Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
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The document defines and describes key aspects of a country's Balance of Payments account, including that it is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually annually. It includes components like the current account, capital account, and errors and omissions. The balance of payments can be in deficit, surplus, or balanced depending on whether receipts are greater than, less than, or equal payments. Countries employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a deficit.
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Recommandé
Cost Comparative Theory
The document summarizes David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage. It explains that according to Ricardo, countries can benefit from trade even if they do not have an absolute advantage in producing goods, as long as they have a comparative advantage in at least one good. This is illustrated using data showing that while England has higher absolute costs of production than Portugal for both wine and cloth, it has a lower relative production cost for cloth, giving it a comparative advantage. International trade allows both countries to specialize in the goods they have a comparative advantage in, increasing total world output.
India’s balance of payments
The document discusses India's balance of payments from pre-1991 to post-reform periods. It notes that pre-1991 saw persistent balance of payments deficits due to large-scale machinery imports to develop basic industries and rising oil prices. 1976-80 was a brief surplus period due to worker remittances and export growth. 1980-91 saw severe deficits exceeding $16 billion by 1991. Post-1991 reforms led to surpluses due to invisibles earnings, external borrowings, and foreign investment.
Terms of-trade
The document provides information about terms of trade including:
- Terms of trade measures the price of a country's exports relative to its imports. It is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices.
- Types of terms of trade include net barter, gross barter, income, single factorial, double factorial, real cost, and utility terms of trade. Each type has strengths and limitations in measuring trade.
- Factors influencing terms of trade include the elasticity of demand and supply for exports and imports, as well as the relative size of demand for exports and imports. Changes in terms of trade can impact standards of living, import prices, and a country's balance of payments.
Fisher's Effect
The document discusses the Fisher effect, which states that the real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. It provides examples of how nominal interest rates on savings accounts incorporate expected inflation. The document also defines nominal interest rates as actual rates provided by lenders and real interest rates as rates adjusted for purchasing power. Finally, it discusses how the Fisher effect shows that changes in the money supply will affect nominal interest rates and inflation in tandem, without impacting real interest rates.
The Gains from International Trade
This document discusses the gains from international trade. It defines gains from trade as the advantages that countries enjoy through specialization and division of labor when participating in international trade. There are static and dynamic gains. Static gains come from short-term reallocation to comparative advantage sectors, while dynamic gains accumulate over time through factors like increased productivity and investment. Countries can measure gains from trade through approaches looking at reduced production costs, improved terms of trade, and increases in real income. Smaller countries tend to benefit more from trade than larger countries due to greater opportunities for specialization.
HO THEORY MODERN THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The document summarizes the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory of international trade. The H-O theory states that countries will export goods that use their abundant and cheap factors of production intensively and import goods that use their scarce factors intensively. It assumes countries differ in their endowments of capital and labor. The theory shows that capital-abundant countries will export and produce capital-intensive goods, while labor-abundant countries will export and produce labor-intensive goods. The theory represents an improvement over previous theories in explaining the basis of trade between countries within a general equilibrium framework.
Terms of trade-Nelson
This document defines and compares different types of terms of trade, including commodity terms of trade, gross barter terms of trade, income terms of trade, single factoral terms of trade, and double factoral terms of trade. It provides formulas for calculating each type and examples to demonstrate how they are used. It also discusses the limitations and criticisms of each approach.
Balance of trade & balance of payment
Balance of trade and balance of payments are key economic indicators of international trade. Balance of trade refers specifically to physical goods, comparing the value of a country's exports to its imports. It is favorable if exports exceed imports. Balance of payments includes both physical goods and invisible items like services, income, and capital transfers. It always balances to zero and includes the current account for trade in goods/services and the capital account. Unfavorable balances can be caused by economic, political, and social factors but can be improved through export promotion, reducing imports, and exploring new markets.
Recommandé
Cost Comparative Theory
The document summarizes David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage. It explains that according to Ricardo, countries can benefit from trade even if they do not have an absolute advantage in producing goods, as long as they have a comparative advantage in at least one good. This is illustrated using data showing that while England has higher absolute costs of production than Portugal for both wine and cloth, it has a lower relative production cost for cloth, giving it a comparative advantage. International trade allows both countries to specialize in the goods they have a comparative advantage in, increasing total world output.
India’s balance of payments
The document discusses India's balance of payments from pre-1991 to post-reform periods. It notes that pre-1991 saw persistent balance of payments deficits due to large-scale machinery imports to develop basic industries and rising oil prices. 1976-80 was a brief surplus period due to worker remittances and export growth. 1980-91 saw severe deficits exceeding $16 billion by 1991. Post-1991 reforms led to surpluses due to invisibles earnings, external borrowings, and foreign investment.
Terms of-trade
The document provides information about terms of trade including:
- Terms of trade measures the price of a country's exports relative to its imports. It is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices.
- Types of terms of trade include net barter, gross barter, income, single factorial, double factorial, real cost, and utility terms of trade. Each type has strengths and limitations in measuring trade.
- Factors influencing terms of trade include the elasticity of demand and supply for exports and imports, as well as the relative size of demand for exports and imports. Changes in terms of trade can impact standards of living, import prices, and a country's balance of payments.
Fisher's Effect
The document discusses the Fisher effect, which states that the real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. It provides examples of how nominal interest rates on savings accounts incorporate expected inflation. The document also defines nominal interest rates as actual rates provided by lenders and real interest rates as rates adjusted for purchasing power. Finally, it discusses how the Fisher effect shows that changes in the money supply will affect nominal interest rates and inflation in tandem, without impacting real interest rates.
