6. Ancient Far East
Most commoners lived in one room mud huts
Forbidden City: Imperial Palace, Beijing
1200-1400 AD built/ rebuilt
1st Century AD stacked Pagoda
7. Early Southwest and South
American
Dwellings/Structures
Aztec Burial Pyramid 1100 AD
Mesa Verde, Colorado 1100 AD
10. American Architecture can fit
into four main categories
• Renaissance Revival -based on English, Italian, French and
Dutch Architectural Methods of the 14th+ Century
• Classical Revival -based on Greek and Roman Architecture
• Medieval Revival -based on Dark Ages/Medieval Architecture
• Modern -based on putting aside the past and looking toward the future
11. Renaissance Revival:
(Colonial 1607-1830)
1775—1783: American Revolutionary War.
Despite winning their independence, the
colonies continue to model their architecture
on English forms for many years.
1789: US Constitution Ratified. George
Washington becomes 1st President.
1801: Thomas Jefferson becomes President of
the United States. Rise of Federal Era.
12. English Colonial
Seventeenth-century
settlers from
England brought
with them a rural
English architecture
that resembled late
medieval forms. The
familiar New England
Saltbox and Cape
Cod styles were
common to this era.
13. Dutch Colonial
Houses in the Dutch
colonies incorporated
steeply pitched
gambrel roofs,
batten doors and
paired chimneys —
details common to
the architecture in
their homeland.
14. French Colonial
Elements of French
Colonial architecture
still exist in southern
Louisiana and
Mississippi. French
Colonial homes
featured tall, narrow
doors and windows.
The roofs were
hipped or side
gabled, and windows
often had paired
shutters.
15. Spanish Colonial
One story, low-roofed
dwellings characterized
the homes and public
buildings of Spain's
American colonies. These
homes often had a
number of external doors
but few windows. Stucco
and adobe walls and flat
or red tile roofs gave
these dwellings their
distinctive appearance.
This style continues to
influence the architecture
of the American
Southwest
16. Georgian
Georgian homes
incorporated characteristics
of the well-known English
Colonial homes along with
paneled doors with ornate
crowns and support
pilasters. Georgian homes
were designed to be high-
style formal dwellings. They
were typically symmetrical
Square, symmetrical shape and evenly proportioned,
Paneled front door at center with gabled or hipped roofs
Decorative crown over front door and double-hung windows
Flattened columns with nine to twelve panes
on each side of door for each sash.
Five windows across front
Paired chimneys
Medium pitched roof Mostly found in the
Minimal roof overhang southern states.
17. Federalist/Adam
Shortly after the adoption of
the U.S. Constitution, the
Federal, or Adam, style
became widely popular
throughout the newly
unified country. Based on
the designs of British
architect Robert Adam, this
style incorporates many
features found in Georgian
homes, such as cornices
with tooth-like dentils or
Low-pitched roof, or flat roof other decorative molding
Windows arranged symmetrically around a and double-hung windows
center doorway with six panes in each sash.
Semicircular fanlight over the front door Additionally, they often
Narrow side windows flanking the front door incorporate an elliptical
Decorative crown or roof over front door fanlight over the front door,
Tooth-like dentil moldings in the cornice with side lights and
Palladian window•Circular or elliptical windows decorative crowns as
Shutters•Decorative swags and garlands ornamentation
Oval rooms and arches
18. Classical Revival (1780-1940)
Significant Dates
• 1800: Completion of first White House -Federal style heavily
influenced by Georgian architecture.
• 1803: Louisiana purchase. America's territory expands past the
Mississippi River. Westward immigration begins.
• 1812 — 1815: War of 1812. The war marks a shift from America's
dependence on English trade and architectural forms.
• 1814: British forces burn the first White House and much of
Washington DC.
• 1825: Erie Canal is completed, speeding the immigration of European
settlers into the western territories.
