1. What are Labor Unions and why did they
develop?

2.  Pullman Strike
◦ Strike by railway
workers
◦ President Grover
Cleveland sends in
troops to break strike
◦ Proved that
government favored
business over labor
 Haymarket Square
Riot
◦ Labor rally in Chicago
◦ Ended with a bomb
blast and riot leaving
many dead (7 police
officers)
◦ Knights of Labor were
blamed for casualties

3.  Monopolies restricted
competition
 Abuse of natural
resources
 Corporate wealth &
power increased
 Social Darwinism
 60 hour week
 Unsafe, unhealthy
conditions
 No guarantees – little
job security
 Low wages
 Women & children
made even less

4.  Industries unrestrained
 Courts failed to support fair standards
 Laissez-faire

5.  FARMERS PROTESTS
 THE IMPORTANCE OF A THIRD POLITICAL
PARTY
 Increased circulation of money
 unlimited minting of silver
 progressive income tax
 government ownership of national communication
and transportation

6.  Tax on imported goods-
◦ discourages buying foreign goods and
promotes domestic industry
 farmers hurt
◦ raised prices of manufactured goods
◦ reduced international market for
American farm products

7. The Grange
◦ farmers formed
cooperatives
◦ common political
causes
◦ social outlet
Farmers Alliance
◦ Federal regulation
of railroads
◦ more money in
circulation
◦ women played a
major role

8.  Protect Social Welfare
 Promote Moral Improvement
 Reform corruption in government
 Create economic reform

9.  Journalists & writers
 Artist & photographers
 Investigated & exposed corruption & injustices

11.  Pure Food & Drug Act
 Meat Inspection Act
 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

12.  Jacob Riis
 Social Gospel
 Building codes
◦ Better lighting
◦ Better ventilated
◦ More sanitary

14.  Settlement houses
 Education, child care, social activities,
 Help finding jobs
 Hull House – Chicago – Jane Addams

15.  Political machines and bosses
controlled local governments
 These bosses earned votes by doing
favors for people
 Often these bosses accepted bribes
and kickbacks

17.  William M. Tweed
controlled the New York
City police, courts and
newspapers
 Accepted millions of
dollars in bribes and
kickbacks
 Went to jail in 1872

18.  The practice of appointing people to public
office on the basis of a personal
relationship, rather than merits.
 Pendleton Act - created the Civil Service
Commission
◦ Created an exam for Federal jobs

19.  Wisconsin Idea- direct primary elections
 Seventeenth Amendment- direct election of
Senators
 Oregon System
◦ initiative- voters could place issue on ballot
◦ referendum- voters could accept or reject laws
◦ recall- chance to remove unsatisfactory elected
officials

20.  1902 United Mine Workers Strike
◦ Teddy Roosevelt insisted that mine owners
negotiate with union
 1906 Hepburn Act-
◦ government regulates railroad rates
 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act -
◦ regulates food industry

21.  1890 SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
 By 1909 the government had filed 42
antitrust actions
 Beef trust, Standard Oil and American
Tobacco Industry broken up or
reorganized

22.  “SQUARE DEAL”- helps Unions
 TRUSTBUSTER- attempted to break
up 42 different trusts
 CONSERVATIONIST- set aside 200
million acres for conservation

23. Teddy Roosevelt returns
◦tariff reduction
◦women’s suffrage
◦regulation of business
◦end child labor
◦eight hour work day
◦workers compensation
◦direct election of Senators – 17th
Amendment