The Gains from International Trade
This document discusses the gains from international trade. It defines gains from trade as the advantages that countries enjoy through specialization and division of labor when participating in international trade. There are static and dynamic gains. Static gains come from short-term reallocation to comparative advantage sectors, while dynamic gains accumulate over time through factors like increased productivity and investment. Countries can measure gains from trade through approaches looking at reduced production costs, improved terms of trade, and increases in real income. Smaller countries tend to benefit more from trade than larger countries due to greater opportunities for specialization.
HO THEORY MODERN THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The document summarizes the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory of international trade. The H-O theory states that countries will export goods that use their abundant and cheap factors of production intensively and import goods that use their scarce factors intensively. It assumes countries differ in their endowments of capital and labor. The theory shows that capital-abundant countries will export and produce capital-intensive goods, while labor-abundant countries will export and produce labor-intensive goods. The theory represents an improvement over previous theories in explaining the basis of trade between countries within a general equilibrium framework.
Terms of trade-Nelson
This document defines and compares different types of terms of trade, including commodity terms of trade, gross barter terms of trade, income terms of trade, single factoral terms of trade, and double factoral terms of trade. It provides formulas for calculating each type and examples to demonstrate how they are used. It also discusses the limitations and criticisms of each approach.
Balance of trade & balance of payment
Balance of trade and balance of payments are key economic indicators of international trade. Balance of trade refers specifically to physical goods, comparing the value of a country's exports to its imports. It is favorable if exports exceed imports. Balance of payments includes both physical goods and invisible items like services, income, and capital transfers. It always balances to zero and includes the current account for trade in goods/services and the capital account. Unfavorable balances can be caused by economic, political, and social factors but can be improved through export promotion, reducing imports, and exploring new markets.
Classical Theory Of International Trade
The document discusses theories of international trade, including:
1) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, which states that countries should specialize in goods they have a comparative cost advantage in.
2) Absolute and comparative differences in costs as bases for international trade according to Adam Smith and Ricardo respectively.
3) Equal differences in costs not providing a basis for trade between countries with equal production ratios.
Terms of trades
Terms of trade (TOT) is defined as the ratio of average export prices to average import prices. For example, if one unit of rice is exchanged for 2 units of sugar, the terms of trade are 1 unit of rice to 2 units of sugar, or 1:2. The terms of trade index is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices, multiplied by 100.
There are several types of terms of trade. Net barter TOT is the ratio of export prices to import prices. Gross barter TOT is the ratio of the physical quantity of imports to exports. Income TOT is net barter TOT multiplied by the quantity of exports. Factors like tariffs,
Tariffs and quota
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods. There are several types of tariffs including specific tariffs (fixed amount per unit), ad valorem tariffs (fixed percentage of value), and compound tariffs (combination of specific and ad valorem). Tariffs can be used for revenue generation or protecting domestic industries. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, and include tariff quotas, unilateral quotas negotiated bilaterally. Import licensing systems administer quota regulations by requiring licenses to import goods.
Mills theory of reciprocal demand
J.S. Mill developed Ricardo's theory of comparative costs by introducing the concept of reciprocal demand. Reciprocal demand refers to the intensity of demand one country has for another country's exports. Mill argued that terms of trade are determined by the relative strength and elasticity of reciprocal demand between countries, as represented by their offer curves. While pioneering, Mill's theory makes unrealistic assumptions and neglects supply-side factors, leading some economists to criticize it as an imperfect framework for analyzing international trade.
Free trade vs protection
This document discusses the arguments for and against free trade versus protectionism. It begins by providing context from classical economists who argued for free trade, and the rise of protectionism post-World War II. It then outlines the key arguments for free trade, including specialization, increased prosperity, and competitive pressures. Arguments against free trade include the potential harm to developing economies and domestic industries. The document also discusses the economic and non-economic arguments in favor of protectionism, such as for infant industries, employment, and national defense. Finally, it notes some arguments against protectionism like increased prices and reduced innovation.
Monetary Policy Instruments: India
This presentation explains various monetary instruments being adopted by the Reserve Bank of India. It also shows their impact on stock market. It also show the statistic trend of inflation, repo rate, reverse repo rate, etc in India.
Balance Of Payment
The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account covers visible and invisible trade, while the capital account covers financial flows. A country experiences a BOP surplus if receipts exceed payments, and a deficit if payments exceed receipts. The document outlines various factors that can cause BOP disequilibria and measures to correct imbalances, such as monetary policy tools, export promotion, and import controls.
BALANCE OF PAYMENT
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
Theories of trade cycle
The document discusses the business cycle and its key stages and features. It defines the business cycle as the fluctuations in economic activity around its long-term trend, involving periods of growth and periods of decline. The main stages are identified as boom, recession, slump, and recovery. Other key points covered include the periodicity and self-reinforcing nature of business cycles as well as different theories that attempt to explain the causes of the cycle such as monetary, fiscal policy, innovation, and overproduction theories.
foreign trade as an engine of economic growth
Foreign trade acts as an "engine" of economic growth in three key ways: 1) It enlarges a country's market for exports, leading to greater production and utilization of resources; 2) Expanding exports provides more employment opportunities and economies of scale, lowering costs; 3) Access to global markets encourages innovation as businesses compete with international counterparts, improving efficiency and productivity. For example, the opening of the Suez Canal increased India's exports of commercial crops like cotton and tea, fueling economic growth. Export processing zones also create jobs and incomes, stimulating demand and further domestic manufacturing. Overall, specialization, competition and technological adoption spurred by foreign trade can power economic expansion.
