Hospital services (library & case study)

Library Study
HOSPITAL: 250 BEDDED
Case Study
GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL, SEC. 32, CHANDIGARH
Submitted By:
Amit Jakhad (14010)
Mansi Pushpakar (14034)
Prerna Chouhan (14044)
Sahil (14048)

Library Study | References
INTRODUCTION
250 BEDDED HOSPITAL
We are required to design a 250 Bedded Hospital, as per the standard requirements and the hospital site. The design
has to be functionally efficient and aesthetically striking landmark in the locality.
Planning Norms:
- Maximum Coverage at Ground Level : 40%
- FAR : 1.5
- Maximum Permissible Height : 30M
- Setbacks :
- Two level basement permitted to be used for
parking, storage and services (area not to be
included in the covered area)

Case Study | Government Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh
INTRODUCTION
Government Medical College & Hospital
Government Medical College and Hospital is a medical school and a tertiary care hospital located in Chandigarh, India.
The medical school is administered by Panjab University.
Year of Establishment: 1991
Site Area: 36 Acres (15 ha)
Number of beds:
Approach:
Gate No. 1 – Through service lane along Dakshin Marg
Gate No. 2 – Through service lane along Dakshin Marg
Gate No. 3 – Through V5 Road
Gate No 1
Gate No 2 Gate No 3

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK-A: Emergency Block
(Five Floors (45,000 sq.ft. on each floor) | Total Area: 2,25,000 sq.ft.)
• Level-I : Obstetrics & Gynecology Wards, Antenatal Ward, Neonatal Ward, Labor Rooms, Premature Nursey, Gynecology
OT
• Level-II : Medical Emergency, Surgical Emergency, Overflow Wards, Labs, X-Rays, Ultrasound, Emergency OT
• Level-III : Craniospinal Ward, Orthopedics Ward, Cardiothoracic & Abdominal Ward, Burns Unit Ward, ICU, PICU,
Gynecology OT
• Level-IV : Pediatrics Wards, Pediatrics Emergency, NICU, Dialysis Unit, Dermatology-Oncology-Dental Ward, Psychiatry
Ward, Lecture Theatre
• Level-V : Private Wards, Pulmonary Medicine Isolation Ward, Canteen, Lecture Theatre

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK-B: OPD Block
(5+1 Floors (43,000 sq. ft. on each floor) | Total Area: 2,58,000 sq. ft.)
• Basement : Central Registration Records, Central/Pharmacy Stores
• Level-I : Reception, Registration Counters, Canteen, Sample Collection Centre, General OPD (12 Cabins, Screening Area),
Information Technology Centre, CT Scan
• Level-II : Obstetrics & Gynecology OPD & MOT, Family Planning Clinic, Antenatal Clinic, Post-Partum Clinic, Radiotherapy
OPD, Department of Community Medicine
• Level-III : General Surgery OPD, Orthopedics OPD, ENT OPD, Radio-diagnosis Facilities, DEXA Scan, Diabetic Clinic
• Level-IV : Eye OPD, Pulmonary Medicine OPD, Dermatology OPD, Psychiatry OPD, Daycare Oncology Ward
• Level-V : Medical OPD, Pediatric OPD, Department of Forensic Medicine, Library

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK-C: IPD Block
• Level-00 : Hospital Laundry, Engg. Services, AC Plant, Electricity Substation, Pump Room, Generator Room, Boiler Room
• Level-0 : Central Stores
• Level-I : Main Kitchen, Canteen, Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD), Mortuary
• Level-II : Surgery OT, High Dependency Ward (HPU)
• Level-III : Eye, ENT, Orthopedics OT, Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
• Level-IV : Male & Female Orthopedics Wards, Male & Female Surgery Wards
• Level-V : Eye Ward, ENT Ward, Medical Labs (Endoscopy, Neurology, Echo/TMT etc.), Cardiac Care Unit
• Level-VI : Male & Female General Medicine Wards, Pulmonary Medicine Ward, Examination Hall
• Level-VII : Private Wards

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK-D: Administrative Block
• Level-0 : Stores, Records
• Level-I : Radiogonisis, Radiotherapy, ATM, Chemist, Provision Shops, Bank
• Level-II : Director/Principal Office, Additional Director (Admn.) Office, Medical Superintendent Office, Nursing
Superintendent Office, RTI Cell, Academic Branch, Blood Bank, Oral Health Care Centre
• Level-III : ENT, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics
• Level-IV : Obstetrics & Gynecology, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Pediatrics, General Medicine
• Level-V : Dermatology, Psychiatry, Pulmonary Medicine