• 1861—1865: US Civil War. The war marks the end of the popularity of
Federal architecture. Much of the historical architecture of the
Southern states is destroyed during the war
19. Greek Revival
America began to define its
own emerging architectural
independence from its
European heritage. Greek
Revival exteriors may
include an entry porch
supported by square or
round columns, decorative
pilasters, hipped or gabled
roofs, transom windows and
side lights surrounding the
front door. These buildings
often had flat roofs and
colonnades inspired by the
Pedimented gable monuments of ancient
Symmetrical shape Greece.
Heavy cornice
Wide, plain frieze
Bold, simple moldings
Entry porch with columns
Narrow windows around front door
20. Neo-Classical
Very similar to Greek
Revival but may have
more elaborate column
work- Corinthian
columns rather than
Doric, always extending
the full height of the
house and with front
gable pediment.
21. Medieval Revival
1837 – 1914
Significant Dates
• 1837: Queen Victoria I begins reign in United Kingdom.
• 1848: European and American immigrants populate the
newly opened territories, spreading American
architectural forms into Texas, California, and the
Midwest.
• 1865: Transcontinental Railroad finished, speeding
America's industrialization and westward expansion.
• 1890: Louis Sullivan designs the Wainwright Bldg. —
considered by some the first skyscraper.
• 1914—1918: World War I marks the decline of
Victorian styles.
22. Gothic Revival
Early Victorian houses drew
inspiration mostly from
Western Europe, usually
reinterpreting medieval
forms. Multi-colored and
textured walls, steeply
pitched roofs and
asymmetrical facades are
traditional features. Gothic
Revival homes are most
easily identified by the
elaborate “gingerbread”
trim below the gables, and
the strong vertical emphasis
of the windows and
rooflines
Steeply pitched roof
Pointed windows
Grouped chimneys
Asymmetrical floor plan
Veranda
Spires
Gabled roofs
Towers
23. Italianate
Italianate homes
featured elaborate porch
decoration, decorative
eaves, symmetrical
facades and arched
windows which were
often paired. Some
Italianate homes
Low-pitched hip or flat roof featured a central square
Balanced, symmetrical rectangular shape tower or cupola, and
Tall appearance, with 2, 3, or 4 stories most had flat or low-
Wide, overhanging eaves with brackets/corbels
Square cupola pitched hipped roofs.
Tall, narrow, double-paned windows with hood moldings
Side bay window
Heavily molded double doors
Roman or segmented arches above windows and doors
24. Second Empire
Inspired by the ornate
cityscapes of Paris,
Second Empire
architecture incorporates
rectangular or square
floor plans, tall flat
Mansard roof facades capped by
Dormer windows project like eyebrows from roof Mansard roofs with
Brackets beneath the eaves, balconies, and bay dormer windows, and
Cupola double entry doors.
Patterned slate on roof Roofs are frequently
Wrought iron cresting above upper cornice patterned and bay
Classical pediments windows are also
Paired columns
common.
Tall windows on first story
Small entry porch
25. The Voigt House Victorian: Queen Anne
Queen Anne homes
frequently feature
irregular floor plans,
multiple steep roofs and
porches with decorative
gables. Dominant
octagonal or circular
towers, corbelled
chimneys, and highly
Steep roof decorative windows and
Complicated, asymmetrical shape
Often front-facing gable
entry doors with glass
One-story porch that extends across one panels.
or two sides of the house
Round turrets or square towers
Wall surfaces textured with decorative shingles
Ornamental spindles and brackets
Bay windows
26. Victorian: Eastlake
Hackley and Hume Homes in Muskegon
This colorful Victorian home is a Queen Anne, but the lacy,
ornamental details are called Eastlake or Stick. The
ornamental style is named after the famous English designer,
Charles Eastlake, who was famous for making furniture
decorated with fancy spindles.
27. Victorian: Shingle Style
A Victorian home covered
in shingles.
Typically found in New
England coastal
regions.