Balance of payments
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
Purchasing power parity theory
The document discusses the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory, which states that exchange rates between currencies are determined by their relative purchasing power. It explains that under PPP, exchange rates adjust to changes in inflation so that the same goods cost the same in each country when prices are converted to a common currency. The document outlines the absolute and relative versions of PPP theory and notes some limitations, such as differences in goods baskets between countries. An example is provided to demonstrate how exchange rates adjust proportionally according to changes in domestic and foreign inflation rates under relative PPP.
Heckscher ohlin
The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem states that countries will export goods that use their abundant and cheap factor of production and import goods that use their scarce factor. It emphasizes differences in factor abundance as the source of comparative advantage and trade. Developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, it shows that comparative advantage is influenced by relative factor abundance across countries and relative factor intensity across goods. Under its assumptions, free trade will equalize factor prices globally and lead countries to specialize in goods consistent with their factor endowments.
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade/ Modern International Trade...
relative factor endowments theory/ 2*2*2 model/ hecksher -ohlin theory/assumptions of hecksher ohlin theory/ limitations of hecksher ohlin theory/hecksher ohlin theorem/factor endowments theory, H-O Theory
Neo classical theory of interest
The neoclassical theory of interest, or loanable funds theory, holds that the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for loanable funds. The demand for loanable funds comes from investment, consumption/dissaving, and hoarding. The supply comes from savings, bank credit, dishoarding, and disinvestment. The interest rate reaches equilibrium when the total demand for loanable funds equals the total supply. Critics argue the theory assumes full employment, does not precisely determine the interest rate, and is impractical.
Commodity agreements
This document discusses international commodity agreements which are intergovernmental arrangements to stabilize prices of primary commodities like coffee, tea, and sugar. It describes three types of agreements: 1) Quota agreements which regulate production and exports to prevent price falls through quotas. 2) Buffer stock agreements which stabilize prices by maintaining supply and demand balance through government stockpiling. 3) Bilateral/multilateral contracts where major exporters and importers agree to buy/sell certain quantities within an upper and lower price range. The objective is to stimulate developing country export earnings and consider interests of both producers and consumers.
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
The document summarizes the Prebisch-Singer thesis, which argues that terms of trade tend to deteriorate against primary commodities and in favor of manufactured goods over time. It presents the key assumptions of the thesis, including that income elasticity of demand is greater for manufactured goods than primary products. As a result, as incomes rise in developed countries, demand shifts away from primary commodities exported by developing countries towards manufactured goods produced in developed nations. This leads to a long-term decline in terms of trade for developing country exports.
Corrective measures of BOP disequilibrium
To correct a balance of payments deficit, a country has monetary and trade measures available. Monetary measures include deflation, devaluation, exchange rates, and exchange depreciation. Trade measures involve export promotions and import controls such as quotas. Deflation lowers prices to make exports cheaper abroad. Devaluation reduces the value of the home currency to boost exports and curb imports. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported to reduce the deficit and improve the balance of payments.
Balance of payment theory
This document discusses the balance of payments theory of exchange rates. It argues that the exchange rate is determined by the demand and supply of a country's currency, which is influenced by the balance of payments. A deficit leads to a falling exchange rate as demand exceeds supply, while a surplus increases demand for the home currency and causes an appreciation. The theory uses demand and supply curves to show how the equilibrium exchange rate is reached when quantities demanded and supplied are equal. It has merits in providing an equilibrium analysis, but also criticisms around its assumptions and indeterminacy.
Balance of payment
The document discusses the key differences between a balance of trade and a balance of payments. A balance of trade only considers imports and exports of goods, while a balance of payments considers all economic transactions including trade in goods and services as well as capital transfers. A balance of payments must balance, while a balance of trade can be favorable, unfavorable, or balanced. The balance of trade is a component of the current account in a country's overall balance of payments.
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of Trade
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Classical Theory Of International Trade
The document discusses theories of international trade, including:
1) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, which states that countries should specialize in goods they have a comparative cost advantage in.
2) Absolute and comparative differences in costs as bases for international trade according to Adam Smith and Ricardo respectively.
3) Equal differences in costs not providing a basis for trade between countries with equal production ratios.
Terms of trades
Terms of trade (TOT) is defined as the ratio of average export prices to average import prices. For example, if one unit of rice is exchanged for 2 units of sugar, the terms of trade are 1 unit of rice to 2 units of sugar, or 1:2. The terms of trade index is calculated as the index of export prices divided by the index of import prices, multiplied by 100.
There are several types of terms of trade. Net barter TOT is the ratio of export prices to import prices. Gross barter TOT is the ratio of the physical quantity of imports to exports. Income TOT is net barter TOT multiplied by the quantity of exports. Factors like tariffs,
Tariffs and quota
Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported or exported goods. There are several types of tariffs including specific tariffs (fixed amount per unit), ad valorem tariffs (fixed percentage of value), and compound tariffs (combination of specific and ad valorem). Tariffs can be used for revenue generation or protecting domestic industries. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, and include tariff quotas, unilateral quotas negotiated bilaterally. Import licensing systems administer quota regulations by requiring licenses to import goods.
Mills theory of reciprocal demand
J.S. Mill developed Ricardo's theory of comparative costs by introducing the concept of reciprocal demand. Reciprocal demand refers to the intensity of demand one country has for another country's exports. Mill argued that terms of trade are determined by the relative strength and elasticity of reciprocal demand between countries, as represented by their offer curves. While pioneering, Mill's theory makes unrealistic assumptions and neglects supply-side factors, leading some economists to criticize it as an imperfect framework for analyzing international trade.