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK-E: Academic Block
• Level-00 : Parking
• Level-0 : Stores & Records, Gym
• Level-I : Reception, Anatomy, Lecture Theatre
• Level-II : Physiology, Bio-Chemistry, Lecture Theatre
• Level-III : Pathology & Hematology, Lecture Theatre
• Level-IV : Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, Lecture Theatre
• Level-V : Pharmacology, Community Medicine, Lecture Theatre
• Level-VI : Nursing, Audio-Visual/Photography/Medicine Illustrations, Lecture Theatre
• Level-VII : Conference Halls, Examination Hall, Staff Canteen, Students Canteen, Boys & Girls Common Room

Library Study | IS:10905 (PART 3)- 1984
FIRE SAFETY | Installations
Minnimum requirements for fire fighting installations.
less than 15 m
house reel,wet riser,down comer,manually operated electric fire alarm system,automatic detection and alarm system
are required.
• 10,000l under ground water tank upto 750sqm and 10,000l for every additional 250sqm is required.
• 2,500 overhead water tank is required in case of hose reel, 20,000l in case of down comer is required.
15m and above but not excceding 30m
• in addition to above mentioned installations yard hydrant and automatic operated electric fire alarm system are required.
• 2,00,000l underground water tank is required
• 20,000l overhead water tank is required.
LOCATION AND SIZE OF FIRE DUCTS
• fire duct of 1.2m by 0.6m is to be placed near each fire exit, lift lobby.
LOCATION OF FIRE ALARMS
• alarm should be audible in administrative block,engineering service block, offices, fire office and such other locations where gongs,
sirens,whistles or bells do not disturb the patients.
• distinctive visual alarm should be installed at each nursing station, and nurse duty room.

FIRE SAFETY | Installations
fire fighting installations in gmch-32
• fire hydrants were installed in entrance of each department on each floor of
each block
• fire exhtingushers were installed in each corridor and rooms.
• sprinkler were provided not provided in waiting areas.

FIRE SAFETY | Escape Routes
Staircase
fire exit staircase after every 30m in building is to be provided.
• Staircase shall be of enclosed type to prevent entry of smoke & fire to the staircase & vice versa.
• Access to the basement from the ground should be through a separate staircase, which is not connected to main staircase
• stair pressurization fan shaft is to be provided in fire escape staircase to push smoke back.
RAMPS
• The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 in 10. in certain cases steeper slopes may be permitted but in no case greater than 1 in 8
• Ramps shall be surfaced with non slipping material
Emergency and escape lighting
• Emergency lighting shall be powered from a source independent of that supplying the normal lighting
• Escape lighting shall be capable of:
- indicating clearly and unambiguously the escape routs.
- Providing adequate illumination and illumination along such routs to allow safe movement
- ensuring that the fire alarm call points and fire fighting equipment provided along escape routes can be readily located
• Horizontal luminance at the floor level on centreline of escape rout shall not be less than 10 lux
• Emergency lighting system shall be capable of continue operation for minimum duration of 1 hr 30 mins

FIRE SAFETY | Escape Routes
Staircase
• fire escape staircase were completelly enclosed.
• no fire escape route plans were placed .
• no signage for fire escape directions were provided.

LIGHTING |
ILLUMINATION
daylight is extreemly important in hospital for hygine maintaince.
• only radiology labs and O.T. rooms are kept in dark areas.
• artificial lighting
• The occupancy of hospital is quite varied and very dynamic.
• Lighting need for every occupant is very different from the other, and sometimes even conflicting.
• Physical and visual environment of hospitals impacts the psychological senses of the patient, the staff and the relatives.
• Efficiently designed lighting system satisfies the visual, biological and emotional needs of the user, and caters to different
dimensions of the human needs.
• Affects biological activity of a person, influencing body functions, concentration and creating relaxed environments.
• Dynamic white light: ceiling modules that provide daylight rhythm are mainly povided.
-shadowless lights shall be provide in operation theaters and operating delivery rooms whereas in other areas, where
operations of minor nature are carried out shadowless lamps shall be provided.
-emergency lighting- portable light units should also be provided in the wards and departments to serve as alternative
source of light in case of power faliure.
-call bells switches should be provided for all beds in all types of wards with indicator lights and location indicator situated
in the nurse duty room of wards.

