This presentation is intended for the Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) strand of the Academic Track. The subject is Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Topics included are: Roles and Functions of Communicators and Journalists; Area of Specialization: Code of Conduct; and, Levels and Elements of Communication. With special credit to Rex Bookstore.

1. THE DISCIPLINE OF
COMMUNICATION

2. The Discipline of Communication
•Deals with how humans use verbal
and non-verbal messages to create
meaning in various context.
•Provides us with understanding of
how we construct the world of
meanings and be able to both send
and receive the same.

3. COMMUNICATION
•A transactional process in which people generate meaning
through the exchange of verbal messages in specific
contexts, influenced by individual and societal forces and
embedded in culture. – Alberts, Nakayama, and Martin
(2007)
Provider of patterns and
perceptions, values, and
behaviors that a group
transmits and shares heritage.
Tends to be culturally defined
so much that the individual is
made to discern from the
given options available to
society.

4. •The process that bond human together
are founded in communication.
•It constitute both construction of
meaning and the exchange of meaning.

5. SIMPLY PUT, WHEN TWO OR MORE PERSONS
INTERACT, COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE IS
CREATED AND A SYSTEM OF RELATIONSHIPS IS
FORMED WITHIN A CULTURAL CONTEXT.

6. CONTEXT IN
COMMUNICATION
- GIVES MEANING TO THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- “FRAME OF REFERENCE”

7. “FRAME OF REFERENCE”
- IS A LENS THROUGH WHICH REALITY IS PERCIEVED AND FILTERED TO CREATE
MEANING OR A STANDPOINT FORMED THROUGH A COMPLEX SET OF CRITERIA
OR ASSUMED VALUES AGAINST WHICH MEASUREMENTS, UNDERSTANDING, OR
JUDGMENTS ARE MADE.

8. 6 FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
1.PSYCHOLOGICAL FRAME OF
REFERENCE
- A SET OF PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE
ONE’S MENTAL SCHEMA.

9. 6 FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
2. CULTURAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
- A SET OF PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE
ONE’S CULTURAL BIAS.

10. 6 FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
3. SOCIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
- A SET OF PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE
ONE’S SOCIAL BIAS.

11. 6 FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
4. SPATIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
- A SET OF EGOCENTRIC EXPERIENCE,
ENVIRONMENT, AND GEOGRAPHICAL
PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE ONE’S
INTERPRETATION OF REALITY.

12. 6 FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
5. TEMPORAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
- A SET OF TRANSIENT PARAMETERS,
SUCH AS SPACE AND A RANGE OF
EXPERIENCE TYPES THAT UNDERLIE
IMMEDIATE REPRESENTATIONS, WHICH
DEFINE ONE’S INTERPRETATION OF REALITY.

13. 6 FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
6. HISTORICAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
- A SET OF PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE
ONE’S HISTORICAL BIAS.

14. •THE MEANING WE MAKE OF FACTS ARE
DETERMINED MORE BY OUR FRAME OF
REFERENCE THAN BY THE FACTS
THEMSELVES.
•ALL MEANINGS ARE GENERATED AND
CONSTRAINED BY THE FRAMES OF
REFERENCE.

15. BASIC ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION

16. SENDER RECEIVER
•THE SENDER AND THE RECEIVER GET INVOLVED IN
COMMUNICATION BECAUSE THEY HAVE IDEAS AND
FEELINGS TO SHARE.
•IS NOT ALWAYS ONE-WAY OR TURN-TAKING
PROCESS. MOSTLY, PEOPLE ARE SENDERS AND
RECEIVERS AT THE SAME TIME.
•THEY ARE PARTICIPANTS IN A COMMUNICATION.

17. MESSAGE
•IS MADE UP OF IDEAS AND FEELINGS THAT THE
SENDERS/RECEIVERS WANT TO SHARE.
•REPRESENTED BY SYMBOLS:
•VERBAL (ARE ALL WORDS IN A LANGUAGE)
•NON-VERBAL (FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES,
POSTURE, COLORS, VOCAL TONES, APPEARANCE, ETC.)

18. CHANNELS
•ARE ROUTES TRAVELED BY A MESSAGE AS IT GOES
BETWEEN THE SENDERS/RECEIVERS.
•EXAMPLES:
• SOUND & SIGHT
• SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES
• RADIO, RECORDS, TELEVISION, NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, ETC
(MASS MEDIA)

19. FEEDBACK
•A RESPONSE OF THE RECEIVER TO THE SENDER AND
VICE-VERSA.

20. NOISE
• KEEPS A MESSAGE FROM BEING UNDERSTOOD OR ACCURATELY
INTERPRETED.
• MAY BE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL
• INTERNAL – OCCURS IN THE MIND OF THE SENDERS AND THE
RECEIVERS SUCH AS PRIOR EXPERIENCES, ABSENT-MINDEDNESS, AND
ETC.
• EXTERNAL – ANY NOISE THAT COMES FROM THE ENVIRONMENT THAT
KEEPS THE MESSAGE FROM BEING HEARD OR MUNDERSTOOD.
• SEMANTIC NOISE – IS A FORM OF INTERNAL NOISE CAUSED BY
PEOPLE’S EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO WORDS SUCH AS REACTIONS TO
ETHNIC OR SEXIST REMARKS.