Free trade vs protection
This document discusses the arguments for and against free trade versus protectionism. It begins by providing context from classical economists who argued for free trade, and the rise of protectionism post-World War II. It then outlines the key arguments for free trade, including specialization, increased prosperity, and competitive pressures. Arguments against free trade include the potential harm to developing economies and domestic industries. The document also discusses the economic and non-economic arguments in favor of protectionism, such as for infant industries, employment, and national defense. Finally, it notes some arguments against protectionism like increased prices and reduced innovation.
Monetary Policy Instruments: India
This presentation explains various monetary instruments being adopted by the Reserve Bank of India. It also shows their impact on stock market. It also show the statistic trend of inflation, repo rate, reverse repo rate, etc in India.
Balance Of Payment
The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account covers visible and invisible trade, while the capital account covers financial flows. A country experiences a BOP surplus if receipts exceed payments, and a deficit if payments exceed receipts. The document outlines various factors that can cause BOP disequilibria and measures to correct imbalances, such as monetary policy tools, export promotion, and import controls.
BALANCE OF PAYMENT
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
Theories of trade cycle
The document discusses the business cycle and its key stages and features. It defines the business cycle as the fluctuations in economic activity around its long-term trend, involving periods of growth and periods of decline. The main stages are identified as boom, recession, slump, and recovery. Other key points covered include the periodicity and self-reinforcing nature of business cycles as well as different theories that attempt to explain the causes of the cycle such as monetary, fiscal policy, innovation, and overproduction theories.
foreign trade as an engine of economic growth
Foreign trade acts as an "engine" of economic growth in three key ways: 1) It enlarges a country's market for exports, leading to greater production and utilization of resources; 2) Expanding exports provides more employment opportunities and economies of scale, lowering costs; 3) Access to global markets encourages innovation as businesses compete with international counterparts, improving efficiency and productivity. For example, the opening of the Suez Canal increased India's exports of commercial crops like cotton and tea, fueling economic growth. Export processing zones also create jobs and incomes, stimulating demand and further domestic manufacturing. Overall, specialization, competition and technological adoption spurred by foreign trade can power economic expansion.
Balance of payments
The document provides information about balance of payments (BOP):
1. BOP is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, recording inflows and outflows of foreign exchange.
2. The BOP account has two sides - credits for inflows of foreign exchange and debits for outflows. It is prepared using double-entry bookkeeping.
3. The current account records trade in goods and services as well as unilateral transfers, while the capital account records changes in financial assets and liabilities with the rest of the world.
4. The BOP always balances as total receipts must equal total payments. Surpluses
Purchasing power parity theory
The document discusses the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory, which states that exchange rates between currencies are determined by their relative purchasing power. It explains that under PPP, exchange rates adjust to changes in inflation so that the same goods cost the same in each country when prices are converted to a common currency. The document outlines the absolute and relative versions of PPP theory and notes some limitations, such as differences in goods baskets between countries. An example is provided to demonstrate how exchange rates adjust proportionally according to changes in domestic and foreign inflation rates under relative PPP.
Heckscher ohlin
The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem states that countries will export goods that use their abundant and cheap factor of production and import goods that use their scarce factor. It emphasizes differences in factor abundance as the source of comparative advantage and trade. Developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, it shows that comparative advantage is influenced by relative factor abundance across countries and relative factor intensity across goods. Under its assumptions, free trade will equalize factor prices globally and lead countries to specialize in goods consistent with their factor endowments.
Business cycles
Business cycles show periodic fluctuations in economic activity, measured by indicators like production, employment, and income. There are four phases of a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction/recession, and trough. Expansions involve growth while contractions involve declines. Business cycles are caused by factors like changes in investment levels, consumer and business expectations, and technological innovations. Theories like Keynes' emphasize how fluctuations in investment can drive cycles, while real business cycle theory sees cycles arising from supply-side shocks. Cycles affect the economy through impacts on areas like growth, inflation, and unemployment. Policy tools can help control the amplitude of cycles.
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade/ Modern International Trade...
relative factor endowments theory/ 2*2*2 model/ hecksher -ohlin theory/assumptions of hecksher ohlin theory/ limitations of hecksher ohlin theory/hecksher ohlin theorem/factor endowments theory, H-O Theory
Neo classical theory of interest
The neoclassical theory of interest, or loanable funds theory, holds that the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for loanable funds. The demand for loanable funds comes from investment, consumption/dissaving, and hoarding. The supply comes from savings, bank credit, dishoarding, and disinvestment. The interest rate reaches equilibrium when the total demand for loanable funds equals the total supply. Critics argue the theory assumes full employment, does not precisely determine the interest rate, and is impractical.
Commodity agreements
This document discusses international commodity agreements which are intergovernmental arrangements to stabilize prices of primary commodities like coffee, tea, and sugar. It describes three types of agreements: 1) Quota agreements which regulate production and exports to prevent price falls through quotas. 2) Buffer stock agreements which stabilize prices by maintaining supply and demand balance through government stockpiling. 3) Bilateral/multilateral contracts where major exporters and importers agree to buy/sell certain quantities within an upper and lower price range. The objective is to stimulate developing country export earnings and consider interests of both producers and consumers.
