The document discusses how power quality and electrical loads have changed over time, moving from mostly linear loads to mostly non-linear loads after 1980. Non-linear loads like computers produce harmonics which can overload equipment and waste energy. Upgrading to energy efficient harmonic mitigating transformers can provide significant energy savings over standard transformers by reducing losses from harmonics. Implementing a transformer upgrade program involves identifying existing equipment, quantifying savings opportunities, and showing the cost savings over the life of the new transformers.

1. Power Quality University Presents… Energy Savings

3. 1882 AC Power Invented Milestones in the History of AC Power Distribution and Power Quality POWER DISTRIBUTION TIME LINE 1880 The Electric Light bulb 1888 AC Power,AC Motor, Transformer Patented PCs and Electronics Begin to Proliferate Air Conditioning Almost 100% Electronic Loads 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

4. The Mix of Linear to Non-Linear Loads Shifted Suddenly After 1980 POWER DISTRIBUTION TIME LINE ALL LINEAR MOSTLY NON-LINEAR 1880 1980 PRESENT 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

7. Electronic loads are different

12. What are Harmonics -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Personal Computer Profile Fundamental 3 rd @180cps 5 th @300cps 7 th @ 420 cps Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency that when added to the fundamental component regenerate the original waveform Computer’s Pulse (in green) can be represented by the sum of fundamental (60Hz), 3 rd , 5 th , 7 th , … harmonics.

13. Single-Phase Harmonic Spectrum Mostly 3 rd , 5 th & 7 th Electronic loads

19. IEEE-519: Voltage Quality at the Load Matters

20. Operating cost (transformer losses) are ignored, yet offer by far the largest opportunity for savings First Cost is only 4% of Total Ownership cost How much does your transformer cost Calculator

21. Delivers best voltage quality to connected equipment Improves voltage quality to connected equipment Better Power Quality Efficiency Harmonic Canceling Energy Efficient EE/HMT Energy Efficient EE (CSL3) Not UL Listed to feed load with load >5% current distortion (ANY mix of electronic equipment) TP-1/ Energy Star Harmonic Canceling HMT Standard UL Listed to survive when feeding electronic equipment Survival UL Issue Power Quality Power Quality & Efficiency Matrix K-Rated

24. Typical Transformer Heat Losses 30 kW In 27 kW Out heat loss: 3 kW cost per year: $2102.40 * $ $ $ $ POWER POWER 10% loss *75 Kva Conventional Transformer 50% Loaded, 0.8 PF Non-linear Load 90% efficient 8 cents per KWhr

25. K-Rated Transformer Heat Loss 29.4 kW In 27 kW Out 2.4 kW heat loss cost per year: $1681.92 * $ $ $ $ POWER POWER 8% loss *75 Kva K rated Transformer 50% Loaded, 0.8 PF Non-linear Load 92% efficient 8 cents per KWhr

27. Harmonic Cancellation Transformers Are More Efficient 27.4 kW In 27 kW Out *75 kVA EE/HMT 50% Loaded, 0.8 PF Non-linear Load 98.5% efficient 8 cents per KWhr POWER POWER 1.08% loss heat loss: 0.4 kW cost per year: $280.32 *

31. The Right Choice Savings K-Rated E-SAVER K rated compared to EE/HMT Annual Life Cycle Operating Cost & Savings Operating Cost 25 years 40 years $11,774 $294,350 $470,960 $1,962 $49,050 $78,480 $9,812 $245,300 $392,480

32. Payback K-Rated vs. EE/HMT Savings of $9,812.00 per year with Energy Efficient Harmonic Cancellation Transformers Original cost of K-Rated Transformers is: $5000.00 each times 7 units is $35,000.00. Original cost of Energy Efficient Harmonic Cancellation Transformers is: $8000.00 each times 7 units is $56,000.00. Difference in price between of K-Rated and EE: $56,000.00 - $35,000.00 = $21,000.00. 1 st Payback in 2.14 years: $21,000.00 ÷ $9,812.00 = 2.14