21. SETTING
• IS ESSENTIALLY THE CONTEXT WHERE COMMUNICATION
OCCURS.
• IT MAY BE A VENUE, FORMAL OR INFORMAL SEATING
ARRANGEMENTS, ATTIRE, USE OF SOUND SYSTEM.

22. WHO SENDER
WHAT MESSAGE
HOW CHANNELS
WHY
WHERE THE CONTEXT
INFLUENCE, IMPACT, WORLD
VIEW

23. LEVELS OF
COMMUNICATION

24. COMMUNICATION
INTERACTION
INTER:
RECIPROCITY
+ ACTION
RECIPROCALLY INFLUENCING OR AFFECTING
EACH OTHER OR ONE ANOTHER

25. INTRAPERSONAL
•COMMUNICATION THAT OCCURS WITHIN US.
•SUCH AS…
•FEELINGS
•THOUGHTS
•THE WAY WE LOOK AT OURSELVES

26. INTERPERSONAL
•COMMUNICATION THAT OCCURS ON ONE-ON-
ONE BASIS USUALLY IN AN INFORMAL,
UNSTRUCTURED SETTING IS INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION.
•MESSAGES CONSIST OF VERBAL & NON-VERBAL
SYMBOLS. CHANNELS ARE SIGHT AND SOUND.

27. INTERCULTURAL
•THIS IS AN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
THAT OCCURS BETWEEN OR AMOING MEMBERS
OF DIFFERENT CULTURES OR PEOPLE WHO ARE
ENCULTURATED DIFFERENTLY.

28. INTERVIEWING
•MAKES USE OF SERIES OF QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS USUALLY INVOLVING TWO PEOPLE OR
GROUPS.

29. SMALL GROUP
•OCCURS WHEN A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE
MEETS TO SOLVE A PROBLEM.
•THERE IS COOPERATIVE THINKING;
•THERE IS A SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
•MORE COMPLICATED THAN INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION.

30. MASS COMMUNICATION
•THE SENDER-RECEIVER (SPEAKER) SENDS A
MESSAGE (SPEECH) TO AN AUDIENCE IN A
HIGHLY STRUCTURED MANNER.
•ADDITIONAL VISUALS MAY BE USED.

31. •SCAN YOUR SCHOOL SORROUNDINGS AND NOTE
THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
OCCURING IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS. DESCRIBE
YOUR OBSERVATIONS AND NOTE THE SPECIFIC
ELEMENTS INVOLVED.
GROUP ACTIVITY

32. LEVEL OF COMMUNICATION:
SETTINGS:
ELEMENTS:

33. Defining the Roles, Functions,
and Competences of
Communicators and Journalist

34. ROLES
•To make available information
and evidence to inform the public
about issue that matter to them
in the most neutral way.

35. FUNCTIONS
•To collect and document
information, facts and opinions, and
present them for public analysis and
deepening to the root of reality.
•Service of truth.
•Provide information that are critical
to public life and well-being.

36. COMPETENCIES
•Along with their delivery of
roles and functions:
•Listening and reading are data –
and information – gathering
skills necessary for accurate
writing and speaking. tools

37. AREA OF
SPECIALIZATION

46. The answer:
1. theatre
2. Communication Education
3. Performing art
4. News anchoring

47. CODE OF ETHICS OF
COMMUNICATORS AND
JOURNALISTS

48. Communicators and journalists have codes of ethics and
professional standards based on self-regulation. The
general rule is RESPECT FOR TRUTHFULNESS AND
RESPECT FOR PEOPLE’S RIGHTS. (UNESCO) considers the
code of ethics as being at the heart of good
communication and journalism for it fosters professional
self-censorship among professionals in the industry.
With the code of ethics, journalist are served; publishers
and owners of media outlets are protected against legal
claims and critics.

49. The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) provides a
sample of a code of ethics in 1936.
NUJ Code of Conduct
The NUJ’s Code of conduct has set out the main
principles of British and Irish journalism since 1936. The
code is part of the rules and all journalists joining the
union must sign that they will strive to adhere to it.
Members of the National Union of Journalists are
expected to abide by the following professional
principles:

50. A JOURNALIST:
At all times upholds and defends the
principle of media freedom, the right of
freedom of expression and the right of
the public to be informed.
Strives to ensure that information
disseminated is honestly conveyed, accurate,
and fair
Does his/her utmost to correct harmful
inaccuracies
Differentiates between fact and opinion

51. The NUJ believes a journalist has the right to
refuse an assignment or be identified as the
author of editorial that would break the letter or
spirit of the code.
The United Nations, Parliamentary Assembly
issued Resolution 428 (1970), containing a
declaration on mass communication media and
human rights.

52. GOD Bless!!!