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
The document summarizes the Prebisch-Singer thesis, which argues that terms of trade tend to deteriorate against primary commodities and in favor of manufactured goods over time. It presents the key assumptions of the thesis, including that income elasticity of demand is greater for manufactured goods than primary products. As a result, as incomes rise in developed countries, demand shifts away from primary commodities exported by developing countries towards manufactured goods produced in developed nations. This leads to a long-term decline in terms of trade for developing country exports.
Corrective measures of BOP disequilibrium
To correct a balance of payments deficit, a country has monetary and trade measures available. Monetary measures include deflation, devaluation, exchange rates, and exchange depreciation. Trade measures involve export promotions and import controls such as quotas. Deflation lowers prices to make exports cheaper abroad. Devaluation reduces the value of the home currency to boost exports and curb imports. Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported to reduce the deficit and improve the balance of payments.
Balance of payment theory
This document discusses the balance of payments theory of exchange rates. It argues that the exchange rate is determined by the demand and supply of a country's currency, which is influenced by the balance of payments. A deficit leads to a falling exchange rate as demand exceeds supply, while a surplus increases demand for the home currency and causes an appreciation. The theory uses demand and supply curves to show how the equilibrium exchange rate is reached when quantities demanded and supplied are equal. It has merits in providing an equilibrium analysis, but also criticisms around its assumptions and indeterminacy.
Tendances (20)
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade/ Modern International Trade...
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade/ Modern International Trade...
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
Hypothesis of secular deterioration of terms of trade
Similaire à Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
Balance of payment
The document discusses the key differences between a balance of trade and a balance of payments. A balance of trade only considers imports and exports of goods, while a balance of payments considers all economic transactions including trade in goods and services as well as capital transfers. A balance of payments must balance, while a balance of trade can be favorable, unfavorable, or balanced. The balance of trade is a component of the current account in a country's overall balance of payments.
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of Trade
The ppt is based on Balance of payment and Balance of trade, their meaning ,factors affecting them and difference between both i.e BOP & BOT.
i hope this presentation will be helpful to you , as everything is tried to fit in these slides. i suggest everyone to just go through the economics text book and gain more insights if one is very much interested in it.
please like the presentation and comment below your views about it.
follow me on slideshare for more informative power point presentations.
balance of payment
Balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, presented in a double-entry bookkeeping format. It includes credits for exports, services provided to foreign countries, and financial inflows; and debits for imports, services received from other countries, and financial outflows. A country has a balance of payments surplus if its credits exceed debits and a deficit if debits exceed credits. Countries use both monetary policies like adjusting exchange rates and non-monetary policies like promoting exports or restricting imports to address balance of payments deficits.
Balance of Payments Basics - 2015 (India)
Includes all the basics of balance of payments and the position of India in 2015 along with other countries
saurabh bop.pptxtrsgftxkmh,xgjc.j,xjgfmkghxkm
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given period of time. The BOP has two components - the current account, which records trade in goods and services as well as income and transfers, and the capital account, which covers financial transactions such as investments. A disequilibrium in the BOP can result in a surplus or deficit. The government can employ various monetary and non-monetary measures to correct a BOP disequilibrium, such as depreciating the currency, increasing exports, reducing imports, and implementing fiscal policies.
Balance of Payment
The document summarizes India's balance of payments (BOP) over several years. It finds that:
1. India's trade balance has consistently been in deficit as imports have exceeded exports. Imports of petroleum products in particular have increased steadily.
2. The current account, which includes both visible and invisible items, recorded deficits from 1990-2001 but surpluses in 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Invisibles like services and remittances have helped cover trade deficits.
3. Capital account has remained positive due to large inflows of foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investment, and deposits from non-resident Indians. Foreign exchange reserves have fluctuated depending on current and capital accounts.
Balance of payments
The balance of payments accounts record all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including payments for exports and imports of goods and services, as well as financial capital transfers. It has three main components: the current account balance, which covers trade in physical and services goods; the capital account balance, which covers financial transactions; and the overall balance of payments. A deficit can occur in any of these accounts due to economic, political, social, and other factors that impact trade and capital flows.
Balance of payment
The balance of payments records a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world. It has three components: visible items like exports and imports of goods, invisible items like services, and capital transfers. The balance of trade is the difference between exports and imports of visible items and can be in surplus, deficit, or equilibrium. The balance of payments includes all transactions and must always balance, while the balance of trade can be unequal. Countries use measures like devaluation, import restrictions, export promotion, and capital controls to correct an adverse balance of payments.
Balanceoftradebalanceofpayment 170222152441
Balance of trade and balance of payments are key economic indicators that measure international transactions.
Balance of trade refers specifically to physical goods, comparing the value of a country's exports to imports. It is considered favorable when exports exceed imports. Balance of payments includes both physical goods and invisible items like services, income, and capital transfers. It balances all international transactions between residents and non-residents.
The document discusses the components, types, causes of imbalances, and remedies for both balance of trade and balance of payments. It defines key terms, compares the differences between the two indicators, and concludes that a favorable balance of both trade and payments allows a country to progress economically and compete globally.
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The document discusses the Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a given time period. BOP has three key components - the current account, capital account, and reserve account. The current account records exports/imports of goods and services. A surplus in the current account means exports exceed imports, while a deficit means the opposite. The capital account records international investment flows. Disequilibriums in BOP can be addressed through monetary, fiscal and trade policies that aim to boost exports and curb imports.
