes,
benefitting
300
million
to
400
million
individuals
who
depend
on
subsidized
grains.
The
estimated
collective
impact
of
technology
interventions
in
Agriculture
is
US
$45
Billion
to
US
$80
Billion
in
2025”.
It
requires
both
Potential
Awareness
and
Knowledge
Awareness,
to
be
created
on
a
large
scale.
Digital
learning
-‐
one
of
NDA
Government’s
priorities
of
Digital
India
Digital
India
Programme,
as
launched
by
the
NDA-‐II
Government
on
20th
August
2014,
promises
to
transform
India
into
a
connected
knowledge
economy
offering
World-‐Class
Services
at
the
click
of
a
mouse.
“When
we
move
a
mouse,
whole
world
moves”
–
Hon’ble
Prime
Minister,
Shri
Narendra
Modi,
said
in
Tokyo
(Japan)
during
his
official
visit,
on
2nd
September
2014.
The
Digital
India
Programme
is
envisaged
to
provide
“thrust
to
Nine
Pillars
of
Growth
Areas”
viz.,
Broadband
Highways,
Universal
Access
to
Mobile
Connectivity,
Public
Internet
Access
programme,
e-‐Governance
:
Reforming
Government
through
Technology,
e-‐Kranti
(empowerment)
:
Electronic
Delivery
of
Services,
Information
for
All,
Electronic
Manufacturing,
Jobs
in
IT
Sector,
and
Early
Harvest
programmes.
Keeping
in
mind
global
trends,
Shri
Narendra
Modi,
Hon’ble
Prime
Minister
of
India,
emphasized
on
“digitalization
of
education”,
in
his
Independence
Day
speech
this
year.
Programmes
such
as
“Campus
Connect”,
“National
Digital
Library
(NDL)
–
e-‐Library”
to
be
made
operational
by
the
academic
year
2015,
“India
MOOCs

of
27
(Massive
Open
Online
Courses)
Platform”,
“SWAYAM”
(Study
Webs
of
Active-‐
Learning
for
Young
Aspiring
Minds)
of
on-‐line
courses,
and
National
Repository
of
Open
Educational
Resources
(NROER)
having
digital
and
digitisable
resources
(audio,
video,
interactive
images
and
documents)
in
different
languages,
will
get
its
own
priority
in
India
now.
Consortia
like
INDEST,
UGC-‐INFONET,
etc.
are
providing
information
to
the
users
on
the
basis
of
capacity
of
their
parent
organizations.
The
active
role
being
played
by
the
Ministry
of
Human
Resources
Development
is
noticeable.
Development
of
e-‐content
in
each
discipline
is,
undoubtedly,
a
challenging
job.
Knowledge
for
Innovation
(K4I)
–
A
National
Agenda
Knowledge
is
an
increasingly
significant
factor
of
production
in
modern
agriculture.
Every
activity
in
the
agricultural
supply
chain
involves
the
creation,
processing
and
communication
of
information.
Timely
access
to
information
can
add
value
at
each
link
of
the
agricultural
supply
chain.
Information
and
communication
technologies
(ICTs)
can
facilitate
efficient
data,
information
and
knowledge
flows
across
the
supply
chain.
Many
innovative
initiatives
in
ICTs
in
agriculture
in
the
public,
private
and
non-‐
government
sectors
are
underway
in
India.
Key
issues
such
as
feasibility,
scalability,
sustainability,
and
overall
impact
are
being
addressed.
Equally
important
is
to
enable
smallholder
access
to
ICTs
and
through
them
to
a
wide
range
of
support
systems
and
institutions
for
inputs,
credit,
expert
knowledge,
scaling,
value
addition
and
impact.
New
developments
in
bandwidth
for
connectivity
and
cloud
computing,
farmer
access
to
mobile
technologies,
rising
use
of
social
networking
tools,
spread
of
precision
agriculture,
and
increasing
links
among
farmers
and
local
and
global
markets,
underscore
the
value
of
access
to
timely
knowledge
flows
across
the
agricultural
supply
chain.

of
27
The
transformation
from
agrarian
to
industrial
and
now
to
Information
and
knowledge
society
has
largely
been
brought
out,
as
a
result
of
the
accumulation
of
knowledge
and
the
advancement
of
ICTs.
With
increased
use
of
ICT,
specific
adaptations
of
technologies
such
as
knowledge
bases,
expert
systems,
knowledge
repositories,
group
decision
support
systems,
intranets,
extranets,
workflow,
Data
Warehouses,
Web
conferencing
etc.,
have
been
introduced
to
further
enhance
KM
efforts.
The
purpose
is
to
facilitate
knowledge
mining
for
leveraging
organizational
knowledge.
Organizations
that
want
to
prosper
in
the
Knowledge
Society,
require
fusing
synergistically
IT
as
knowledge-‐creation
tools
and
human
beings
with
collaborative
knowledge
creation
capabilities,
to
become
a
knowledge-‐creating
organisation
(Ikujiro
Nonaka
et
al,
1996)3
.
There
exist
two
types
of
knowledge:
i.e.,
tacit
knowledge
(e.g.
intuitions,
unarticulated
mental
models,
or
embodied
technical
skills)
and
explicit
knowledge
(i.e.
a
meaningful
set
of
information
articulated
in
clear
language
including
numbers
or
diagrams).
One
school
of
thought,
especially
Japanese,
tend
to
consider
knowledge
as
primarily
“tacit”,
i.e.
personal,
context-‐
specific,
and
not
so
easy
to
communicate
to
others,
let
alone
via
computers.
Another
school
of
thought,
especially
Western
Countries,
tend
to
view
knowledge
as
“explicit”,
i.e.
formal,
objective,
and
not
so
difficult
to
process
with
computers.
Knowledge
Representation
(KR)
has
been
impacting
and
innovative
research
areas
for
decades
together.
Knowledge
and
Innovation
have
played
an
important
role
in
the
development
of
society
throughout
the
history.
Knowledge
Creation
is
a
gradual
process
of
adding
value
to
previous
knowledge
through
innovation.
One
of
important
aspects
of
3
Ikujiro
et
al
(1996)
:
Ikujiro
Nonaka,
Katsuhiro
Umemoto
and
Dai
Senoo
(1996)
-‐
“From
Information
Processing
to
Knowledge
Creation:
A
Paradigm
Shift
in
Business
Management”,
Technology
In
Society,
Vol.
18.
No.
2,
pp.
203-‐218,
1996;