Asymmetrical
Shingles
Arches
Open Porches
28. Richardson Romanesque
Romanesque architecture
features massive stone
walls, large arched
windows, porches, and
entries, paired columns,
extensive use of sculptural
stonework, and grandly
scaled interiors reminiscent
of the great palaces of
Europe. Often found in
public buildings, rarely in
homes.
Constructed of rough-faced, square stones
Round towers with cone-shaped roofs
Columns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designs
Low, broad "Roman" arches over arcades and doorways
Patterned masonry arches over windows
29. Tudor Revival
The inclination away from
standardization was
nowhere better portrayed
than in the ideals of the
Tudor Revival. Exterior color
schemes were typically of
brown, white and black,
sometimes combined with
red brick. Incorporating
Decorative half-timbering exposed framing, thatch or
shingle roofs, and rough-
Steeply pitched roof hewn stonework, Tudor
Prominent cross gables Revival homes were
intentionally made to
Tall, narrow windows appear older than they
Small window panes actually were. In fact, the
apparently primitive
Massive chimneys construction details of such
Decorative chimney pots houses were often purely
decorative
30. Modern 1890 – 1940+
Significant Dates
• 1830: Inventions of Railroad and Steam Power. Arts & Crafts movement is a
reaction against industrialization.
• 1849: California Gold Rush prompts many to go west. Spanish Colonial
architecture influences the rise of Mission style architecture.
• 1865: End of Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction mark the rise of Arts
and Crafts Movement in earnest.
• 1901: Gustav Stickley begins publication of "The Craftsman". The first issue is
dedicated to William Morris and the second to John Ruskin, leaders of the Arts &
Crafts movement in Europe.
• 1908: Sears Roebuck catalog introduces the mail order house: the average kit
home has 30,000 pieces. Between 1908 and 1940, 100,000 homes are sold.
• 1929 — 1939— The Great Depression: The comparatively affordable bungalow
gains popularity over more elaborate styles.
• 1935: Frank Lloyd Wright builds Fallingwater; modern architecture with elements
drawn from the Arts & Crafts Movement.
• 1941: Start of World War II marks the decline of Arts & Crafts movement.
31. Arts and Crafts:
Craftsman
/Bungalow
Its greatest American
proponent was Gustav
Stickley, whose periodical
"The Craftsman" gave the
Wood, stone, or stucco siding
Low-pitched side gabled roof style its name. Craftsman
Wide eaves with triangular brackets houses were generally one
Exposed roof rafters and a half to two stories
Porch with thick square or round columns
Stone porch supports tall. They were
Exterior chimney made with stone environmentally sensitive
Open floor plans; few hallways structures that made
Numerous windows
exceptional use of their
Some windows with stained or leaded glass
Beamed ceilings surroundings.
Dark wood wainscoting and moldings
Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating
32. Meyer -May House
Arts and Crafts:
Prairie
Another stylistic variation
within the Arts and Crafts
Movement is the Prairie style,
popularized through the work
of Frank Lloyd Wright. Often
appearing to nestle into their
surroundings, Prairie forms
often are horizontal in
emphasis with low pitched roofs
and large over-hanging eaves.
Low-pitched roof Although firmly grounded in the
Arts and Crafts tradition, their
Overhanging eaves forward looking use of
Horizontal lines materials such as reinforced
Central chimney concrete and dramatic
Open floor plan expanses of windows, have
lead many to consider this the
Rows of small windows first Modern style.
One-story projections
33. Arts and Crafts:
Four-Square Prairie
Symmetrical design
with a “box”
foundation, although
porch may be off-
centered.
Most prominent
characteristic of prairie
would be the long
overhanging eaves.
34. Mission
As populations in California
and America's Southwest
expanded, architecture
throughout America was
increasingly influenced by
the remnants of Spanish
colonial design. One
resulting style was Mission,
spanning not only
Smooth stucco siding architecture but furniture
Roof parapets design and other decorative
arts. Mission architecture
Large square pillars showcases stucco walls with
Arcaded entry porch decorative parapets, red tile
roofs, arched rooflines
Red tile roof above square piers, and
open, widely overhanging
eaves.