Balance-of-Payment.pdf
India's balance of payments often shows a deficit as the country requires imports of machinery, technology, and capital goods to fuel industrialization. In recent years, India's current account deficit has narrowed due to a contraction in imports outpacing the decline in exports. While FDI inflows have increased, portfolio investment has declined. Remittances from Indians overseas have also marginally decreased. Overall, India's foreign exchange reserves have seen a small accretion on balance of payments basis. Common reasons for India's poor export performance include high prices, quality issues, lack of marketing skills, inadequate promotion, and poor infrastructure.
Balance-of-Payment.pdf
India's balance of payments often shows a deficit as the country requires imports of machinery, technology, and capital goods to fuel industrialization. In recent years, India's current account deficit has narrowed due to a contraction in imports outpacing the decline in exports. While FDI inflows have increased, portfolio investment has declined. Remittances from Indians overseas have also marginally decreased. Overall, India's foreign exchange reserves have seen a small accretion on balance of payments basis. Common reasons for India's poor export performance include high prices, quality issues, lack of marketing skills, inadequate promotion, and poor infrastructure.
Balance-of-Payment.pdffhcbxndzbfdnbgfvn bf
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. If receipts are greater than payments, the balance of payments is in surplus, while a deficit occurs when payments exceed receipts. Maintaining a balanced balance of payments is important for a country's economic stability. Various policy tools like exchange rate adjustments, import restrictions, export subsidies, and monetary and fiscal policies can be used to correct disequilibriums.
Balance of payment
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
Balance of payment
1. The document discusses key aspects of India's balance of payments (BOP) including current account, capital account, and overall BOP.
2. It provides data on India's BOP for July-September 2017 and April-September 2017-18 which shows a widening of the trade deficit and current account deficit over the same periods last year.
3. Factors like a moderate increase in FDI inflows and higher net services earnings helped partly offset the higher trade deficit.
12. balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP), which is a comprehensive record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, usually a year. It includes both visible and invisible items, such as goods/services and unilateral transfers. The BOP has three accounts - current, capital, and reserve. Disequilibrium in the BOP can be a surplus or deficit and can be caused by factors like trade cycles, population growth, and policy changes. It can be corrected using monetary methods like devaluation or exchange controls, or non-monetary methods like tariffs, quotas, and export promotion.
BOP.pptx
The document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It discusses:
- BOP accounts record all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including exports/imports of goods, services, and financial flows.
- A country's BOP has three components - the current account balance, capital account balance, and overall BOP balance. The current account tracks trade in goods and services, while the capital account covers financial flows.
- A country can experience surpluses or deficits in its different BOP accounts. Disequilibriums can be corrected through monetary measures like exchange rate adjustments or devaluation, and non-monetary measures like export promotion or import
Balance-of-Payment.ppt
The document discusses the balance of payments of a country. It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible transactions like imports and exports as well as invisible transactions like services. The balance of payments has two components - the current account, which covers trade in goods and services as well as income and transfers, and the capital account, which covers investment flows. A disequilibrium in the balance of payments can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that aim to reduce deficits and boost surpluses.
Balance of payments
This document discusses balance of trade and balance of payments for India. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like trade balance, current account balance, and capital account balance. Some key points:
- India typically runs a trade deficit due to low exports and high imports of oil. Its share of world exports is only about 1%.
- A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more than it exports, while a surplus is the opposite. India has been recording sustained trade deficits.
- The current account balance looks at trade plus investments, services, and transfers. India's current account deficit was $38.4 billion in 2009-2010.
- The capital account balance looks at flows like foreign investments,
Balance of Payments - Meaning.pptx
The document discusses balance of payments (BOP), which is an accounting statement that records all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes current account transactions like trade in goods and services, transfers, and income as well as capital account transactions like borrowing/lending and investments. An adverse BOP means a country's imports exceed exports, which is negative for the economy. Causes of an adverse BOP include developmental activities, inflation, demand changes, and social factors. Corrective measures include deflation, monetary policy, trade policy, fiscal policy, currency devaluation, and exchange controls to boost exports and reduce imports.
Similaire à Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments (20)
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of Trade
Brief PPT on Balance of payment Vs Balance of Trade
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Small scale industries
The document discusses India's small-scale sector, also known as the MSME sector. It defines micro, small, and medium enterprises based on their investment in plant and machinery. In 2007, the Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries merged to form the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. MSMEs play an important role in the Indian economy by generating employment, promoting equitable income distribution and effective capital mobilization. The document provides statistics on MSME growth and contribution to GDP. It also outlines various government policies and programs that support the development and growth of MSMEs.
Public sector its role, performance and reforms
The document discusses the role and performance of public sector enterprises (PSEs) in India. It notes that PSEs have played a strategic role in India's rapid industrialization by undertaking large capital-intensive projects and promoting equitable distribution of wealth. However, over time PSEs have faced issues like unprofitable pricing, overstaffing, and underutilized capacity. The document outlines various remedial measures to improve PSE performance, such as allowing more managerial autonomy, introducing competition, and public sector reforms like disinvestment and privatization.
Role of foreign capital
This document provides an overview of foreign capital in India. It discusses the different forms of foreign capital including foreign direct investment, foreign portfolio investment, external aid, and external commercial borrowings. FDI can take the form of joint ventures, technical collaborations, or private placements. FPI includes investments in stocks, bonds, and funds raised through instruments like GDRs and ADRs. External aid may come from other governments, international organizations, or private sources, and can be tied to certain conditions or untied. ECBs comprise loans and credits from foreign commercial and multilateral sources used to finance commercial activities in India. The document also outlines advantages and disadvantages of foreign capital.