LIGHTING |
ILLUMINATION LEVEL IN DIFFERENT ROOMS OF HOSPITAL
• Illuminance is the measure of illumination defined as
the ‘ratio of luminous flux incident on an infinitesimal
element of the surface containing the point under
consideration to the area of the element.
• IS Code 4347 Illumination level for hospitals varies
from 100 lux in patient’s room to 1,00,000 lux in
operation theatres.
• Fixtures that incorporate non-ferrous materials must
be considered when designing MRI areas
• Contrast ratios, glare and uniformity in relation to
adjacent areas must be considered when designing
these lighting applications.
• Dramatic differences in light levels should be avoided.
• Light levels should be gradually increased as one
enters the grounds, allowing for safe entry.
• Soft and comfortable lighting, with full luminous surface
Glare-free light for visual comfort is to be provided in
patient room.

LIGHTING |
NATURAL LIGHTING
• each block is provide with
open to sky cut out for
natural light ventillation
• large windows are provided
in d block entrance lobby
• .ramps and staircase
are having sufficiant
natural light.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• wards, waiting areas and lift lobby
were not getting proper day light.

ELECTRICAL|
ELECTRICAL PANNEL ROOM
• l.v. rooms of 12sqm are to be provided at each floor.
• minimum 2 pannel rooms are required of 17.5 sqm.
• electrical rooms are kept distant to gas supply room.
• electrical shaft with l.v. shaft is 2m by 0.5m.
• electric pannel room in gmch -32 was located in basement
of IPD block.

Library Study | ISO_7396-1-2016
GAS SUPPLY | Medical Gas Pipeline System (MGPS)
Introduction
A complete system that comprises a supply system, a monitoring and alarm system, and a distribution system with
terminal units at the points where medical gases or vacuum is required.
Color Coding
Medical gases as a definition they are specific gases that separate from the air
individually and the commonly used in hospitals are:
1- Oxygen O2 - White colored pipes
2- Nitrous Oxide N2O - Blue colored pipes
3- Medical air (4 Bar) - White/salmon pink colored pipes
4- Medical air (7 Bar) - Black/white colored pipes
5- Medical Vacuum - Yellow colored pipes
6- Carbon Dioxide CO2 - Grey colored pipes
7- Nitrogen N2 - Black/Green colored pipes

Color Codes:
Provided pipelines
- Nitrous Oxide N2O - Blue colored pipes
- Medical Vacuum - Yellow colored pipes
- Carbon Dioxide CO2 - Grey colored pipes

Components
1- Medical gas pipeline
2- Medical Oxygen plant
3- Medical Nitrous oxide
4- Medical compressed air plant
5- Vacuum plant
6- Terminal units
7- Regulators
8- Shutoff valves
9- Bedhead unit
10- Ceiling pendant
11- Warning and alarm system
12- Accessories

Components Provided:
- Medical Gas Pipelines
- Shutoff valves
- Warning and Alarm System
- Regulators
- Bedhead Units
- Vacuum Pipe

Location of Supply System
- Liquid oxygen supply systems or storage facilities should be provided in area more than 570 m3 (20 000 ft3).
- Rooftop locations should be avoided.
- Services containing combustible gases or liquids shall not be in the same room or enclosure as medical gas supply
systems.
- Outdoor Enclosures:
a. where constituted of fences, walls, or similar constructions, have a minimum height of 1.8 m (6 ft) above grade
surrounding the enclosure
b. be located at least 5 m (16 ft) from electrical utility services and any transformers that are not part of the source unit
c. not be located within 8 m (26 ft) of storage tanks containing flammable gas or locations where flammable gases can be
discharged (i.e., from a relief valve)
- Compressor:
a. at least 3m from any door or operable window and 15 m from any exhaust, such as vacuum pump discharge or
sanitary vent exhaust
b. in a location where it will not draw in contamination from exhaust systems (for eg. Contamination from furnace, diesel
or gasoline engines, vacuum systems etc.)

Design
- The outside walls of rooms for cylinder supply
systems shall be built of materials having a
fire rating of at least 1 hour.
- Doors to the room shall open outwards and personnel
shall be able to open the doors from the inside
without a key.
- Electrical wall fixtures in rooms for supply systems
shall be positioned at least 1.5 m (5 ft) above the floor
to avoid physical damage.
- The ambient temperature in rooms for supply systems
shall not exceed 40°C for any gas and shall not be less
than 15°C for nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide.
- Ventilation: Provided that the room has venting with a
total free area of at least 465 cm2.
- The outlets of pressure relief vent pipes shall be at least
3 m from any door, operable window, or ventilation intake
and located so that discharges will not endanger passersby.