Knowledge
Economy
is
the
gradual
shift
from
material
goods
to
intangible
goods
(Suliman
Al-‐Hawamdeh,
2003)4
.
Knowledge
Management
(KM)
facilitates
(a)
utilizing
current
expertise,
(b)
leveraging
learning
from
previous
experiences,
(c)
enabling
rapid
scaling
up,
(d)
mitigating
risk
of
attrition,
and
(e)
sharing
best
practices,
in
organizations
who
aim
at
productivity.
Page
9
of
27
Knowledge
Representation
(KR)
is
a
key
pillar
of
Knowledge
Management,
Artificial
Intelligence,
Cognitive
Science
and
Software
Engineering.
The
field
of
Artificial
Intelligence
(AI)
explores
ways
to
build
representations
of
information
from
the
World’s
richness
and
to
manage
these
representations
over
time
for
a
range
of
purposes
from
decision
making
to
actuation.
Among
the
emerging
concepts
is
one
that
revolutionized
the
way
to
establish
the
parameters
of
where,
why,
and
how
to
store
that
information
-‐
CLOUD
COMPUTING
(www.km4dev.org).
Advances
in
ICT
have
finally
realized
“end-‐user
and
mobile
computing”,
which
have
enhanced
autonomy
in
terms
of
information
and
action
at
the
both
individual
and
group
levels.
Cloud
Computing
and
Virtual
Networking
(Next
Generation
Networks
-‐
NGN)
will
shape
K4I
Processes.
The
Paradigm
shift
is
“Knowledge
for
Innovation”
(K4I).
In
Europe,
Knowledge4Innovation
(K4I)
is
an
open,
independent,
non-‐profit
Platform,
with
a
wide
variety
of
stakeholders
including
small
and
large
Companies,
Universities
and
Research
Centers,
Regions
and
Cities,
Trade
organizations
and
Think
Tanks.
There
is
a
broad
consensus
that
People,
such
as
Researchers,
Entrepreneurs,
Civil
servants
and
Society
at
large,
play
a
significant
role
when
it
comes
to
Innovation.
4Suliman
Al-‐Hawamdeh
(2003)
:
“Knowledge
Management
–
Cultivating
Knowledge
Professionals”,
Chandos
Publishing
(Oxford
)
Limited,
UK.

e-‐Governance
-‐
Libraries
as
Information
delivery
Points
Page
10
of
27
In
India,
many
e-‐Governance
projects
have
been
initiated
during
the
last
15
years
with
huge
investments
by
the
Central
as
well
as
State
Governments.
India
has
experienced
prolific
advancements
due
to
National
Telecom
Policies
(NTP),
National
Knowledge
Networks
(NKN),
National
e-‐Governance
Plan
(NeGP)
and
involvement
of
public
and
private
Institutions,
including
civil
society
to
foster
Citizen-‐Centric
Services,
and
now
with
the
Digital
India
Initiatives.
Investments
in
National
e-‐Governance
Programme
(NeGP)
of
INR
23000
CR,
Public
Information
and
Infrastructure
(PII),
National
Fibre
Optics
Network
(NFON)
of
INR
21000
CR
[expected
to
go
up
to
INR
40000
CR],
and
National
Knowledge
Network
(NKN)
of
INR
5600
CR,
have
no
“specific
role”
for
Information
and
Library
Science
Professionals,
in
view
of
the
fact
that
the
Libraries
have
been
the
“information
delivery
points”
and
“information
generation
points”
in
a
structured
manner
for
decades
together.
In
India,
there
are
about
5
lakhs
libraries
providing
information
access
to
Public.
While
delivering
the
Keynote
Address
in
the
National
Conference
on
“Knowledge
Management
in
the
Globalized
era”,
Organized
by
Association
of
Agricultural
Librarians
and
Documentalists
of
India
(AALDI),
NASC
Complex,
New
Delhi,
21-‐23
April
2010,
I
have
suggested
to
the
Director
General,
ICAR
who
was
the
Chairman
of
the
Inaugural
Session,
to
consider
setting
up
a
Working
Group
on
“Knowledge
Management
in
the
Globalized
Agricultural
Development:
Role
of
Agricultural
Librarians
and
Documentalists”
under
the
12th
Plan
Working
Group
for
formulating
Agricultural
Sectoral
Plans.
In
India,
there
are
more
than
500
Libraries
functioning
in
agricultural
establishments,
providing
services
to
more
than
35000
S&T
professionals
and
about
500,000
agricultural
graduates
and
research
scholars,
in
the
campus
of
National
Agricultural
Research
and
Education
System
in
India.