Foreign trade policy 2015 20
India's foreign trade is dominated by a few key sectors. Major exports include petroleum products, gems and jewelry, engineering goods and chemicals. Major imports include crude oil, gold, machinery, fertilizers and pearls. Over time the composition has shifted from mainly agricultural goods to now include more manufactured products in both exports and imports. The main trading partners for both exports and imports are countries in Asia, Europe and North America. India's foreign trade policy aims to promote exports and make trade a contributor to economic growth and development.
Foreign trade
The foreign trade policy of India has evolved over time and can be classified into the period before 1991 and after 1991. Before 1991, the policy focused on import substitution and restrictive trade policies. After 1991, the policy shifted toward export promotion and import liberalization by removing restrictions. Key goals of recent policies include raising India's share of global exports to 3.5% by 2020 and increasing merchandise exports to $900 billion by 2019-20. Major initiatives include Make in India, Digital India, and Skills India. Policies aim to simplify procedures and move towards paperless and online processes.
Role of FDI
The document discusses the role and government policy regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) in India over several phases. It notes that FDI brings benefits like capital, technology, skills, and exports but also risks like currency outflows. As such, government policy has shifted from cautiously welcoming FDI in the 1950s-60s to imposing restrictions in the 1970s due to currency concerns to gradual liberalization in the 1980s and 1990s as the economy opened up. Since the 1990s reforms, government policy has increasingly opened sectors and streamlined approval to promote greater FDI inflows, though some sectors remain restricted.
India & WTO
World Trade organisation, Non discrimination, Free Trade, Predictability, Competition, Economic Reforms, Features of WTO, Agreement on Agriculture
02 08-2018 unit-2 BBAThe constitution of india preamble
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Preamble to the Constitution of India. It was framed by the Constituent Assembly between 1946-1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. The Preamble describes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and establishes the goals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens. It aims to uphold the dignity of individuals and unity of the nation.
Unit 2 Business environment - BBA Political institutions
This document discusses political systems and the separation of powers. It defines totalitarian, oligarchic, and democratic systems. It also outlines the key features of the Indian constitution, including its federal nature. The document then explains the legislative, executive, financial, electoral, and removal powers of the Indian parliament. It concludes by discussing Montesquieu's theory of separating government powers into distinct legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny.
12 07-2018 complexity and diversity of business environment due to globalization
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Globalization has led to increased complexity and diversity in the business environment. It has integrated economies globally through the free flow of goods, services, information, knowledge and labor across borders. While globalization expands markets and increases productivity, it also increases competition and can lead to issues like adverse trade balances, unemployment and concentration of economic power. It changes the nature of work and introduces demographic and social challenges for businesses. To deal with this complex and diverse environment caused by globalization, businesses must be open, emphasize their values, pursue initiatives that demonstrate their purpose, and foster diversity to encourage creativity, innovation, richer decision making and better consumer understanding.Business
Business involves organized efforts to produce and distribute goods and services for profit. It aims to increase society's standard of living through economic activity. Modern business is managed by professionals and aims to fulfill both economic and social objectives. Business has managerial, economic, and social characteristics and operates within different types of economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. It encompasses industries, commerce, trade, banking, insurance and other sectors that work together as an interconnected system.
Unit 4 e) Population and Development
The economic growth potential that can result from shift in a Population’s age structure, mainly when the share of working age population (15-64) is larger than the non-working age share of the population(14 Years and younger and 65 years and older)
Unit 4-d) Unemployment
The document discusses various concepts related to unemployment in India including labour force, workforce, labour force participation rate, worker population ratio, types of unemployment, and government schemes to address unemployment such as MGNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, and National Rural Livelihood Mission. It provides data on the growth of labour force in India from 1971 to 2013 and the classification of workers as main and marginal.
Unit 4 d) Poverty in India
The Planning Commission set up a Working Group in 1962. It recommended that the national minimum for a household of 5 persons should be not less than Rs. 100/- per month for rural and Rs. 125/- for urban at 1960-61 prices.
Unit 4 d) Environment and Development
Environment means the surroundings or conditions of life, may be social, political, economic, cultural, natural etc.
Natural resources are used with other man made resources in order to produce goods in agriculture, industry or other spheres of economic activity.
Unit 4 c) changes in policy perspectives role of institutional framework afte...
Unit 4 c) changes in policy perspectives role of institutional framework afte...Mahendra Kumar Ghadoliya
Development of Indian economy has passed from many phases. We followed the policy of Import Substitution and restrictive trade policies. we liberalized the economy gradually and slowly. After 1991 Industrial policy India followed path of Liberalization. Unit 4 b) agriculture and land reforms
This document discusses India's agrarian structure, land reforms, and patterns of asset ownership. It notes that at independence, India had an unequal agrarian structure with absentee landlords, tenant exploitation, unequal land distribution, and fragmented small holdings. Key land reforms included abolishing intermediaries, providing tenancy rights, redistributing land through ceilings, and consolidating holdings. Reforms aimed to change the unequal structure and promote agriculture growth with social justice. Implementation of reforms faced challenges including lack of political will, legal hurdles, and inadequate land records. The document also discusses India's policy for regulating concentration of economic power in industry through the MRTP Act and subsequent Competition Act.
Unit 4 a) experience of growth, development and structural changes in the in...
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1. The Indian economy is divided into three sectors: primary (agriculture and allied activities), secondary (industry), and tertiary (services).
2. Over time, there has been a shift in workers from the primary sector to the secondary and tertiary sectors as the economy develops and industrializes according to classical economic theories of development.