Design
- Duct size: 2’-6” x 2’-0”
- The MGPS and manifold room is located in the Level-00 of Block-C (IPD)
- The ducts run throughout the buildings, branching along every kind of wards and units.
- Gas pipelines and shutoff valves are provided along with every bed unit.
- Gas pressure monitors and alarm monitors & sensors are provided at every branching of gas
pipelines.
Medical Gas Pipelines, different colors with different gases
Gas Pressure Controllers & Monitors
Shutoff Valves

Manifold Room
- In case of breakdown of control panel of oxygen
and nitrous oxide, an emergency kit ensures
supply of gas through the pipes.
- Emergency kit comprises a regulator and high
pressure tubing to a bulk cylinder
- The gas is fed directly to the pipeline through a
service outlet.

Manifold Room
• This unit houses cylinders of oxygen, nitrous gas and other medical gases.
• Required pressure is maintained. The gases are supplied to the main hospital building by underground pipes. A
vacuum pump is located in this block to generated vacuum.
• The supply of various gases on each floor is provided in the form of ducts along with the fire hydrants placed near
to it. Such provision is given at two places on each floor.
• Outlets are laid along the walls at the bed side in different colors at a height of 4’6”.
• Block-A : 1- D.G. set, 2 – vacuum pump, 1- air receiver, 2 – vacuum receiver, 19- small cylinders, 1- compressor.
• Block-C : LT panel (415 volts), 2 nos. compressor (30 hp each), 2 nos. vacuum pumps (7.5 hp each), 2 nos. vacuum
cylinders, 1 no. air cylinder, 2 cylinders if glare removes water from gas.
• 150 nos. oxygen – black, nitrous gas – 12 nos. for emergency, 1 tank liquid gas.

Introduction
Health Information & Communication Technology (ICT) is the
use of the information technology to improve the process of
healthcare delivery and is concerned primarily in streamlining
administration and putting information into the hands of
point-of-care professionals.
- Telephones
- Wireless
- Security Systems
- Computers
- Office Equipment
- Fax
- Photostat
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
Library Study | NBC 2016 – Part 2

Functions

Design
- During the time and technology, when the hospital was built, no
fancy systems (for eg Wireless, Modem, Router etc) were
introduced.
- Hence, with growth in technology, it was important to
accommodate a necessary service, ie ICT in the hospital for its
easy functioning.
- All the services relating to ICT were then installed.
- Modems and Routers for easy internet access are installed in the
hospital.
- Every unit of them is provided throughout the floors using Conduit
wiring system.
- Conduit material - PVC

Design
- All the conduits run along the ceiling or the corner of the
ceiling.
- The branched conduit wires enclose in 6’-0” x 1’-0” panel
- The panel is located along with the other services and their
ducts

Introduction:
Water is one of the critical utilities in a hospital, yet it is often taken
for granted. Much of the hospital engg. Services is concerned
with installing, repairing and maintaining the system that deliver
utilities and services.
Sources of Water Supply:
- Bore Wells
- Tanker Supply
- Recycled Water
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Library Study | IS CODE-1984

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Types of Water Supply:
Normal water - Arrangement shall be made to supply the following quantities of potable water per bed per day to meet all
requirements ( including laundry ), except fire-fighting, in all categories of hospital:
Hot water - Hot water supply to wards and departments of the general hospital shall be provided
by means of electric storage type water heaters or centralized hot water
Filtered and soft water - Filtered and soft water supply is required in pathology laboratories and shell be supplied as
requirements.
Cold water - Cold water supply is needed for processing tanks in film developing room and shall be supplied as required.
The minimum requirement of any hospital shall be
in accordance with the National Building Code:

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
WATER SUPPLY
• Total daily consumption of water = 1,00,000 liters
• 40 nos. tank – 5000 liters each. Total capacity = 2,00,000 liters
• U.G.W.T. = 5 nos. – 3,00,000 liters each
• Induction – 2 motors (32 amp & 25 hp) – 1460 rpm, load = 18.5
kw.
• Source of water supply – Ropar to pump house at sector- 39 to
G.M.C.H. , sector-32.
•Duct Size: 4’-0” x 2’-0”