While
delivering
the
Keynote
address
in
another
National
Conference
on
Page
11
of
27
“Knowledge
Organization
in
Academic
Libraries
(KOAL)
2012”,
organised
by
the
Association
of
Academic
Libraries,
I
suggested:
(a) Promotion
of
Specialized
Information
Centres
(SICs)
through
on-‐line
Portals,
(b) Information
service
through
Academic
Libraries
to
Common
Public,
especially
Farmers,
in
Rural
India,
(c) Launching
of
a
4-‐Year
B.Tech
Course
on
Informatics
and
Computing
(Library
&
Information
Science
and
Engineering
-‐LISE)
to
synergize
Computer
Science,
Information
Technology
and
Library
Science,
(d) Information
Delivery
Point
for
e-‐Governance
Programme,
and
(e) Setting
up
a
Task
Force
on
"e-‐Governance
:
Role
of
AAL"
for
making
“e-‐
Governance
delivery”
more
vibrant
in
the
country.
The
role
of
Library
and
Information
Science
(LIS)
Professionals
is
increasing
day
by
day,
in
respect
of
knowledge
management
and
knowledge
dissemination
to
all
stakeholders,
through
the
ICT
Infrastructure
being
created
through
various
Mission
Mode
Projects.
The
focus
of
Knowledge
Management
is
connecting
people,
processes
and
technology
for
the
purpose
of
leveraging
organizational
knowledge.
Open
Access,
Open
Source
and
Open
Libraries
(PLANNER
2008
Conference
Theme
of
INFLIBNET)
facilitate
Knowledge
Management,
when
there
has
been
impact
of
globalization
and
change
on
the
development
of
libraries,
information
infrastructure,
and
society.
Open
Library
is
a
synergy
of
Internet
Connectivity
and
WWW
Technology.
It
is
very
appropriate
to
look
into
(a)
adaption
of
Knowledge
Management
(KM)
methods,
(b)
involvement
of
Librarians
and
Documentalists
in
Knowledge
Base

Development
and
Knowledge
dissemination
in
22
(Constitutionally
recognized)
Indian
languages
using
Open
Technology
“Openness”,
and
(e)
also
the
relevance
of
“Library
Page
12
of
27
&
Information
Science”,
in
the
era
of
“Knowledge
Economy”,
for
inclusive
growth
in
India
through
“e-‐Governance”.
Paradigm
Shift
in
Information
Management
The
Paradigm
Shift
in
“Information
Representation”
is
towards
Data
standards
and
Metadata
Standards
for
application
in
Information
System
Management.
Information
representation
and
retrieval
(IRR)
is
known
as
abstracting
and
indexing,
information
searching,
and
information
processing
and
management.
Information
System
Management
Professionals
are
expected
to
know
this
principle
of
Library
and
Information
Science
(LIS).
But
this
is
not
happening
in
India.
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF),
a
W3C
recommendation
in
February
1999,
is
an
infrastructure
for
encoding,
modelling
and
exchanging
metadata
(Heting
Chu,
2010)5
.
RDF
uses
XML
as
the
transfer
syntax
and
is
a
foundation
for
processing
metadata.
Representation
information
is
not
the
same
thing
as
metadata
and
describes
data
in
administrative,
descriptive,
technical,
structural
and
preservation
terms.
In
the
Lifecycle
model,
metadata
is
covered
under
the
Description
term.
For
example,
Digital
Objects
are
stored
as
“bit
streams”,
which
are
not
understandable
to
a
human
being,
without
further
data
to
interpret
them.
Representation
information
is
the
extra
structural
or
semantic
information,
which
converts
raw
data
into
something
more
meaningful.
For
example,
structure
information
can
tell
a
computer
to
interpret
a
string
of
bits
as
ASCII
characters
and
semantic
information
can
explain
5Heting
Chu
(2010):
“Information
Representation
and
Retrieval
in
the
Digital
Age”,
ASIST
Monograph
series,
USA.
Email:
hchu@liu.edu.

what
a
particular
mathematical
symbol
means.
Page
13
of
27
Open
Archival
Information
System
(OAIS)
Version
7
describes
about
“Representation
Information”.
Advancements
in
Information
Technology
are
taking
place,
both
horizontally
and
vertically,
due
developments
in
the
areas
of:
Social
Media
Networks,
Data
Analytics
&
Modelling,
Mobile
Apps
and
Enterprise
Mobility,
Mobile
and
Cloud
Computing,
Open
Data
and
Open
Gov,
Data
Security
and
Social
Platform,
Advanced
Computational
Intelligence,
Data
Storage
Technology,
Internet
Speed,
WWW
and
Its
Language
HTML,
Smart
Phone
&
Connected-‐TV,
and
Tablet
Computers
and
Apps.
Information
Management
is
facilitated
by
the
use
of
Information
Technology
and
Information
Sciences.
Information
Management,
Information
System
Management
and
Information
Technology
Management
are
vertical
disciplines
but
related
as
Information
Science
!
Information
Management
!
Information
System
Management
!
Information
Technology
Management,
and
hence
they
are
to
be
understood
intrinsically,
to
derive
maximum
benefit
as
ROI
in
an
Organisation.
Paradigm
Shift
in
Librarianship
Library
Science
Education
in
India
is
undertaken
in
about150
University
Departments,
by
around
500
faculty
members,
and
produces
more
than
5000
Library
graduates
annually.
While
delivering
my
invited
talk
titled
“Library
and
Information
Science
:
Paradigm
Shift”,
in
the
Department
of
Library
and
Information
Science,
University
of
Delhi,
on
their
Annual
Day
Celebration,26th
April
2012,
I
have
reiterated
that
:
A. Librarians
as
Change
Agent
• Today’s
Global
challenges
require
a
new
Librarianship,
based
on
Community
engagement;
• How
can
Librarians
promote
Social
change?

