R. Klingbeil, 2016. Dialogue between Science and Policy: Water in the MENA Region

Dialogue between Science and
Policy: Water in the MENA Region
Dr. Ralf Klingbeil
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
Hannover
Presentation at the
Colloquium of the UFZ IP Water Scarcity
Leipzig, 20 May 2016

Arab & World Water Day, 03 & 20 Mar 2015,
Falaj Al-Khatmeen and Falaj Dares, Oman
20 May 2016 UFZ IP Water Scarcity, ColloquiumSlide 2

Opening Quotes
• “Arabs are already in the heart of the water catastrophe.”
• “Any delay in a serious response to the water challenge corresponds
to mass suicide. The water apocalypse is knocking on Arab doors,
right now.”
Najib Saab, Secretary General
Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED)
12 June 2010

World Economic Forum 2016
Global Risks of Highest Concern 2016
Credit: Nicholas Clive Marcroft
Let’s talk about water …

Overview
• Many dimensions of water
• Governance - Demographics - Food - Energy - Water - Land
• Regional Conditions
• Water Resources and Uses
• Water and Social Justice
• Transboundary Water and Cooperation
• Networks for Cooperation
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators

MENA / Arab Region
UN ESCWA
www.unescwa.org
• 18 ESCWA
member states
• 22 Arab countries
• Sub-regions
• Maghreb
• Mashreq
• GCC
• … plus

Water Resources
in MENA Region
• Situation
• Utilization
• Perspectives
Inamo,20001.

Water Resources - MENA Region
Many Dimensions of Water
Governance
Demographics
Food
Water
& Land
Energy

Regional Water Overview - Water Availability and Demand
Actual Renewable Freshwater Resources
per Capita by Region
FAOAQUASTATdata1998-2002,WB2007.

Percent of Total Renewable Water
Resources Withdrawn, by Region
FAOAQUASTATdata1998-2002,WB2007.

Total Renewable Water per Person
ESCWA,2009.
Extreme Water Scarcity
Water Scarcity
Water Stress

Sources of Water … differ per Country
ICBA,Barghouti,2009.

World Economic Forum 2016
Global Risks of Highest Concern 2016
WEF,2016.Whatarethetopglobalrisksfor2016?
14Jan2016,www.wef.ch/risks2016.

1 in 3 Companies Constrained by Corruption, MENA: 1 in 2
The World Bank
Companies Constraint by Corruption
TheWorldBank,2016.EnterpriseSurveys,
www.enterprisesurveys.org.
Percent of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint
Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a water connection

Water Integrity Network WIN
Improving Water Integrity:
Transparency, Accountability and Participation
WaterIntegrityNetwork,2016.WaterIntegrityGlobalOutlook
2016(WIGO),www.waterintegritynetwork.net/wigo.

Water Integrity
Capacity Building Programme in MENA
http://watergovernance.org

Arab Science and Technology
“Arab world’s path to
progress goes through science”
• R&D as pert of GDP:
• Egypt: 0.4% / South Korea: 4.0%
• Researchers per million people:
• Arab region 371 / World 1,081,
• Sudan: 19, Bahrain: 50, Oman: 137, …, Egypt: 581 , Morocco: 864, Tunisia: 1,394
• Scientific and technical articles:
• Arab region: 1.3% of journal entries published
• Patent applications:
• Arab region: 0.1% at US Patent and Trademark Office (2013)
• Disconnect between businesses and R&D community
• Egypt: only 5% of R&D from private sector
• Women: University students: > 50%, researchers: only 37% of researchers
www.thearabweekly.com,04March2016

Water Scarcity
and Drought
• Country examples
• Impacts
• Scarcity of what?

Lebanon
Scarcity of Water … or ?
RightPhoto:http://ilndation-elaof.blogspot.com/2009/11/how-
to-make-bucket-margarita.html2,2009.

Lebanon
Groundwater Recharge:
Rain and Snow in Mountains
.