LAUNDRY
• Laundry generates steam as well as sound. So it is segregated from
the main areas. Two washing machines are kept here, with capacity
of 50 kg per cycle & 45 mins/cycle.
•A machine capacity is 250 bed sheets pressed per hour
• Rinsing, drying and ironing are also provided in this area
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE
• All toilets waste is disposed through disposal pipes
running through shafts
• Separate pipes used for waste water
• Soil pipes
– G.I. pipes 100 mm, waste water pipe
– C.I. pipes 100 mm & rain water pipe – 100 mm
• Curb inlets – at the edges of the roads to drain water
MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES
• Hot water is supplied to the building by solar heaters placed on the
top of the roof
• Over head storage capacity of hot water is 2000 liters
• Service ducts are not left open, but are covered and provided with
access doors for repair and maintenance.

Library Study | IS CODE-1984
PUBLIC HEALTH | Sanitation

Library Study | http://www.hillyork.com
HVAC | Introduction
Importance Of A Hospital HVAC System
Hospital air conditioning and hospital ventilation systems are required to meet higher standards of performance and
serve a greater function than those in standard buildings.
Hospital HVAC system design presents unique challenges due to the level of demands placed on the it, the heating and
cooling loads and the requirements for dependability and hygiene.
A hospital air conditioning system also has the added challenge of integrating with a number of other complex systems
not present in conventional buildings.
These specifications cover the following types of air-conditioning, heating, ventilation and cold room works:
i) Window AC , Split AC
ii) VRV/ VRF type Air-conditioning System
iii) Packaged type Air- conditioning plants
iv) Central air-conditioning system
v) Central heating system.

HVAC | Introduction
vi) Mechanical ventilation system :
a) General Ventilation
b) Basement Parking & Shaft Ventilation
vii) Evaporative type Air Cooling Plant.
viii) Cold rooms.
Colour scheme for the equipment's and components
i) Colour scheme for equipment like chilling unit, pumps, AHUs, cooling tower etc. shall be as per manufacturer‘s
standard colour scheme.
ii) The scheme of colour code painting of pipe work services for air conditioning installation shall be as per National
building code and is indicated below:
Description Ground colour Lettering colour First colour band
Condenser water piping Sea Green Black French Blue
Chilled water piping Sea Green Black Black
Library Study | CPWD-HVAC works 2017

HVAC | Introduction
Description Ground colour Lettering colour First colour band
Central heating piping Sea Green Black Canary Yellow
Drain pipe Black White
Valves and pipe line
fittings
White with black
handles
Black
Belt guard Black & Yellow
diagonal strips
Black
Machine Bases, Inertia
Bases and Plinth
Charcoal Grey Black
iii) Colour bands shall be 150mm wide, superimposed on ground colour to distinguish type and condition of fluids.
The spacing of band shall not exceed 4.0m.

ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
Scope - This outlines the general guidelines for planning space requirements, equipment location, floor loading & other
structural requirements for various types of HVAC systems.
Heating
Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central
heating.
Central heating system
Space Requirements -
i) The space requirement shall depend upon the type and capacity of the hot water generator chosen for the work and
its overall dimensions.
ii) Sufficient space shall be left all around the hot water generator for maintenance and operation purpose.
iii) Space shall also be provided for the auxiliary equipments such as hot water circulating pumps and electrical control
panels.
iv) The minimum clear height of hot water generator room shall be 4.5 m
HVAC | Heating

HVAC | Heating
v) Sufficient space should also be provided for the storage of fuel in case of oil fired hot water generator. Though the
daily service tank shall be provided within the room, bulk storage tank may be provided outside the buildings, either
above or below ground level.
vi) Use of HSD/ LDO oil fired hot water generator has been discontinued due to pollution & fire safety considerations.
Equipment Location -
i) The hot water generator room shall preferably be located in a separate service building from the fire safety point of
view. The room shall have easy accessibility for moving in and out the equipments.
ii) Electrically operated hot water generator shall preferably be located in close proximity to the electrical substation,
especially in the case of large capacity hot water generator.
Structural Requirements -
i) The floor loading of the hot water generator room shall be 2000 Kg/sq m.