of
27
• How
can
Librarians
bridge
the
gap
existing
between
“technology”
and
“end-‐user”?
" Remote
Sensing
technology
and
farmers
–
How
to
utilize?
" Information
technology
and
farmers
" Agricultural
technology
and
farmers
" Post-‐Harvest
technology
and
farmers
" Agro-‐met
advisories
and
farmer
" Livestock
management
and
farmers
….
• Information
resources
–
Print
media
(library),
Video
media,
digital
media,
Databases,
Data
centres,
YouTube,
Facebook,
Google
Map,
Bhuvan
Map
etc
• Information
Search
Engines
(top
5):
Google,
Yahoo,
Bing,
Ask
and
AOL
:
• MetaSearch
Engines:
WebCrawler
etc.
• Video
Conferencing,
Chat,
AgCHAT,
Social
networks
etc
B. Libraries–
partners
in
nation
building
C. Any
Shift
noticed?
:
“More
Librarians”
are
required
to
emerge
than
“More
Libraries’
It
is
necessary
to
introduce
Library
and
Information
Science
(LIS)
as
curriculum,
in
different
levels,
in
about
4
lakhs
schools
and
28000
colleges,
to
make
“India
a
Knowledge
Society”.
Students
who
come
out
from
10th
Standard
and
from
Colleges
shall
be
taught
on
“Information
Science”,
in
view
of
“Information
Exchange”
revolution
taking
place
through
Internet
and
Mobile
communications.
Dissemination
of
Agricultural
Research
Information
–
A
Major
Challenge
Agriculture
is
multidisciplinary
subject
consisting
of
crop
sciences
horticulture,
forestry,
animal
sciences
and
fisheries,
etc.
each
of
which
has
its
own

of
27
importance.
The
dissemination
of
research
information
is
a
major
challenge.
Until
it
is
known
to
the
world,
this
research
has
no
meaning.
Hence,
scholarly
journals
serve
as
vehicles
for
the
dissemination
of
scientific
information.
In
India,
there
are
about
23
Professional
Societies
and
about
51
scholarly
journals
advance
the
interests
of
specific
disciplines
in
agriculture.
If
all
of
the
professional
societies
in
the
ICAR
institutes
embrace
open
access,
indeed
another
green
revolution
can
be
achieved
(Aneeja
Guttikonda
and
Sridhar
Gutam,
2009)6.
There
is
also
need
to
formulate
an
IT
strategy
to
automate
and
bring
all
agriculture
libraries
into
one
network.
The
Agriculture
Network
Information
Center
(AgNIC)
is
one
example
of
a
successful
cooperative
liaison
in
the
field
of
Agriculture
(Shilpa,
Satish
and
Rajashekhar,
2013)7.
A
key
challenge
for
institutions
of
National
Agricultural
Research
System
(NARS)
in
India,
is
to
develop
institutional
mechanisms
and
capacities
in
using
ICTs
for
ensuring
diverse
data,
information
and
knowledge
flows
and
services
among
scientists,
research
managers,
faculty,
students,
farmers
and
other
stakeholders.
ICTs
can
then
support
new
ways
of
interaction,
collaboration,
and
new
governance
and
institutional
models
to
enhance
agricultural
innovation
and
sustainable
development.
NAARM
Vision
2050
Document
envisages
that
NARS
should
get
transformed
to
national
Agricultural
Innovation
System
(NAIS).
Innovation
is
now
regarded
as
a
very
important
strategic
priority
to
help
tackle
the
challenges
facing
agriculture
and
the
rural
world.
Innovation
is
the
application
of
new
knowledge
to
production
processes,
i.e.,
the
appropriation
of
new
knowledge
by
the
decision-‐maker
(in
this
case,
the
producer).
The
management
6
Aneeja
Guttikonda
and
Sridhar
Gutam
(2009)
:
“Prospects
of
open
access
to
Indian
agricultural
research:
A
case
study
of
ICAR”,
First
Monday,
Volume
14,
Number
7
–
6,
July
2009;
http://firstmonday.org.
The
Authors
are
working
with
NAARM,
Hyderabad
(India);
7
Shilpa
S
U,
Satish
S.Uplaonkar
and
Rajashekhar
Mahadevagouda
(2013):
“Agricultural
Libraries
in
the
Knowledge
Web:
Library
Networks
and
Consortia”,
e-‐Library
Science
Research
Journal,
Vol.1,
Issue.3/Jan.
201;
3
ISSN
:
2319-‐8435.

of
knowledge
is,
therefore,
a
key
element
of
innovation.
The
Platform
for
Opening
up
Knowledge
in
Agricultural
Innovation
for
Development
(OKAID),
as
discussed
in
the
EMBRAPA
International
Workshop
(2011) 8 ,
as
given
below,
is
worth
consideration
for
operationalisation
in
India.
Opening
Access
to
Agricultural
Knowledge
Page
16
of
27
Global
Initiatives
“Open
data"
means
"available
without
restrictions"
and
"machine
readable".
In
agriculture,
there
is
a
major
barrier
that
effectively
stops
people
getting
what
they
need.
Many
agricultural
innovation
organizations
invest
only
a
small
fraction
of
their
resources
in
8
EMBRAPA
International
Workshop
(2011)
on
“Opening
up
knowledge
in
agricultural
innovation
for
development”
Organized
by
EMBRAPA
/
FAO
/
CGIAR
/
IICA
/
FORAGRO
/
GFAR
,
held
at
EMBRAPA,
Brasilia,
from
29/11
to
01/12,
2011;

