This document discusses different types of construction materials including sand, gravel, tools, and equipment. It defines fine sand, course sand, and gravelly sand based on their sieve sizes. It also provides details on river sand and crushed sand sources and characteristics. Various masonry tools are defined such as trowel, mortar pan, mason's hammer, mason's square, and line pins. Equipment like concrete mixer, screed, shovel, and wheelbarrow are also described. Specifications for construction aggregates and transportation costs are provided.

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3. 1) FINE SAND : a) THE SAND PASSING THROUGH THE SIEVE WITH CLEAR
OPENINGS OF 1.5875 mm IS KNOWN AS FINE SAND
b) FINE SAND IS MAINLY USED FOR PLASTERING
2) COURSE SAND : a) THE SAND PASSING THROUGH THE SIEVE WITH CLEAR
OPENINGS OF 3.175mm IS KNOWN AS COURSE SAND
b) THIS SAND IS GENERALLY USED FOR MASONARY
WORK .
3) GRAVELLY SAND : a) THE SAND PASSING THROUGH A SIEVE WITH CLEAR
OPENINGS OF 7.62mmIS KNOWN AS GRAVELLY
SAND
b) IT IS GENERALLY USED FOR CONCRETE WORK .

4. 1) IT SHOULD BE CLEAN AND COURSE
2) IT SHOULD BE FREE FROM ANY ORGANIC OR VEGETABLE MATTER
3) USUALLY 3-4 % CLAY IS PERMITTED
4) IT SHOULD CONTAIN SHARP
, ANGULAR , COURSE AND DURABLE
GRAINS
5) IT SHOULD BE STRONG AND DURABLE

5. Rs. 7000 PER 100 CUBIC FT
TRANSPORTED IN TEMPO , AND TRANSPORTATION
IS DECIDED BY PCMC
 River sand is used in the construction industry mainly for concrete production and cement-
sand mortar production.
 River sand is obtained by dredging from river beds. It has the major characteristics that
since it has been subjected to years of abrasion, its particle shape is more or less rounded
and smooth, and since it has been subjected to years of washing, it has very low silt and
clay contents.
 With lower silt and clay contents, the use of river sand would improve the quality control of
the concrete/mortar production because the presence of too much silt and/or clay would
adversely affect the workability and strength of the concrete/mortar produced.

6. Rs.2700 PER 100 CUBIC FT
TRANSPORTATION DONE IN TEMPO.
TRANSPORTATION CHARGE DECIDED BY PCMC.
 The source of Crushed sand is a quarry. It is manufactured by Crushing rocks, quarry stones or
larger aggregate pieces into sand size particles in a factory or quarry.
 The shape of Crushed sand is cubical and angular and has a rough texture and hence better for
concrete.
 It is artificially manufactured so there are no oversized materials.

9. IT IS A SOLID METAL BAR WITH PIN SHAPE AT THE
IT IS ALSO USED TO DIG THE HARD SURFACES OF
IT IS USED FOR DIGGING THE GROUND AND TO REMOVE
THE
ROOTS OF TREES IN THE GROUND AND ALSO TO REMOVE
THE
NAILS, ETC.
IT IS A MACHINE WHICH MIXES THE INGREDIENTS
WATER, FINE AGGREGATE, COARSE AGGREGATE,
AND CEMENT TO DELIVER A PERFECTLY MIXED
CONCRETE.

10. IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE CONCRETE BUMPS OR EXCESS
CONCRETE IN HARDENED SURFACE.
IT IS USED TO ACHIEVE PERFECT RIGHT ANGLE AT
THE CORNER OF MASONRY WALL.
IT IS ‘L’ SHAPE. FIRST COURSE IS LAID PROPERLY
USING MASON’S SQUARE THEN BASED ON THE
FIRST
REMAINING LAYERS OF BRICK ARE SET OUT
IT IS USED TO CUT THE BRICKS AND ALSO USED TO
PUSH THE BRICK IF THEY COME OUT OF THE
COURSE
LINE

11. IT IS USED TO LEVEL THE CONCRETE SURFACES LIKE
CONCRETE FLOORS, FOUNDATIONS, ETC.
IT IS ALSO CALLED SCREED.
IT IS USED TO EXCAVATE THE SOIL BUT, IN THIS CASE, THE METAL
PLATE IS PROVIDED WITH ACUTE ANGLE TO YJE WOODEN HANDLE
IT IS MADE OF WOOD AND IS USED TO SMOOTHEN THE
PLASTERED
CONCRETE SURFACE. IT HAS A HANDLE ON ITS TOP AND SMOOTH
WOODEN SURFACE ON ITS BOTTOM.

12. IT IS USED TO LIFT AND APPLY THE CEMENT MORTAR IN SMALL
QUANTITIES. IT IS MADE OF STEEL AND WOODEN HANLE IS
PROVIDED FOR HOLDING. THE ENDS OF TROWEL MAY BE
POINTING OR BULL NOSED
IT IS LIKE CHISEL BUT IT IS USED TO CUT BRICKS. ITS CUTTING
EDGE
IS WIDER THAN THE WIDTH OF THE BRICK. IT IS USEFUL FOR
ACCURATE CUTTING OF BRICKS
IT IS USED TO CHECK THE THICKNESS, LENGTH,
WIDTHS
OF MASONRY WALLS, FOUNDATION BEDS, EXCAVATED

13. IT IS THREAD WHOSE ENDS ARE CONNECTED WITH
TWO SOLID METAL RODS WITH PIN POINTS. IT IS
TO LEVEL ALIGNMENT OF BRICK COURSE WITH
BRICK LAYING.
IT IS SIMILAR TO LINE AND PINS. INSTEAD OF PINS, L
SHAPED
FRAMES ARE USED AT THE END OF THREAD WHICH HOLD
THE BRICK WORK EFFECTIVELY AND LEVEL THE ALIGNMENT
ACCURATELY.
IT IS MADE OF IRON WHICH IS USED TO LIFT THE
EXCAVATED
SOIL OR CEMENT OR CONCRETE TO THE WORKING SITE.

14. IT IS USED TO DIG THE SOIL FOR FOUNDATION TRENCHES
IT CONTAINS METAL PLATE AT THE END OF A LONG
HANDLE
IT IS USED TO TRANSPORT BULK WEIGHTS OF
MATERIALS
LIKE CEMENT, SAND, CONCRETE MIS, ETC. IT
CONBTAINS
ONE OR TWO WHEEL AT THE FRONT AND TWO
HANDLES
AT ITS BACK WHICH ARE USED TO PUSH IT.
IT IS USED IN BRICK MASONRY TO CHECK THE LEVEL
OF THE SURFACE