Lebanon
Where / How Does Recharge Take Place ?
PartlyfromMargane,BGR,2013.

Lebanon
Average precipitation
related to snow water equivalent for 2008 to 2012
MEW,UNDP,2014.AssessmentofGroundwaterResourcesof
Lebanon.

Lebanon 2014
Scarcity of Water …
bg:MEW,2014.NationalWaterConservationCampaign,
Lebanon,fg:TuTiempo.net,2016.
http://en.tutiempo.net/climate/ws-401000.html..
2003-2004
2007-2008
2013-2014

Lebanon
2014 drought year …
Groundwater, spring discharges affected
Margane,BGR,2014.

Lebanon
Research Questions on Recharge Mechanisms
• What are the exact recharge mechanisms for the most important
groundwater discharges, i.e. springs?
• Where, when and how much snow is necessary to sustain long term
average discharge in most important springs?

Iraq: Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
Displacement due to Drought - Water Needs 2008-2010
IOM,July2010.

Syria:
Scarcity of water - or scarcity of good governance?
Left:irinnews.org,2009.Syria’sdrought-affectedprovincesasof
Aug2009,right:Evans,J.P.,2009.21stCenturyClimateChange
intheMiddleEast.
• Displacement due to drought …
• … and inappropriate governance

Morocco: Proactive Responses for Drought
MEDROPLAN: Mediterranean Drought Preparedness and Mitigation
Planning
Ouassou,A.etal.,2007,Gabiña,D.,MEDROPLAN,2013.

Water and scarcity in the MENA Region
Three Levels of (Water) Scarcity
TheWorldBank,2007.MakingtheMostofScarcity.

Social and Inter-Generational
Justice and Water
• Access to water and sanitation in different countries in the region
• Access to water and sanitation in rural and urban areas
• Use of non-renewable (ground-)water

Access to Water and Sanitation
Inequalities Between Urban and Rural Areas
Inequalities Between Different Countries
UNESCWA,2014.SocialJusticeinthePoliciesofArabStates.
DiscussionPaper.UNESCWA,28thMinisterialSession,Tunis,
Tunisia,15-19Sep2014.E/ESCWA/28/8.
• Direct negative impacts esp. on women and children;
increasing gender-related social injustice in rural communities
0 20 40 60 80 100
Regional
Iraq
Morocco
Somalia
Yemen
Water
Urban
Rural
0 20 40 60 80 100
Regional
Djibouti
Mauretania
Morocco
Somalia
The Sudan
Yemen
Sanitation
Urban
Rural

Non-Renewable Groundwater
Challenges with “Sustainable Use”
After:Foster,S.etal.,2003.UtilizationofNon-Renewable
Groundwater.GW-Mate.
we are here, but
where are we going
next?
• Clear improvement
of human well-being
and livelihood
• An “exit strategy” as
the aquifer is
depleted
• Incorporation of
inter-generational
equity into its
development
• Balance between
short-term benefits
and long-term costs

UN ESCWA 28th Ministerial Session, 15-19 Sep 2014
Tunis Declaration on
Social Justice in the Arab Region
3. We note with extreme concern the daunting challenges that the Arab
region is facing in all aspects of human development. We affirm the
importance of addressing threats to social cohesion and combating
water scarcity, food and water insecurity, environmental pollution,
climate change and the increasing debt of poor Arab countries, which
further impede efforts towards social justice and sustainable
development.
9. We recall the Commission’s resolution 304 (XXVII) of 10 May 2012 on the
role of participation and social justice in achieving sustainable
development, in which it encourages member States to intensify their
efforts to mainstream social justice into sustainable development
strategies and address the concerns of all social groups.
19. We stress the urgent need for policies to ensure the preservation and
management of increasingly scarce natural resources, in a manner that
respects the environment and guarantees intergenerational justice.
UNESCWA,2014.TunisDeclarationonSocialJusticeintheArab
RegionUNESCWA,28thMinisterialSession,Tunis,Tunisia,15-
19Sep2014

Water, ... Energy, Food and Inter-generational Justice
Today ! – Tomorrow ?
Woertz,E.,2013.OilforFood.