communicating
their
results
and
ensuring
they
are
well
adapted
to
the
needs
of
rural
society,
and
most
provide
less
than
10%
of
their
available
information
on
the
Internet”.
Page
17
of
27
Much
attention
has
been
focused
internationally
on
how
digital
information
and
communication
technologies
(ICT)
can
improve
access
to
technical
data
and
knowledge
in
all
sectors
including
agriculture.
This
drive
has
been
reflected
in
the
Post-‐2015
Development
Agenda
and
called
for
a
“data
revolution”
for
sustainable
development,
with
a
new
international
initiative
to
improve
the
quality
of
statistics
and
information
available
to
citizens.
In
recent
years,
efforts
to
make
Agricultural
data,
Information
and
Knowledge
more
accessible
have
increased
(Esther
Dzalé,
Devika
Madalli
and
Johnnes
Keizar,
2014)9.
Global
Forum
on
Agricultural
Research
(GFAR),
the
Cooperative
Group
on
International
Agricultural
Research
(CGIAR)
and
numerous
other
partners
have
been
promoting
the
Coherence
in
Information
for
Agricultural
Research
for
Development
(CIARD)
movement
to
open
up
access
to
agricultural
knowledge
worldwide.
CIARD
is
a
global
movement
dedicated
to
open
agricultural
knowledge.
According
to
the
CIARD
website
(www.ciard.net),
“everyone
has
experienced
frustration
in
trying
to
get
hold
of
data
and
information
to
help
them
in
their
work,
even
in
the
so-‐called
‘information
age’,
with
apparently
easy
access
to
the
information-‐packed
Internet.
Frequently
it
proves
impossible”.
Global
consultation
reinforces
CIARD
in
making
agricultural
knowledge
accessible
and
useful
for
smallholders.
CIARD
harnesses
and
reflects
growing
international
interest
in
opening
access
to
agricultural
knowledge
among
all
actors
in
food
security
and
rural
development,
including
through
the
G8,
the
G20
and
the
Global
Conference
on
Agricultural
Research
for
Development
(GCARD).
Within
the
CIARD
movement,
the
Route
map
to
Information
Nodes
and
Gateways
(RING)
has
been
established,
and
contains
about
986
data
sources.
The
“Open
Data
in
Agriculture”
has
promoted,
as
the
follow
up
of
G8
Group
9
Esther
Dzalé
Yeumo
Kaboré,
Devika
Madalli
and
Johnnes
Keizar
(2014):
“Opening
and
Linking
Agricultural
Research
Data”,
D-‐Lib
Magazine,
January/February
2014,
Volume
20,
Number
1/2

meetings,
another
international
alliance
has
been
formed
under
the
title
of
"Global
Open
Data
for
Agriculture
and
Nutrition"
(GODAN).
International
Federation
for
Information
Technology
in
Agriculture
(INFITA),
Pan
America
Federation
of
Information
Technology
in
Agriculture
(Pan-‐AFITA),
European
federation
of
Information
Technology
in
Agriculture
(EFITA),
Asian
Federation
of
Information
Technology
in
Agriculture
(AFITA),
Indian
Association
of
Information
Technology
in
Agriculture
(IAITA)
etc.,
have
also
been
promoting
“Open
Systems”
through
ICT
in
Agriculture
throughout
the
World.
The
European
Commission
–
SCAR
(Standing
Committee
on
Agricultural
Research)
Publication
titled
“Food
for
thought:
Agricultural
Knowledge
and
Innovation
Systems
Towards
2020”
(2014),
is
providing
interesting
aspects
on
agricultural
research
policies
and
innovation
in
agricultural
research,
proposes
approaches
for
engaging
the
agricultural
researchers
in
targeted
research
&
innovation,
discusses
alternative
approaches
and
revisions
to
the
existing
ones,
proposes
approaches
for
stimulating
the
entrepneurship.
Shared
innovative
practices
are
emerging
through
the
Page
18
of
27
AgShare
projects,
not
only
for
creating
and
sharing
Open
Educational
Resources
(OER),
but
also
for
collaborating
with
stakeholders
and
with
students
to
bridge
the
gap
between
theory
and
local
practice
in
African
University
Agriculture
Curriculum
(Christine
Geith
and
Karen
Vignare,
2013)10.
The
renewed
worldwide
interest
in
agriculture
and
in
issues
relating
to
food
crises
in
different
parts
of
the
world
has
highlighted
the
need
for
providing
quality
10 Christine
Geith,
Karen
Vignare
(2013
):
”
AgShare
Open
Knowledge:
Improving
Rural
Communities
through
University
Student
Action
Research”,
Journal
of
Asynchronous
Learning
Networks,
Volume
17:
Issue
2,
July
2013.

