Unit 7 discusses issues related to environment, energy, and technology management in Nepal. It outlines several environmental pollution issues including resource extraction, deforestation, urban settlement, and population pressure on natural resources. It also summarizes Nepal's environment protection legislations and programs, noting efforts to involve local bodies, raise awareness, set pollution standards, and control river pollution through drainage systems. Barriers to effective environmental governance are identified as well. The impacts of energy shortages and pollution on businesses are examined.

1. Unit 7
Environment and Energy
Management

2. Environmental Pollution Issues
• The excessive resource extraction, intensive land
use, deforestation etc. affect the ecosystem.
• Unplanned urban settlement
• Polluter pays
• Rural poor: Depends on natural resources for
livelihood
• Population pressure: on natural resources
• Focus on renewable natural resources: forest, fish
• Migration: KTM and other cities

3. • ADB discloses the following issues
- Inadequate priority in national development
agenda and environmental governance
- Absence of legal protection for environment rights
- Lack of ineffective monitoring mechanism
- Poor coordination among stakeholders responsible
for protecting environment
- High turnover of environment professionals

4. Forms
• Water
• Air
• Land and soil pollution

5. Environment protection legislations
and programs
• Environment policy
National planning commission prepared the Nepal
Environmental policy and action plan.
- Focus on;
- Manage natural and physical resources effectively
and sustainably
- Balance devt.: environment conservation
- Safeguard national heritage
- Mitigate adverse env. Impact of devt. Projects
- Integrate environment and development.

6. Programs
• Active participation of local bodies
• Raise awareness by govt., Pvt., local authority
and people
• Setting national standard for air , water etc.
• Connection of drainage system to control river
pollution.

7. Environment Legislations
• Plant protection Act, 1951: protection of
endangered species
• Aquatic animal protection Act 1961: Value of
wetland and aquatic animals
• National parks and wild life conservation Act,
1973: Listed 27 mammals, 9 species of birds
and 3 species of reptiles
• Soil and watershed conservation Act 1982

8. • Pesticide Act 1991: regulate and monitor the sale,
manufacture, transport and use of pesticides
• Forest Act, 1993
• Environment Protection Act, 1997
- Initial environment assessment
- Govt. has power to delineate(mark outline) any part
- Govt. has power to make rule for protection
- Respect international agreements

9. Environment Protection Programs
• KTM. Hospital pollution control: Danish assistance
• Convention on climate change and minimization of
desertification: UNEP assistance
• Establish station for cross-border pollution: chitwan
• Private- public partnership: to enforce urban
environment pollution control
• Agreement with community environment
awareness and management project: for
community awareness
• Local environment mgmt. Program: Finish Assistanc
• Okhar Pauwa Land fill site

10. Demand and Supply of Energy
Self

11. Environment and Energy management
Issues
• Trends
- Shortage of raw materials
- Increased cost and shortage of energy
- Increased pollution level
- Growing social awareness
- Changing role of govt.

12. Impact on Business
• Reduced profit due to high production cost
• Decline sale of energy ( create pollution) using
products
• Loss of competitiveness of intensive energy
using business
• Disruption in supply chain

13. Strategies
• Reducing energy use
• Use of pollution control techniques
• Go green
• Corporate environmentalism

14. Technology
• Labour intensive/ soft technology
• Capital intensive/ hard technology

15. Science and technology Policy, 2005
• Peaceful use of energy becoming a member of
International Atomic Energy Agency
• Capable, affordable and of quality forensic services
• Establishing planetarium, observatory and science
museum for research.
• Public awareness on S&T.
• Devt. Of regional & international issues on S&T.
• Public – private partnership will be adopted
• Devt. Of academic capacity on S&T.
• Encourage to use indigenous technology

16. • Development of quality HR
• Initiatives for preventing brain drain
• Developing and extending hydrology and
meterology.

17. IT Policy, 2010
• Declare IT sector as priority sector
• One window system
• R&D on IT
• Conducive env. For private sector in the devt. Of IT
sector
• Provide internet to all village committees gradually
• Assist educational institutions
• Computerize govt. activities
• Encourage computerization in private sector
• Develop physical & virtual technology park.

18. • Promote e-commerce, e-health, e-education etc
• Establish national information technology centre
• Fund creation: Govt. , private and donors
• Include computer education in curriculum.

19. Status of Technology in Nepalese
Business
• Small Industries: Indigenous technology
• Public sector: Technological backwardness due
to protectionist policy
• Pvt. Sector: After liberalization, enjoys high
tech and know-how
- Manufacturing: new technology
- Transport, electronics & electrical: change in
technology use
- Service sector: high tech

20. Assessment of industrial technology
• R&D: less R&D leads to low quality technology and
depend on imported technology and govt.
reluctance to R&D
• Export as indicator of technology: Most is in the
form of raw and semi-processed items
• Skill base for technology: Status of education &
supply of technical manpower
• Technology transfer: Level of international business
and techniques are; FDI, JVs, contract
manufacturing, licensing.

21. Issues Related to MGMT. of
Technology
• Need identification
• Selection and acquisition
• Management and utilization
• Absorption: Lack of training and availability of
required skilled manpower, weak work system
& administrative procedures
• Upgradation & maintenance: requires In-
house R&D.

22. Technology and Human Factors
• Application of knowledge with the aim of making
products and services
• Skill level of human factor determines largely the
technology absorption
• Competence of human factor determines the
success of technology
• Change in technology changes the requirements of
skill
• Effectiveness of technology depends on selection,
absorption and maintenance of technology
• Development of technology is the outcome of
human factor.