Pushpa Jharia # Relationship of the Herbicide with Tillage, Fertilizer and Irrigation ppt.
1. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HERBICIDE WITH
TILLAGE , FERTILIZER AND IRRIGATION
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya , Jabalpur (M.P.)
Presented by
Pushpa Jharia
Ph.D Scholar
2. HERBICIDE
Herbicide, an agent, usually chemical for killing or inhibiting the
growth of unwanted plants, such as residential or agricultural
weeds and invasive species. A great advantage of chemical
herbicides over mechanical weed control is the ease of
application, which often saves on the cost of labour. Most
herbicides are considered nontoxic to animals and humans, but
they can cause substantial mortality of nontarget plants and the
insects that depend on them, especially when applied aerially.
4. TILLAGE
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical
agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and
overturning. Examples of human powered tilling methods using
hand tool include shoveling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and
raking. Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work
include ploughing (overturning with moldboards or chiseling
with chisel shanks), rototilling, rolling with cultipackers or
other rollers, harrowing, and cultivating with cultivator shanks
(teeth).
6. RELATION OF HERBICIDE WITH TILLAGE
• Herbicide-soil interactions in reduced tillage and plant residue
management systems fit into a sustainable agricultural framework.
• Herbicides allow us to maintain a protective cover on top of the soil,
protecting the soil from erosion, and maintaining the soil structure and
microbial habitat. Tillage destroys all these.
• If protecting the soil is the first requirement for sustaining agricultural
production, then clearly tillage is not our first choice if other, less
damaging tools, like herbicides, are available. The tradeoffs between
herbicide use and tillage favor herbicides.
7. • One aspect can be incorporated into many existing farming systems is
plant residue management (e.g., reduced tillage, cover crops).
• Many Tillage and residue management systems are designed to
enhance accumulation of plant residue at the soil surface.
• The plant residue covering the soil surface provides many benefits,
including protection from soil erosion, soil moisture conservation by
acting as a barrier against evaporation, improved soil tilth, and inhibition
of weed emergence.
• The residues maintained by use of herbicides can decrease the effects
of herbicides on earthworms.
8. • For soft targets like earthworms, tillage implements are the
multifunctional appliances of the farm field, slicing, dicing, and blending.
Depending on the appliance settings, tillage can kill up to 80% of the
earthworms in a field.Glyphosate in contrast, does not affect many worms
at all, but has been found to cause specific types of earthworms to lose
weight.
• The physical effects of tillage are evident. Aggregates are disrupted, soil
structure is broken down, crop residues are buried, and the soil is left
unprotected. Tillage can even make the effects of pesticides worse,
“enhanced contact between pesticides and nitrifying microorganisms in
ploughed soil increased the potential for the ecotoxicological effect”
9. RELATIONSHIP OF HERBICIDE WITH
FERTILIZER
• Knowledge on the interactions of herbicide and fertilizer can be helpful in the
formulation and adoption of a sound and effective plant protection programme.
• Simultaneous or sequential application of herbicides and fertilizers is followed in a
single cropping season. These chemicals may undergo a change in physical and
chemical characters, which could lead to enhancement or reduction in the efficacy
of one or more compounds. The interaction effects seen much later in the growing
season or in the next season due to build-up of persistent chemicals or their
residues in the soil.
• It can also help to exploit the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between
various pesticides for an effective eradication of weed and other pest problems.
When two or more chemicals accumulate in the plant, they may interact and bring
out responses.
10. RESPONSES ARE CLASSIFIED AS ADDITIVE, SYNERGISTIC,
ANTAGONISTIC, INDEPENDENT AND ENHANCEMENT EFFECTS
(I) Additive effect: It is the total effect of a combination, which is equal to the sum of the effects of the
components taken independently.
•
(ii) Synergistic effect: The total effect of a combination is greater or more prolonged than the sum of the
effects of the two taken independently e.g. The mixture of 2,4-D and Chlorropham is synergistic on monocot
species generally resistant to 2,4-D. Similarly, low rates of 2,4-D and Picloram have synergistic response on
Convolvulus arvensis. Atrazine and Alachlor combination, which shows synergism is widely used for an
effective control in corn.