Future Options and
Opportunities
• Reuse of Water and Waste Water
• Managed Aquifer Recharge
• Water Efficiency
• Desalination

Technical approaches
Reuse of Water and (Treated) Waste Water
AlBaz,GIZ,2011.

Managed Aquifer Recharge
UNESCO,2005.

InternationalGroundwaterResourcesAssessmentCentre,2007,
www.un-igrac.organdUNESCO,2005.
Technology
AS(TR)
ASR
Spreading methods
infiltration ponds & basins
flooding
ditch, furrow, drains
irrigation
sand dams
channel spreading
Induced bank infiltration
Well, shaft and borehole
recharge
deep well injection
shallow well/ shaft/ pit infiltration
Sub type
Runoff harvesting
barriers and bunds
trenches
Techniquesreferringprimarilyto
gettingwaterinfiltrated
Techniquesreferring
primarilytointercepting
thewater
In-channel modifications
recharge dams
sub surface dams
Technology
AS(TR)
ASR
Spreading methods
infiltration ponds & basins
flooding
ditch, furrow, drains
irrigation
sand dams
channel spreading
Induced bank infiltration
Well, shaft and borehole
recharge
deep well injection
shallow well/ shaft/ pit infiltration
Sub type
Runoff harvesting
barriers and bunds
trenches
Techniquesreferringprimarilyto
gettingwaterinfiltrated
Techniquesreferring
primarilytointercepting
thewater
In-channel modifications
recharge dams
sub surface dams
• Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR):
• Aquifer Storage Transfer and
Recovery (ASTR):

Questions and chellenges
1. Technical and scientific issues:
• investing into hydrogeological
science, research,
• open dialogues between scientists
from different disciplines,
2. Socio-economic issues:
• cost-benefit analysis, assessment of
alternative scenarios,
• optimize complex multi-faceted
challenges,
• interaction b/w economists,
engineers, social and natural
scientists,
3. Legislative and regulatory issues:
• understanding legal frameworks,
regulatory approaches and needs,
4. Regional knowledge exchanges:
• dedicated MAR / ASR conferences,
• joint research programmes,
• technical exchange visits,
5. Mutli-sectoral advice to government
authorities:
• adequate technical, scientific and
socio-economic support,
• advisory bodies with senior experts
from different disciplines.

Agriculture
and Water
• Irrigated agriculture: Where and for what?
• Economic considerations
• Food losses and wastage

Agriculture Contributions to GDP
GDP Shares in MENA Region
ICBA,Barghouti,2009.

Water and food in the MENA Region
Irrigated Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
Wadi Al-Sirhan
Left:FAOAQUASTAT,2008.
1991
2000
2012

Water and food in the MENA Region
Irrigated Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
Left:WaterWatch,2006,right:GeoEconomica,2011.Saudi
Arabia’sFoodDiplomacy:SearchingforFertileGround.
• Left: Accumulated 30 yrs GW Abstractions, 1975-2004 per Region
• Right: Wheat: Production, Consumption, and Trade, 1983-2019

Water and food
Food Losses - Food Wastage: Water Losses
BCFN,2013.FoodWaste:Causes,ImpactsandProposals.