information
to
actors
in
rural
development.
The
Global
initiatives
are
visible
through
the
following
institutions:-‐
Page
19
of
27
1. AIMS
(http://www.aims.fao.org)
-‐
Agricultural
Information
Management
Standards,
is
a
space
for
accessing
and
discussing
agricultural
information
management
standards,
tools
and
methodologies
connecting
information
workers
worldwide
to
build
a
global
community
of
practice;
is
primarily
intended
for
Information
Workers
(
i.e.
Librarians);
2. agINFRA
–
a
Data
Infrastructure
for
Agriculture
3. GODAN
(www.godan.info)
-‐
Global
Open
Data
for
Agriculture
and
Nutrition
.
4. CIARD
(www.ciard.net)
-‐
the
Coherence
in
Information
for
Agricultural
Research
for
Development
-‐
"to
develop
common
standards,
share
knowledge
and
contribute
to
coherent,
effective
and
open
institutional
approaches
to
agricultural
knowledge";
5. RING
(www.ring.ciard.net)
-‐
Route
map
to
Information
Nodes
and
Gateways
-‐
acts
as
a
global
directory
of
web-‐based
information
services
and
datasets
for
agricultural
research
for
development;
6. GFSP
(www.gfsp.org)
-‐
Global
Food
Safety
Partnership,
7. RDA
(www.rd-‐alliance.org)
-‐
Research
Data
Alliance
internal
groups
:
8. Agriculture
Data
Interoperability
Interest
Group
and
the
Wheat
Data
Interoperability
Working
Group.;
9. e-‐Agriculture
of
FAO
-‐
is
a
global
Community
of
Practice
(COP),
where
people
from
all
over
the
world
exchange
information,
ideas,
and
resources
related
to
the
use
of
information
and
communication
technologies
(ICT)
for
sustainable
agriculture
and
rural
development;
10. CGIAR
(www.cgiar.org)
-‐
set
up
to
transfer
knowledge
to
the
poor
countries
as
well
as
help
them
be
part
of
knowledge
production;
All
these
initiatives
have
more
or
less
a
common
goal
-‐
to
identify
the
requirements
of
the
agricultural
community
related
to
“access
to
agricultural
data”
and
to
“allow
and/or
to
enhance
access
to
open
and
linked
data”,
making
use
of
infrastructures

that
can
support
the
management
of
large
volumes
of
information
and
knowledge
and
disseminate
related
open
access
policies
and
information
between
stakeholders.
Page
20
of
27
National
Initiatives
a. Indian
National
Agricultural
Research
System
(NARS)
–
Adoption
of
Open
Access
Policy
2013
The
Consortium
for
e-‐Resources
in
Agriculture
(CeRA),
established
in
November
2007
in
ICAR,
facilitates
accessibility
of
scientific
journals
to
all
researchers
/
teachers
in
the
National
Agricultural
Research
System
(NARS)
by
providing
access
to
information,
specially
access
to
journals
online
which
is
crucial
for
having
excellence
in
research
and
teaching.
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural
Research
(ICAR)
of
the
Ministry
of
Agriculture,
Government
of
India,
has
adopted
Open
Access
Policy
during
2013
–
OAP
2013
-‐
(Source
:
http://www.icar.res.in)
.
The
features
of
OAP
2013
are
as
follows:-‐
1. Each
ICAR
institute
to
setup
an
Open
Access
Institutional
Repository;
2. ICAR
shall
setup
a
central
harvester
to
harvest
the
metadata
and
full-‐text
of
all
the
records
from
all
the
Open
Access
(OA)
repositories
of
the
ICAR
institutes
for
one
stop
access
to
all
the
agricultural
knowledge
generated
in
ICAR;
3. All
the
meta-‐data
and
other
information
of
the
institutional
repositories
are
copyrighted
with
the
ICAR.
These
are
licensed
for
use,
re-‐use
and
sharing
for
academic
and
research
purposes.
Commercial
and
other
reuse
requires
written
permission;
4. All
publications
viz.,
research
articles,
popular
articles,
monographs,
catalogues,
conference
proceedings,
success
stories,
case
studies,
annual
reports,
newsletters,
pamphlets,
brochures,
bulletins,
summary
of
the
completed

projects,
speeches,
and
other
grey
literatures
available
with
the
institutes
to
be
placed
under
Open
Access;
5. The
institutes
are
free
to
place
their
unpublished
reports
in
their
open
access
repository.
They
are
encouraged
to
share
their
works
in
public
repositories
like
YouTube
and
social
networking
sites
like
Facebook
®,
Google+,
etc.
along
with
appropriate
disclaimer;
6. The
authors
of
the
scholarly
articles
produced
from
the
research
conducted
at
the
ICAR
Institutes
have
to
deposit
immediately
the
final
authors
version
manuscripts
of
papers
accepted
for
publication
(pre-‐prints
and
post-‐prints)
in
the
institute’s
Open
Access
repository.
7. Scientists
and
other
research
personnel
of
the
ICAR
working
in
all
ICAR
institutes
or
elsewhere
are
encouraged
to
publish
their
research
work
with
publishers
which
allow
self-‐
archiving
in
Open
Access
Institutional
Repositories.
8. The
authors
of
the
scholarly
literature
produced
from
the
research
funded
in
whole
or
part
by
the
ICAR
or
by
other
Public
Funds
at
ICAR
establishments
are
required
to
deposit
the
final
version
of
the
author's
peer-‐reviewed
manuscript
in
the
ICAR
institute’s
Open
Access
Institutional
Repository.
9. Scientists
are
advised
to
mention
the
ICAR’s
Open
Access
Policy
while
signing
the
copyright
agreements
with
the
publishers
and
the
embargo,
if
any,
should
not
be
later
than
12
months.
10. M.Sc.
and
Ph.D.
thesis/dissertations
(full
contents)
and
summary
of
completed
research
projects
to
be
deposited
in
the
institutes
open
access
repository
after
completion
of
the
work.
The
metadata
(e.g.,
title,
abstract,
authors,
publisher,
etc.)
be
freely
accessible
from
the
time
of
deposition
of
the
content
and
their
free
unrestricted
use
Page
21
of
27