35. Art Nouveau 1890-1905
Known as the New
Style, Art Nouveau was
first expressed in
fabrics and graphic
design. The style
spread to interior
architecture and
furniture in the 1890s.
Art Nouveau buildings
often have
asymmetrical shapes,
arches and decorative
surfaces with curved,
plant-like designs.
36. Art Deco 1925-1935
These were the
buildings of the future:
sleek, geometric,
dramatic. With their
cubic forms and zigzag
designs, art deco
buildings embraced the
machine age and
scientific planetary
discovery.
Stream-line
Curved walls
Vertical juxtaposition against rectilinear
Glass walls
Horizontal or zig zag banding
37. International Style 1930’s -
Part of the Modern Movement.
Architects working in the
International style gave
new emphasis
to the expression of structure,
the lightening of mass,
and the enclosure of dramatic
spaces.
Form follows Function.
Box- like
White-typically
Glass
Open floor plan
38. Post WW 2 Homes
early 1950’s-
• Pos- war housing.
• Cheap, product-
based home.
• Pre-manufactured
elements
• Tight fit
neighborhoods
• Limited decorative
exterior and interior
39. Mid Century Modern Ranch
Influenced by the Early
Modern Movement.
Homes are known for
being one story with
walk out. Open floor
plans with wood interior
and large south facing
glass exteriors to patio.
Large stone fireplaces
typically two sided.
40. Earth Friendly Homes -1960’s-
• Earth bermed/ earth sheltered /hay bail homes
• Solar-Passive
• Natural Materials that are native to the land
• Directional placement
• Wind powered
41. Current Trends in Architecture
• “Mc Mansions”
– Urban sprawl
– Building for the extremes
42. • New Urbanism
– Combating urban
sprawl
– Building communities
through intentional
architecture and
New Town of Kentlands, MD
landscape
43. • Co-Housing
– Intentional
community
– Shared work and
resources
– Environmentally
conscious
44. • Sustainable and Green
Architecture
– Recycling of materials
– Advantages of the
systems of the earth
– Combating global
housing needs
– LEED certification
– Concern for environment
– Concern for social and
political issues
Notes de l'éditeur
Mastaba • The first pyramids are referred to as mastabas. These were Relatively low, rectangular, flat-roofed burial mounds for the pharaohs. They were made of mud brick or stone. Step Pyramid • In about 2780 B.C. the architect Imhotep stacked six progressively smaller mastabas one on top of the other for King Djoser. This, the first step pyramid, still stands at Sakkara, near Memphis. Bent Pyramid • During the reign of Snefru, founder of the Fourth Dynasty (2680-2560 B.C.), the sides of a step pyramid were filled in with stone and covered with lime. This was a necessary step in the evolution of the straight-sided pyramid, but there was an intermediary step -- the bent pyramid. Halfway up the pyramid, the angle was a steep approximately 51 degrees, but then for the top half, the incline was more gradual (only about 43 degrees). Pyramid • During the reign of Khufu, (Cheops) Snefru's son, the straight-sided Pyramid of Giza, angled at about 51 degrees, was built. 4
Doric and Iconic -doric first simple flute, slab top iconic -fluted, curled leaves at top and a frieze that went all around
Roman architecture came after or was influenced by Greek architecture. They are known for contributingt eh arch and the use of concrete and the colussium (greece had ampitheaters) The Colosseum or Coliseum, originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (lat. Amphitheatrum Flavium), is an amphitheatre in Rome, capable of seating 50,000 spectators, which was once used for gladiatorial combat. Construction was initiated by Emperor Vespasian and completed by his sons, Titus and Domitian, between AD 72 and AD 90. It was built at the site of Nero's enormous palace, the Domus Aurea. The Colosseum's name is derived from a colossus (a 130-foot, or 40-metre, statue) of Nero which once stood nearby. The Colosseum is located at 41.53° N 12.293° E.The construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed by his son, Titus, in the 80s AD. It was built at the site of Nero's enormous palace, the Domus Aurea, which had been built after the great fire of Rome in AD 64. Some historians believe that the construction of the Colosseum might have been financed by the looting of King Herod the Great's Temple in Jerusalem which occurred about AD 70. Dio Cassius said that 9,000 wild animals were killed in the one hundred days of celebration which inaugurated the amphitheatre opening. The arena floor was covered with sand, presumably to allow the blood to drain away.The Colosseum hosted large-scale spectacular games that included fights between animals (venationes), the killing of prisoners by animals (see: Zoophilia: Roman games and circus) and other executions (noxii), naval battles (naumachiae, via flooding the arena) up until AD 81, and combats between gladiators (munera). It has been estimated that several hundreds of thousands died in the Colosseum games. Saint Ignatius of Antioch was martyred there. Tile-covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as the primary building material and more daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves. The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall.