Water and food
Total Water Footprint, GB
BCFN,2013.FoodWaste:Causes,ImpactsandProposals.
X million m3

Water and food
MENA Region: Qatar
http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/qatar/240072-massive-amount-
of-food-wa
Qatar Statistics Authority (QSA):
“(...) more than half of the
municipal waste generated (...) contains
discarded food.”
The Peninsula, 05 Jun 2013

Transboundary Water
… and Cooperation
• Groundwater – surface water
• Legal instruments
• Data, information, research and cooperation

Challenges for Cooperation on Transboundary Water Resources
Shared Groundwater - Transboundary Aquifers
Klingbeil&Al-Hamdi,2010.
Historic and Prior Use
Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Groundwater
Differences between Recharge and
Use and Abstraction Areas
Spatial Extent of Surface and
Groundwater Catchments
Aquifer Management Units ≠
Entire Aquifer / Aquifer System

Shared Groundwater: Historic and Prior Use
Zeitoun,Messerschmid,Attili,2009.

Different Spatial Extend of
Surface and Groundwater Catchments
Klingbeil,2014.
km
2
MCM/y mm/y
Dan 17.60 228 12,954.55
Hasbani 698.00 122 174.79
Banias 189.00 113 597.88
Dan
Hasbani
Banias 189.00 113 597.88
Dan
Hasbani
Banias
511.83
489.10
904.60 463
715.60 350
km
2
MCM/y mm/y
Dan 17.60 228 12,954.55
Hasbani 698.00 122 174.79
Banias 189.00 113 597.88
Dan
Hasbani
Banias 189.00 113 597.88
Dan
Hasbani
Banias
511.83
489.10
904.60 463
715.60 350
Upper Jordan River
Spring Catchments

Common Basis for Cooperation
Common Language - Common Terminology
• What is an Aquifer?
• Permeable water-bearing formation
capable of yielding exploitable
quantities of water.
•‫جوفي‬ ‫خزان‬
•‫قابلة‬ ‫بكمية‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫للمياه‬ ‫حاوية‬ ‫طبقة‬‫لﻼستثمار‬.
• Groundwater
• Subsurface water occupying the
saturated area of soils or geological
formations.
•‫جوفية‬ ‫مياه‬
•‫المشبع‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫تشغل‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫مياه‬‫ة‬‫من‬
‫الجيولوجية‬ ‫التكوينات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التربة‬.

Common Basis for Cooperation
Legal Instruments: Global and Regional
1966 Helsinki
Rules
1997 UN Watercourse
Convention
...
2014 UNWC Entry
into Force
2008 UN GA
Law of TBAs
2011 1st UN
GA Review
2013 2nd UN
GA Review
2016 3rd UN
GA Review
1992 UN ECE
Water Convention
1999 Protocol on
Water and Health
2003 UN ECE
Amendment
1998 SADC Water
Protocol
2000 SADC Revised
Water Protocol
2000 EU
WFD
2006 EU
GW Dir
2010 AMWC Res
for Drafting AWC
Annual AMWC
Reviews

Shared Groundwater - Transboundary Aquifers - Transboundary Water Cooperation
Inventory of Shared Water Resources
in Western Asia
• A total of 22 shared aquifer systems
and 6 shared river basins were
identified.
• 9 chapters on shared surface waters
and 17 chapters on shared aquifer
systems, each following a standardized
structure and methodology.
• 624 pages of detailed information with
60 new maps and over 200 figures,
tables and boxes.
www.waterinventory.org

Inventory of Shared Water Resources
in Western Asia

Saq Ram Aquifer System (West)
Jordan - Saudi Arabia
Example:
Saq-Ram Aquifer System
(West) ‘Disi’ Aquifer
• approximate exploitability
• groundwater development

Saq Ram Aquifer System (West)
Jordan - Saudi Arabia

Water, energy and food in the MENA Region
Groundwater between Jordan and Saudi Arabia
UNESCWA,2016.
Energy for Water:
Saq-Ram Aquifer System
• Exploitable area,
• Irrigation areas,
• Energy use for
groundwater pumping

Trust Building and Dialogues
TBA Research Cooperation between
Kuwait and Neighbouring Countries

Kuwait and Neighbouring Countries
• Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KISR)
• Neogene Aquifer System (South-East):
Dibdibba - Kuwait Group, Dibdibba Delta
• Project proposal developed and Kuwait
approved funding