through
Open
Access
can
be
made
after
an
embargo
period
not
more
than
12
months.
11. All
the
journals
published
by
the
ICAR
have
been
made
Open
Access.
Journals,
conference
proceedings
and
other
scholarly
literature
published
with
the
financial
support
from
ICAR
to
the
professional
societies
and
others,
to
be
made
Open.
12. The
documents
having
material
to
be
patented
or
commercialised,
or
where
the
promulgations
would
infringe
a
legal
commitment
by
the
institute
and/or
the
author,
may
not
be
included
in
institute’s
Open
Access
repository.
However,
the
ICAR
scientists
and
staff
as
authors
of
the
commercial
books
may
negotiate
with
the
publishers
to
share
the
same
via
institutional
repositories
after
a
suitable
embargo
period;
Implementation
Page
22
of
27
13. The
Directorate
of
Knowledge
Management
in
Agriculture
of
ICAR
(DKMA)
to
function
as
nodal
agency
for
implementation
of
the
ICAR
Open
Access
policy.
The
DKMA
will
organize
advocacy
workshops
and
capacity
building
of
scientific
&
technical
personnel,
repository
administrators,
editors
and
publishers
on
Institutional
Repositories,
application
and
usage
of
Free
and
Open
Source
Software;
End
Note
14. OA
initiative
is
not
a
single
event.
It
is
a
process
and
expects
full
compliance
over
a
period
of
three
years.
Therefore,
the
proposed
modest
policy
is
a
first
step
in
the
journey
towards
formal
declaration
of
openness
and
then
after
reviews
progress,
compliance
and
impact
periodically.
The
OAP
2013
envisages
its
compliance
by
2016
in
the
ICAR.
However,
the
OAP
2013
does
not
include
its
compliance
in
the
other
components
of
Indian

NARS
-‐
Agricultural
Educational
and
Research
System
(SAUs/CAUs),
and
also
its
links
to
Global
Initiatives
such
as
GODAN,
CAIRD,
RING
etc.
b. National
Knowledge
Commission’s
Working
Group
on
Open
Access
and
Open
Educational
Resources
The
Working
Group
on
Open
Access
(OA)
and
Open
Educational
Resources
(OER)
of
the
National
Knowledge
Commission
0f
NKC),
2008
emphasized
that
e-‐content
and
curriculum
initiative
should
initially
focus
on
the
rapid
production
and
acquisition
of
content
in
high
need
areas
like
agriculture,
teacher
training,
basic
and
applied
sciences
and
engineering,
technical
education,
liberal
arts
and
social
sciences,
communication
skills,
ethics
and
values,
public
health,
and
high
end
skills
including
management.
In
these
areas,
some
of
the
course
material
needs
to
be
developed
in
different
regional
languages.
To
further
extend
the
efficacy
of
this
OER
system,
a
distributed
method
of
e-‐evaluation
needs
to
be
created
to
measure
both
teachers
and
students
utilizing
the
system.
The
students
that
do
graduate
from
India’s
Colleges
and
Universities
will
be
less
and
less
employable
as
they
lack
the
necessary
skills
and
relevant
knowledge
to
compete
in
the
global
labor
marketplace.
And
most
frustrating
of
all,
Indian
students
coming
from
socio
economically
disadvantaged
backgrounds
will
find
fewer
and
fewer
opportunities
for
social
and
academic
mobility
due
to
quality
constraints”.
In
particular,
OER,
in
various
regional
languages,
needs
to
be
developed
for
the
Agricultural
Sector.
It
is
rightly
observed
that
“with
the
inclusion
of
Open
Access
and
Open
Educational
Resources
materials,
the
cost
of
providing
education
to
these
students
comes
down
drastically”.
Page
23
of
27

Open
Access
to
Indigenous
Knowledge
–
Shall
we
allow
misrepresentation
of
Indigenous
Knowledge?
I
wish
to
quote
Professor
Alexander
Flor
(2014)11
on
Open
Access
to
Page
24
of
27
Indigenous
Knowledge:
“Within
the
current
ICT
environment,
the
ideal
of
having
all
explicit
or
documented
knowledge
made
available
on
the
Web
is
now
a
possible.
Furthermore,
the
prospect
of
digitally
capturing
all
tacit
or
undocumented
knowledge
and
also
making
these
openly
available
is
real.
Extending
this
view
to
indigenous
knowledge,
we
can
argue
that
having
been
the
product
of
generations
of
practice
and
thus
steeped
in
wisdom,
indigenous
knowledge
should
be
made
freely
available,
at
the
very
least
to
flatten
generational
learning
curves.
This
is,
particularly,
true
in
traditional
agriculture
and
folk
medicine,
which
have
become
valuable
sources
of
prescriptive
technologies
for
organic
agriculture
and
ethno-‐medicine,
respectively,
and
are
now
being
seriously
considered
as
repositories
for
climate
change
adaptation
options.
Indigenous
knowledge
on
feeding
(agriculture)
and
healing
(medicine)
cannot
just
be
made
openly
available
to
any
person
who
may
misuse
it
or
irresponsibly
wield
the
power
attendant
to
it.
Misrepresentation
of
indigenous
knowledge.
Should
we
still
encourage
open
access
to
indigenous
knowledge
resources?”
.
Content
to
Connectivity:
The
Prospective
Digital
Platform
for
Inclusive
Growth
in
India
The
World
Bank
ICT
strategy
is
“Connect,
Transform
and
Innovate”.
Cloud
networking
offers
a
combination
and
integration
of
cloud
computing
and
virtual
networking
(Ahlgren
et
al
2011)12.The
UK
(July
2013)
Report
“Connectivity,
Content
11
Alexander
Flor
(2014):
“Open
Access
to
Indigenous
Knowledge”,
published
in
the
blog
(https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140313094651-‐173195569-‐open-‐access-‐to-‐indigenous-‐
knowledge),
Professor
of
Information
and
Communication
Studies
at
University
of
the
Philippines
-‐
Open
University,
March
13,
2014;
12Ahlgren.
B,
Aranda.
P.A,
Chemouil.P,
and
Queslati.
S
(2011)
:
“Content,
connectivity,
and
cloud:
Ingredients
for
the
Network
of
the
Future”,
Communications
Magazine,
IEEE
(Volume:49
,
Issue:
7
),
July
2011,
Page(s):
62
-‐
70
ISSN
:
0163-‐6804,
INSPECAccession
Number:
12093086,
Digital
Object
Identifier
:10.1109/MCOM.2011.5936156.