HVAC | Ventilation
Ventilation
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove any combination
of moisture, odour, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation
includes both the exchange of air with the outside as well as circulation of air within the building.
Design Considerations –
Following considerations provide details regarding the various parameters that affect the type of ventilation system
selected for a particular application, and the sizing of the ventilation plant:
National Building Code of India 2005 specified the ventilation requirement as per following table:
Ventilation Requirement for various areas in various buildings :
Application Air Change per hour Application Air Change per hour
Bathrooms 6-10 Entrance halls 3-5
Corridors 5-10 Hospital –sterilizing 15-25

CMM required for ventilation system is thus calculated Based on the volume of the room and from the above table as-
(no. of air changes/ hour) X (volume in cu. m of space to be ventilated)
CMM = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60
CMM required for Basement Parking Ventilation
i) Divide the basement in zones of area not exceeding 3000 sqm. in case sprinkler system is provided in basement, if
not, then not exceeding else 750 sqm.
ii) For each zone separate set of supply air fans and exhaust air fans shall be provided. Supply air fans shall not be
required in areas in zone near Ramps or zone with natural ventilation, however sufficiency may be examined.
iii) Minimum 12 air changes/hrs. are required to be provided.
HVAC | Ventilation
Application Air Change per hour Application Air Change per hour
Hospital –ward 6-8 Laboratories 6-15
Hospital domestic 15-20 Laundries 10-30
Stores and Warehouses 3-6 Toilets 6-10

Library Study | NBC 2005
HVAC | Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It
can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces are small and the architecture permits.
Three base elements are in natural ventilation design that includes: knowledge about air flow, base air flow, and
calculation the opening location and area.
Maximize wind-induced ventilation by siting the ridge of a building perpendicular to the summer winds.
Naturally ventilated buildings should be narrow. It is difficult to distribute fresh air to all portions of a very wide building
using natural ventilation. The maximum width that one could expect to ventilate naturally is estimated at 45 ft.
Consequently, buildings that rely on natural ventilation often have an articulated floor plan.
Each room should have two separate supply and exhaust openings.
- Site wind Speed = 10km/h

HVAC | Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Hospital is well naturally ventilated.
Ventilation is done by windows, doors, central courts and cutouts.

Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is one of several forms of ventilation options available. It usually consists of fans, filters, ducts,
air diffusers and outlets for air distribution within the building. It may include either mechanical exhaust system or
exhaust can occur through natural means.
Space Requirement -
i) The space requirement for the equipments, air washers etc., shall be as per the manufacturer‘s recommendations.
ii) The minimum clear height of the equipment and air washer rooms shall be 3.6 m. The actual height required would
depend upon the capacity of the equipment and manufacturer‘s recommendation.
i) The plant room shall be located contiguous to the space to be ventilated to reduce the pressure drop in the system.
ii) Where air washers are also to be installed the room shall be treated with waterproof treatment and shall be located
adjacent to the blower room.
Floor loading & other Structural Requirements -
i) The floor loading of the plant room and air washer room shall be 2000 kg./sq.m
ii) The doors of the plant room and air washer room shall be single leaf, air tight and open able outside.
iii) The air washer room shall be provided with water and drain points.
HVAC | Ventilation

HVAC | Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation -
Ventilation Ducts in Basement

Air Conditioning
Air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and humidity control for all or part of a
building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system
intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions.
Packaged type plant
i) The floor area requirement for installation of the packaged type plant room shall be as under:
a) Single Unit : 3 m X 2.5 m
b) Double Units : 3 m X 4 m
c) Triple Units : 3 m X 5 m
ii) Dimensions indicated are clear space requirements. The minimum clear height of the packaged unit room shall be
same as that of the space to be air-conditioned to facilitate laying of ducts.
Equipment Location –
The packaged type plant room should be adjacent to the space to be air-conditioned.
HVAC | Air Conditioning

Central air conditioning plant
i) Minimum – 120 sq.m. Maximum – 150 sq. m.
ii) Additional space for circulation shall be taken as 20-25% of the above space.
iii) Provision shall also be kept for anticipated future requirements.
iv) The minimum clear height of the plant room shall be 3.6 m in case of Reciprocating plants and 4.5 m in case of
Centrifugal & Screw type plants.
v) The entrance to A.C. plant room for centrifugal / screw type units shall be through rolling shutter/ suitable door
shutters of steel or strong material to take self load having minimum width of 3 m & height not less than 4 m for
centrifugal/ screw type units & 3.5 m for reciprocating type units.
The plant room shall have easy accessibility for moving in and out of equipments and shall be well ventilated. The
location of the plant room shall also take into consideration the routing of the chilled water and condenser water lines
from the plant room. As far as possible the plant room should be in close proximity to the electrical substation, since
AC plant is main power load. The plant room shall be preferably located in a separate service building along with the
substation. Basements shall be avoided from the fire safety point of view.