Oman and UAE
• Research cooperation between Sultan Qaboos University, Oman and
UAE University, UAE
• Organization:
• Joint Research Projects (more than 10 years),
• Fund is shared 50%/50%,
• Alternation of turns on hosting the projects,
• Agreements at the lower level after establishment of the program at
higher level
• Research objectives:
• Origin of shallow & deep groundwater along Oman - UAE border,
• Age structure of deep & shallow groundwater,
• Simulate groundwater flow in basin, construct water balance for basin,
estimate safe yields,
• Estimation of economic return from water uses for both parties sharing
the resource

Jordan River Basin Dialogue
• Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) request
to ESCWA
• Based on ESCWA - BGR Inventory of Shared
Water Resources in Western Asia (2013)
• UN ESCWA facilitated riparian dialogue
between Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine
• Addressed themes: Hydrology and
hydrogeology, historic development of
water use and options for further riparian
cooperation
• First meeting: Amman, April 2014

Opportunities for
Cooperation
Networks in the
Region
Networks
with the
Region
Networks
in
Germany

Opportunities for Cooperation:
Networks in and with the MENA Region
• AWARENET
• ACWUA
• AFED
• Arab G-Wadi
• WSTA - GCC
• MENA NWC
• GAMP
• IWRM
• REMENA
• Agya
• SWINDON / exceed II

AWARENET:
Arab Integrated
Water Resources
Management Network
• Capacity development
for sustainable water
management
• Part of Cap-Net UNDP
global network of networks
• Training courses
• Training of trainers
• Online courses using
Cap-Net Virtual Campus
• Thematic working groups
• ˃ 430 members,
inc. 100 institutions
• http://awarenet.info

AWARENET:
Arab Integrated
Water Resources
Management Network
• Water governance and water
integrity
• SIWI-led WI-MENA program
• Online courses
• Climate change and water
• RICCAR initiative
• Water footprint assessments
• Research collaboration
• http://awarenet.info

ACWUA:
Arab Countries Water
Utilities Association
• Exchange platform since 2009
• Water & Waste Water Utilities in
the Arab Region
• Certification
• Training
• Working Groups
• ˃ 100 u lity members
• 4th Arab Water Week:
Dead Sea, Jordan,
19-22 March 2017
• http://www.acwua.org

WSTA:
Water Sciences and
Technology Association
• GCC-based NGO
• Members from
six GCC countries
• Water sciences, technologies,
strengthening scientific ties
between GCC water
professionals
• 12th Gulf Water Conference:
Manama, Bahrain,
28-30 March 2017
• http://wstagcc.org
• http://gulfwaterconference.com

MENA NWC:
Middle East and North
Africa Network of Water
Centers of Excellence
• Initially USAID supported
• 23 Member Centers from
MENA countries
• Partners and affiliates from research
and private sector
• Thematic Areas:
• Water efficiency
and productivity
• Groundwater
• Non-conventional water
• Water / energy / food nexus
• Water supply and sanitation
• http://menanwc.org

MENA NWC:
Middle East and North
Africa Network of Water
Centers of Excellence
• Example of R&D cooperation
• High potential for R/D cooperation
with private sector
• Private sector involvement in R&D in
MENA still in infancy
• http://menanwc.org
• Radar probing of groundwater
in hyper-arid environments
• Combating emerging impacts
of harmful algae blooms on
desalination
• Drought monitoring
• Expanding access to sanitation
for unserved communities
• Using green nanoparticles as
biofouling-resistant agent in
RO desalination
• …

GAMP:
German-Arab
Master‘s Programmes
• Five German-Arab Master‘s
Programmes (GAMP)
• Main areas:
• Water management,
• Renewable energy,
• Education,
• Economic reforms und
• Urban development
• http://gamp-online.net