33. The Right Choice Savings Conv. E-SAVER Todays Standard xformer compared to EE/HMT Annual Life Cycle Operating Cost & Savings Operating Cost 25 years 40 years $14,716 $367,900 $588,640 $1,962 $49,050 $78,480 $12,754 $318,850 $510,160

34. Payback Conv. Vs. EE/HMT Savings of $12,754.00 per year with Energy Efficient Harmonic Cancellation Transformers Original cost of Conventional Transformers is: $3000.00 Each times 7 units is $21,000.00. Original cost of Energy Efficient Harmonic Cancellation Transformers is: $8000.00 each times 7 units is $56,000.00. Difference in price between of K-Rated and EE: $56,000.00 - $21,000.00 = $35,000.00. Payback in 2.74 years: $35,000.00 ÷ $12,754.00 = 2.75

35. Electronic Load Loss Multiplier Reference: IEEE-1100 Standard “The Emerald Book” Example: Load mix of 50% Electronics, 50% linear => 50% derating = 2.0 loss multiplier

36. Efficiency Curve for Typical 75kVA K-rated UL listed transformer under IDEAL LINEAR LOAD (Published mfg data)

37. The SAME Efficiency Curve for Typical 75kVA K-rated UL listed transformer under Non-Linear (Harmonic) load (published-???) Significant drop In efficiency (“No”)

41. How do I implement a transformer savings program? EE HMT Transformer Energy Worksheet Copyright: MAXWARE 2008 Do not duplicate Transformer Number of You must input information in this colored area KVA Sizes Transformer(s) 15 0 30 0 Useful Life of Transformers 45 15 20 Years of expected Service or Amortization 75 0 112.5 15 150 0 225 0 300 0 500 0 2362.5 Total KVA 0.95 System Power Factor 2244.375 System KW 50% Peak Load 25% Off Peak load 10 Peak load Hours per Day 14 Off Peak load Hours per Day 365 Operating Days per Year 6,963,173 System kWh Per Year $ 0.03 kWh Charge $ 10.00 kWh Demand Charge $ 343,557.70 Actual Cost to Run Load Per Year 90.0% Efficiency of Standard TP1 Transformer(s) 98.3% Efficiency of EE HMT Transformer(s) 112.2 Standard TP1 Transformer kW Heat loss at Peak Load 56.1 Standard TP1 Transformer kW Heat loss at Off Peak Load $ 34,355.77 Cost per year due to heat losses on standard TP1 Transformer(s) $ 377,913.47 Total Electric Bill with Standard TP1 Transformer(s) 90.0% Efficient 19.1 EE HMT Transformer kW Heat loss at Peak Load 9.5 EE HMT Transformer kW Heat loss at Off Peak Load $ 5,840.48 Cost per year due to heat losses on EE HMT Transformer(s) $ 349,398.18 Total Electric Bill with EE HMT Transformer(s) $ 28,515.29 Total Electric Bill savings per Year with EE HMT Transformers 7.5 Percent Reduction per year $ 90,000.00 Cost of Standard TP1 Transformer(s) $ 232,000.00 Cost of EE HMT Transformer(s) 5.0 Year(s) payback for EE HMT Transformers 427 Tons of CO2 Reduction every year 1382 Tons of Coal Reduction every year 3344 kgs of SO2 Reduction every year 1440 kgs of Nox Reduction every year