•
(iii) Antagonistic effect: The total effect of a combination is smaller than the effect of the most active
component applied alone e.g. Combination of EPTC with 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T or dicamba have antagonistic
responses in sorghum and giant foxtail. Similarly, chlorpropham and 2,4-D have antagonism. When simazine
or atrazine is added to glyphosate solution and sprayed the glyphosate activity is reduced. This is due to the
physical binding within the spray solution rather than from biological interactions within the plant.
11. (iv) Independent effect: The total effect of a combination is equal to the
effect of the most active component applied alone.
(v) Enhancement effect: The effect of a herbicide and non-toxic adjuvant
applied in combination on a plant is said to have an enhancement effect
if the response is greater than that obtained when the herbicide is used
at the same rates without the adjuvant e.g. Mixing Ammonium sulphate
with Glyphosate.
12. IRRIGATION
Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to
plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural
crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry
areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation
also has other uses in crop production, including frost
protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and
preventing soil consolidation.
14. RELATIONSHIP OF HERBICIDE WITH IRRIGATION
• Irrigation can greatly improve herbicide performance in dry soil conditions.
• Applying herbicides in irrigation water systems control weeds selectively in
crops. The greatest use of this technology has been with sprinkler irrigation
systems, especially centre-pivots. Certain herbicides are also effective when
applied through gravity flow irrigation systems, although uneven herbicide
distribution and the potential for downstream contamination has limited the use
of the technology in these systems.
• If irrigation available consider applying water to improve herbicide performance,
when the lack of rainfall threatens to cause poor herbicide performance. Most
farmers appreciate a nice rainfall the night after they finish applying soil-applied
(pre-emergence) herbicides.
15. • In drought conditions irrigating fields prior to post emergence weed
control applications can often improve performance. Glyphosate
based herbicide labels often include wordage “apply to only actively
growing weeds.” Drought stressed weeds have difficulty absorbing
and translocating the active ingredient where it is needed to kill the
plant.
• The economics of using irrigation to help incorporate soil applied
herbicides are potentially good. Most Indiana and Michigan farmer’s
cost to irrigate with one inch of water is between $1.50 and $8.00 per
acre. A post emergence rescue weed control program will often cost
toward $10 per acre and the additional application cost is often
greater than the cost of applying an inch of water.
16. CONCLUSION
1.The technologies of Conservation of Agriculture provide opportunities to reduce
the cost of production, save water and nutrients, increase yields, increase
crop diversification, improve efficient use of resources, and benefit the
environment. It is need to develop the policy frame and strategies is urgent to
promote Conservation Agriculture and analyses the constraints, prospects, policy
issues and research needs for conservation agriculture in India.
2.Herbicides have been found to interact with fertilizers in fields e.g., fast growing
weeds that are getting ample nitrogen show great susceptibility to 2,4-D,
glyphosate than slow growing weeds on poor fertility lands. The activity of
glyphosate is increased when ammonium sulphate is tank mixed. Nitrogen
invigorate the meristematic activity in crops so much that they susceptible to
herbicides. High rates of atrazine are more toxic to maize and sorghum when
applied with high rates of phosphorus.
17. 3. Soil applied herbicides fail when there is a dry spell of 10-15 days after their application.
Pre-emergence herbicides may be lost by photo-decomposition, volatilization and wind
blowing while some amount of water is desirable to activate the soil applied herbicides,
excess of it may leach the herbicide to the crop seed and root zone. This may injure the
crops and on other side, results in poor weed control. Heavy showers may wash down
herbicides from the foliage.
4. Continuous wet weather may induce herbicide injury in certain crops by turning them
highly succulent e.g. Maize plants are normally tolerant to Atrazine but they become
susceptible in wet weather, particularly when air temperature is low. Extra succulence has
been found to increase atrazine absorption and low temperature decreases its metabolism
inside the plants. Quality of water used may also determine herbicide action. Dusty water
reduces action of paraquat. Calcium chloride rich water reduces glyphoste phytotoxicity.
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