GAMP:
German-Arab
Master‘s Programmes
• 403 DAAD scholarships
• 287 Arab students
• 116 German students
• c. 100 self paying
• Already 338 finishers
• Students from 41 countries
• 46% women within DAAD
scholarschips
• > 90% students finishing
• Excellent job opportunities,
reintegration after degree:
• ˃ 70% within 6 months
• 80% within 12 months
• http://gamp-online.net

MSc IWRM MENA:
Integrated Water
Resource Management
• Institute for Technology and
Resources Management in the
Tropics and Subtropics (ITT),
University of Applied Sciences,
Cologne, Germany
• University of Jordan, Amman,
Jordan
• 2005-2014 BMZ supported
• 7 intakes
• 88 DAAD scholarships
• 36% women within DAAD
scholarships
• 102 alumni
• http://www.iwrm-master.info

agya:
Arab-German Young
Academy of Sciences
and Humanities
• Interdisciplinary research
• Transnational initiatives on
questions of education, science
and academic management
• Science and society
• Early career researchers in
academia and society
• Working group:
Energy, Water and Environment
• BMBF supported
• http://agya.info

Forward Looking:
The Next Years
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• 169 Targets, 231 Indicators

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Water connects and enables
• Water is essential, finite and
vulnerable
• Water is a driver for development
and enables:
• Health
• Nature
• Urbanization
• Industry
• Energy
• Food
• Equality
Cap-NetUNDPandUN-Water,2015.

17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
169 Targets, 231 Indicators
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org

One specific SDG for water and sanitation
6.1 … drinking water …
6.2 … sanitation and hygiene …
6.3 … water quality … untreated wastewater … recycling … reuse …
6.4 … water-use efficiency … sustainable withdrawals … water scarcity …
6.5 … integrated water resources management … transboundary cooperation …
6.6 … water-related ecosystems …
6.a … international cooperation … capacity-building …
6.b … participation of local communities …

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping
and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the
proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling
and safe reuse globally
6.3.1: Proportion of wastewater safely treated
6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality
Monitored by:
Global Expanded Water
Monitoring Initiative (GEMI) -
UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNICEF,
FAO, UNESCO, WHO, WMO
6.3

UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development
Centre @ University College Cork, Ireland
Key activities:
• Training needs assessment for water quality monitoring and capacity
development strategy for SSA and other regions;
• Training materials with GEMS/Water Regional Hubs, initially on the LAC Region;
• Workshops and expert advice on monitoring programme design and
implementation;
• Training courses on water quality
monitoring and assessment;
• “Training the trainers” programme /
blended learning;
• Guidebooks and handbooks.
https://www.ucc.ie/en/gemscdc
6.3

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them
sustainable, (…) greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound
technologies and industrial processes (…)
[No specific indicator for water-related activities]
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the
technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all
countries (…)
9.5.1: Research and development (R&D)
expenditure as a proportion of GDP
9.5.2: Researchers (in full-time equivalent)
per million inhabitants
9.4
9.5

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation
and revitalize the Global Partnership for SD
17.9Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted
capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to
implement all the SDGs, including through North-South, South-South and
triangular cooperation
17.9.1: Dollar value of financial and
technical assistance (…)
committed to developing
countries
17.9

Mapping of Stakeholders per Goal / Target /
Indicator: Example Country / Institution

Summary
• Many research questions and opportunities,
• Difficult regional framework conditions,
• Not easily conducive for “the usual” scientific cooperation
• Challenges to find research and cooperation partners … and funding
• Building partnerships through networks
• …
• What are the alternatives to investing more into R & D cooperation
with MENA region?

Dialogue between Science and
Policy: Water in the MENA Region
Dr. Ralf Klingbeil
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
www.bgr.bund.de
ralf.klingbeil@bgr.de , +49 511 643-3301

R. Klingbeil, 2016. Dialogue between Science and Policy: Water in the MENA Region

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R. Klingbeil, 2016. Dialogue between Science and Policy: Water in the MENA Region