3. Structural changes in the Indian economy include a declining share of agriculture and increasing shares of industry and services in GDP, as well as changing trade patterns with imports of raw materials and exports of more manufactured goods.Unit 1- economic growth & economic development
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
Unit 5 c) B.Com The Financial Sector
Money market, Capital Market, structure of Money market, Financial Sector Reforms, Banking sector Reforms, Narasimham Committee recommendations,
Plus de Mahendra Kumar Ghadoliya (20)
02 08-2018 unit-2 BBAThe constitution of india preamble
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Unit 2 Business environment - BBA Political institutions
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12 07-2018 complexity and diversity of business environment due to globalization
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Unit 4 a) experience of growth, development and structural changes in the in...
Unit 1- economic growth & economic development
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Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
一比一原版(QMUE毕业证书)英国爱丁堡玛格丽特女王大学毕业证文凭如何办理
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【(QMUE毕业证书)英国爱丁堡玛格丽特女王大学毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan panel Chart Indian Matka Dpbos...
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan panel Chart Indian Matka Dpbos...➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Sattamatka.satta.matka.satta matka.kalyan weekly chart.kalyan chart.kalyan jodi chart.kalyan penal chart.kalyan today.kalyan open.fix satta.fix fix fix Satta matka nambarBest Forex Brokers Comparison in INDIA 2024
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainability
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证（otago毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
My powerpoint presentation for my Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Indian satta Matka Dpboss Matka Kalyan Chart Matka Boss otg matka Guessing Satta The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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In the competitive world of content creation, standing out and maximising revenue on platforms like OnlyFans can be challenging. This is where partnering with an OnlyFans agency can make a significant difference. Here are five key benefits for content creators considering this option:
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
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𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SU
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Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
- 1. A Balance of Payment Account is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world carried out in a specific period of time. Meaning of Balance of Payment Account:
- 2. It is a systematic record of all economic transactions between one country and the rest of the world. It includes all transactions, visible as well as invisible. It relates to a period of time. Generally, it is an annual statement. It adopts a double-entry book-keeping system. It has two sides: credit side and debit side. Receipts are recorded on the credit side and payments on the debit side. Features of Balance of Payment Account:
- 3. 1. Current Account Balance 2. Capital Account Balance and other minor components like errors and Omissions and changes in Foreign Exchange Reserves Current Account Transactions Merchandise Transportation, Insurance, Miscellaneous Incomes Transfers Components of Balance of Payment Account:
- 4. Under Capital Account, capital inflows can be classified by instrument (debt or equity) and maturity (short or long-term). Capital Account Foreign Investments Loans Banking Capital FDI, FIIs, ADRs/GDRs Commercial borrowing, trade credit NRI Deposits Capital Account:
- 5. Disequilibrium Debit exceeds Credit or Credit exceeds Debit causing an imbalance in the BOP a/c Deficit: Our Receipts from foreigners fall below our payment to foreigners. (Unfavourable) Surplus: Receipts exceeds its Payment (Favourable)
- 6. Causes Economic Factors Imbalance between export & Import New Source of supply & new substitutes High Domestic Price Political Factors Instability & Disturbance cause large capital outflow. Social Factors Population Growth Change in fashion
- 7. Monetary measures Non – monetary measures I. Monetary measures. Deflation Devaluation of currency Exchange control Increase in Direct and Indirect Tax II. Non Monetary measures 1.Export promotion 2. Import substitution 3.Quota STEPS TO CORRECT BOP DEFICIT
- 8. The difference between a country's imports and its exports. Balance of trade is the largest component of a country's balance of payments. The items which include imports, foreign aid, domestic spending abroad and domestic investments abroad comes under imports The items which include exports, foreign spending in the domestic economy and foreign investments in the domestic economy comes under exports When exports are greater than imports than the BOT is favorable and if imports are greater than exports then it is unfavorable. Favourable balance of trade indicates the good economic condition of the country. Balance of Trade
- 9. Cost of Production Cost and Availability of Raw materials Exchange Rate movements Non-Tariff barriers such as environmental, health or safety standards. Factors Influencing Balance of Trade:
- 10. BASIS OF COMPARISON BALANCE OF TRADE BALANCE OF PAYMENT Meaning Balance of Trade is a statement that captures the country's export and import of goods with the remaining world. Balance of Payment is a statement that keeps track of all economic transactions done by the country with the remaining world. Records Transactions related to goods only. Transactions related to both goods and services are recorded. Capital Transfers Are not included in the Balance of Trade. Are included in Balance of Payment. Which is better? It gives a partial view of the country's economic status. It gives a clear view of the economic position of the country. Result It can be Favorable, Unfavorable or balanced. Both the receipts and payment sides tallies. Component It is a component of Current Account of Balance of Payment. Current Account and Capital Account.
- 12. Trends in India’s Balance of Payments Stage –I Heavy Imports during plans BoP rose Stage- II A Stage of Comfort 1976-77 to 1979-80 High remittances, good crops, rise in domestic production of oil, more tourist income Stage-III 1980-81 to 1989-90 Period of severe BoP problems oil shock, remittances declined, foreign aid reduced, Inflation Fiscal deficit grew, Political instsbility increased. Stage- IV 1991-92 to 2001-02 period of Foreign Exchange crises Import of capital goods, Increase in prices of crude oil Stage- V 2002-03 2002-03 till date widening Trade Deficit.
- 13. Management of India’s Balance of Payments •Import Reduction •Export Promotion •Increase export s in services •Increasing Efficiency •Encourage tourist traffic •FDI •Effective implementation of FEMA 2000 ***