42. How do I implement a transformer savings program? First cost vs. Total cost New Facility

43. How do I implement a transformer savings program? EE HMT Transformer Energy Worksheet Copyright: MAXWARE 2008 Do not duplicate Transformer Number of You must input information in this colored area KVA Sizes Transformer(s) 15 0 30 0 Useful Life of Transformers 45 15 20 Years of expected Service or Amortization 75 0 112.5 15 150 0 225 0 300 0 500 0 2362.5 Total KVA 0.95 System Power Factor 2244.375 System KW 50% Peak Load 25% Off Peak load 10 Peak load Hours per Day 14 Off Peak load Hours per Day 365 Operating Days per Year 6,963,173 System kWh Per Year $ 0.03 kWh Charge $ 10.00 kWh Demand Charge $ 343,557.70 Actual Cost to Run Load Per Year 90.0% Efficiency of Standard TP1 Transformer(s) 98.3% Efficiency of EE HMT Transformer(s) 112.2 Standard TP1 Transformer kW Heat loss at Peak Load 56.1 Standard TP1 Transformer kW Heat loss at Off Peak Load $ 34,355.77 Cost per year due to heat losses on standard TP1 Transformer(s) $ 377,913.47 Total Electric Bill with Standard TP1 Transformer(s) 90.0% Efficient 19.1 EE HMT Transformer kW Heat loss at Peak Load 9.5 EE HMT Transformer kW Heat loss at Off Peak Load $ 5,840.48 Cost per year due to heat losses on EE HMT Transformer(s) $ 349,398.18 Total Electric Bill with EE HMT Transformer(s) $ 28,515.29 Total Electric Bill savings per Year with EE HMT Transformers 7.5 Percent Reduction per year $ 90,000.00 Cost of Standard TP1 Transformer(s) $ 232,000.00 Cost of EE HMT Transformer(s) 5.0 Year(s) payback for EE HMT Transformers 427 Tons of CO2 Reduction every year 1382 Tons of Coal Reduction every year 3344 kgs of SO2 Reduction every year 1440 kgs of Nox Reduction every year

46. Energy Efficient Harmonic Cancellation is Different B C A N B C A N Standard Wye Secondary Harmonic Cancellation Secondary

47. Harmonics and energy losses with motors Source: AllAboutCircuits.com

48. Harmonics and energy losses with motors Source: AllAboutCircuits.com

49. Harmonics and energy losses with motors “… the life span of the motor will be shortened by half if the overheating is increase by 8°C, 10°C, and 12°C for the insulation classes E, B, and F respectively.” IEEE Document 0-7803-4509-6/98 Effects of Voltage Harmonics on the Electrical and Mechanical Performance of a Three-Phase Induction Motor Harmonic # Increase in Operational Temperature 3 rd Alone 3.5 °C 5 th Alone 5 °C 9 th Alone 3.8 °C

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51. PFC Demo

52. I 2 losses calculator I squared losses Copyright: MAXWARE 2008 Do not duplicate User Input Data Calculated by program 21 amps Input Full Load Amps of your motor 480 volts Input Voltage of your motor 17 kW Wattage developed by the motor in kW 1 cond. Input number of parallel conductors used to wire motor 0.000739 ohms/ft Ohms per foot of conductor used to wire motor (sheet 3) 25 ft Input length of conductor(s) used to wire motor 0.018475 ohms Total Ohms of conductor(s) used to wire motor 10 % Input % reduction expected from PFC installation (sheet 2) 2.1 amps Motor Circuit Amperage after PFC installation 0.006599455 kW I Squared losses of conductor supplying motor 8 cents/kWh Input utility rate in cents per kW hour $ 0.0005 Dollars I squared losses per hour in dollars $ 0.0127 Dollars I squared losses per day in dollars $ 4.62 Dollars I squared losses per year in dollars This assumes the motor is running at full load 24 hours a day 365 days a year.

53. What doesn’t save you energy? Super fantastic, all new, state of the art, super GREEN, politically correct, Energy Saving, Surge Suppression Device!

54. Test Circuit Circuit Breaker Panelboard Utility Feed SPD Switch

55. kWH usage Week 1 Week 2

56. Actual Load profile Week 1 Week 2

57. How much does this 400 amp switch cost per year?

58. How much does this 400 amp switch cost per year? You Must Monitor ! KWH Cost Sterling 1 7/6/2010 480 Voltage 400 Amperage 192000 Watts $ 0.080 Cost per KWH 192 1 Phase KWH 332.16 3 Phase KWH $ 15.360 1 Phase cost per hour $ 26.573 3 Phase cost per hour $ 368.640 1 Phase cost per day $ 637.747 3 Phase cost per day (24 Hours) $ 134,553.60 1 Phase cost per year $ 232,777.73 3 Phase cost per year (365 Days)

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64. 21 st Century Data Center- Cooling

65. Data Center PUE P ower U sage E ffectiveness PUE = Total Facility Power IT Power only Total power into Facility IT Power Non-IT Power

66. Data Center PUE Data center PUE