Air Conditioning -
Air conditioning ducts

HVAC | AHU
AHU rooms
i) Floor area requirement for the AHU room shall be as under:
For AHUs upto 340 CMM : 4.5 m X 3.5 m
For AHUs between 340 CMM & 680 CMM : 5.5 m X 4.5 m
ii) The minimum clear height of the AHU room shall be the same as that of the air-conditioned space to facilitate laying
of ducts.
AHU rooms should be contiguous to the respective areas to be air-conditioned by them. Their location should also take
into consideration the feasibility of routing the ducts as well as provision of chilled water lines, water connections for
the humidification equipments, fresh air inlet point and drain outlets. In multistoried constructions, the AHUs should
be located in a vertical configuration to facilitate laying of chilled water lines. Individual AHUs shall not serve more than
one floor from the fire safety point of view. Similarly each fire compartment shall have a separate AHU. Where the
AHUs are located in the basement or in any floor below the air-conditioned floors, individual shafts shall be provided
for each AHU from the AHU room for the supply and return air, from the fire safety point of view.

HVAC | Cold rooms
Cold rooms
i) The space requirement shall have to be worked out in individual cases depending upon the system selected.
ii) Sufficient space should be kept around the equipments for operation and maintenance purposes.
iii) Normal room height in the building should be adequate for the equipment room as well as the cold room.
Plant Room
i) The plant room shall have to be necessarily adjacent to the cold room where direct expansion system is used.
ii) The plant room shall have easy accessibility for men and materials and shall be well ventilated. In an air-cooled
system, the condenser shall have to be located in a well ventilated space and preferably within the equipment room.

HVAC | Ducting
DUCTING
i) All ducts shall be fabricated either from Galvanised Sheet Steel (GSS) conforming to IS: 277 or aluminium sheets
conforming to IS:737. The steel sheets shall be hot dip galvanized with MAT finish with coating of minimum 120 grams
per square meter (GSM) of Zinc, GI sheets shall be lead free & eco friendly.
ii) The thickness of sheets for fabrication of rectangular ductwork shall be as under. The thickness required
corresponding to the longest side of the rectangular section shall be applicable for all the four sides of the ductwork.

HVAC | Ducting
iii) All sheet metal connections, partitions and plenums required for flow of air through the filters, fans etc. shall be at
least 1.25 mm thick galvanised steel sheets, in case of G.I. sheet ducting or 1.8 mm thick aluminium sheet, in case of
aluminium sheet ducting and shall be stiffened with 25 mm x 25 mm x 3 mm angle iron braces.
iv) Circular ducts, where provided shall be of thickness as specified in IS:655 as amended upto date.
v) Aluminium ducting shall normally be used for clean room applications, hospitals works and wherever high
cleanliness standards are functional requirements.

Library Study | https://www.slideshare.net/sharrygajuryalnepal/hospital-waste-management-30528327
Waste Management | Introduction
Hospital waste is “Any waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or
animals or in research” in a hospital. This is also called ‘Bio-Medical Waste’ (BMW).
75-90% Non-Hazardous/General Waste
10-15% -Hazardous
Waste Categories Description and Examples
1.General Waste No risk to human health eg: office paper, wrapper, kitchen waste, general sweeping etc.
2.Pathological Waste Human Tissue or fluid eg: body parts, blood, body fluids etc.
3.Sharps Sharp waste eg: Needle, staples, knives, blades etc.
4.Infectious waste Which may transmit bacterial, viral or parasitic disease to human
being, waste suspected to contain pathogen eg :laboratory
culture, tissues(swabs)bandage etc.
5.Chemical waste eg. Laboratory reagent, disinfectants, Film Developer
6.Radio-active waste eg: unused liquid from radiotherapy or lab research, contaminated
glassware's etc.

Waste Management | Areas
Source of health care waste
• Governmental Hospital
• Private Hospital
• Nursing Homes
• Physician’s Office
• Dentist Office
• Dispensaries
• Mortuaries
• Blood Bank and collection centre
• Animal Houses
• Laboratories
• Research Organizations

Waste Management | Placements of Bins

Waste Management | Signage

Hospital services (library & case study)

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