and
Consumers
–
Britain’s
digital
platform
for
Page
25
of
27
growth”,
recognised
the
role
that
digital
infrastructure
and
connectivity
has,
in
delivering
economic
and
social
benefits,
and
also
announced
the
intention
to
develop
a
digital
communications
infrastructure
strategy
to
ensure
that
the
United
Kingdom
(UK)
has
the
right
infrastructure
in
place
to
meet
the
needs
of
users
in
2025-‐30
and
ensure
that
the
UK
remains
a
leading
digital
nation.
Can’t
India
take
a
clue
from
this
Report?
Next
Generation
Network
(NGN)
Architecture
will
be
based
on
information-‐
centric
networking,
cloud
computing
integrated
with
networking,
and
open
connectivity.
What
India
needs
is
“Information
Infrastructure”
(Content),
in
addition
to
the
on-‐going
massive
efforts
of
“ICT
Infrastructure”
(Connectivity)
by
the
Government.
“Connectivity
to
Contents”
and
“Contents
to
Connectivity”
are
two
sides
of
a
COIN
so
as
the
COIN
is
to
have
its
appropriate
value
and
shining.
The
suggested
Action
Plan
is
as
follows:-‐
• Networking
of
Knowledge
Generating
Institutions
and
establish
a
Knowledge
Grid
across
the
nation
covering
all
Scientific
Organizations,
Industry
and
Educational
Institutions
and
other
stakeholders;
• Development
of
ICT
based
Knowledge
Portals
for
all
sectors
of
economy
and
linked
to
the
National
Knowledge
Grid;
• e-‐Learning
to
focus
on
rural
population
and
poorest
of
the
poor
and
bring
them
onto
mainstream
so
that
they
could
have
access
to
knowledge
and
service
deliveries;
• Incorporation
of
Knowledge
Management
related
aspects
in
both
Information
Technology
Act
2012
and
RTI
Act
2005;
• Conversion
of
5
Lakhs
Libraries
to
access
Public
Information
as
well
as
to
function
as
delivery
channels
for
e-‐Governance
Service
Deliveries;
• Inclusion
of
“Knowledge
Management
in
Government”
as
one
of
the
deliverables
in
e-‐Government/e-‐Governance
programme;

of
27
• Inclusion
of
LIS
Professionals
as
Digital
Information
Life
Cycle
Management
Managers;
• Developing
Digital
Open
Knowledge
Resources
in
22
Constitutionally
recognized
Indian
Languages
;
• Capacity
building
for
agricultural
knowledge
management
and
communication;
• The
existing
National
Knowledge
Network
(NKN)
to
be
renamed
as
“National
Knowledge
and
Innovation
Network”
to
emphasize
on
“innovation”
more
appropriately.
Digital
library
activities
are
gathering
momentum
in
developing
countries.
Since
most
higher
education
and
research
institutions
in
India
are
funded
and
controlled
by
the
Central
and
State
Governments,
clear-‐cut
national
plans
and
polices
are
needed
for
infrastructure,
standards,
metadata,
interoperability,
multi-‐
lingual
databases,
training,
co-‐ordination,
copyright,
and
archiving
and
preservation
methods,
so
that
our
heritage
knowledge
and
culture
can
overcome
the
ravages
of
time,
and
present
and
future
generations
can
benefit
and
be
guided
by
them.
Multi-‐
lingual
Digital
Libraries,
accessible
through
500,000
physical
libraries
in
the
country,
will
be
the
“Prospective
Digital
Platform
for
Inclusive
Growth
(e-‐Inclusion)”
in
India.
Conclusion
I
am
very
happy
to
participate
in
this
nationally
important
Workshop
on
“Open
Access
to
Agricultural
Knowledge
for
Inclusive
Growth
and
Development,
being
organized
by
the
National
Academy
of
Agricultural
research
Management
(NAARM),
in
collaboration
with
the
global
initiatives
viz.,
agINFRA,
CIARD,
and
FAO.
Open
Access
India
is
part
of
GODAN
(http://godan.info/)
as
community
of
practice
and
the
workshop
is
related
to
Agriculture
domain.
The
Current
Status
of
Open
Knowledge
Resources
in
Agriculture
in
India
needs
a
large
scale
of
participation.
The
Gaps
are
expanding
and
Needs
to
improve
Open
Knowledge
Access
are
to
be

of
27
addressed
through
Capacity
Building.
The
Scope
for
further
Collaboration
–
National
and
Global
Agencies
–
is
enormous
but
needs
to
be
undertaken
on
priority
basis.
The
“Content
to
Connectivity”,
under
the
Digital
India
Programme,
needs
to
be
strengthened
for
Inclusive
Growth
and
Development
of
Indian
Agriculture.
“Knowledge
for
Innovation
(K4I)”
has
to
become
a
national
agenda.
(Speech
Text
ends
here)

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