Roman influence of arches but peaked stained glass rose windows symbols, ambiance Dripping sand castle, spires Vaults Flying Buttresses Gargoyles
Buddhist architecture was always symmetrical based on an axis and most temples had an underground palace
The Taj Mahal in Agra is indisputably the most famous example of Mughal architecture. Described by Rabindranath Tagore as "a tear on the face of eternity", it is in popular imagination a veritable "wonder of the world".The white-splendored tomb was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his favourite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal ("Chosen of the Palace"). She married Shah Jahan in 1612 to become his second wife and inseparable companion, and died in childbirth at Burhanpur while on a campaign with her husband in 1629. Shah Jahan was, it is said, inconsolable to the point of contemplating abdication in favour of his sons. The court went into mourning for over two years; and Shah Jahan decided to commemorate the memory of Mumtaz with a building the like of which had never been seen before.Detail of carving on wall of Taj MahalThe dead queen was brought to Agra and laid to rest in a garden on the banks of the Jamuna river. A council of the best architects was assembled to prepare designs for the tomb. Though some attribute the design to Geronimo Verroneo, an Italian in the Mughal service, evidence suggests that it was designed by Ustad Isa Khan Effendi, a Persian, who assigned the detailed work to his pupil Ustad Ahmad. The dome was designed by Ismail Khan.The tomb which is higher than a modern 20-storey building took 22 years to complete with a workforce of 20,000. Craftsmen from as far as Turkey came to join in the work. The marble was quarried at Makrana near Jodhpur in Rajasthan. Precious stones were imported from distant lands. A two mile ramp was built to lift material up to the level of the dome. It is alleged that on its completion, Shah Jahan ordered the right hand of the chief mason to be cut off so that the masterpiece could never be recreated. As one might expect, numerous other legends are associated with the Taj Mahal: thus, according to one story, Shah Jahan desired to have another Taj built across the river, this one entirely in black marble
PALACE OF VERSAILLES he Palace of Versailles was the official residence of the Kings of France from 1682 until 1790. It was originally a hunting lodge, built in 1624, by Louis XIII. It was expanded by Louis XIV beginning in 1669. He used it as a little lodge as a secret refuge for his amorous trysts with the lovely Louise de la Valliere and built a fairy tale park around it. Jules Hardouin Mansart, the king's principal architect, drew the plans to enlarge what was turning more and more into a palace from A Thousand and One Nights. The terrace that overlooked the gardens was removed to make way for the magnificent Hall of Mirrors, the Galarie de Glaces. It is here from which the king radiated his power and where the destiny of Europe was decided over a century. The French classical architecture was complemented by extensive gardens.
Batten door --the z shaped door z to keep the door square. Not always in a z shape.
A desire for architects to move away from the gaudy Baroque and return to classicism and purity of architecture
The Arts and Crafts Movement, with its call to return to the ideals of craftsmanship and the honest use of materials that characterized past eras, evolved as a reaction to the increasing industrialization of the Victorian era. Spanning the Victorian Age and extending into the World War II years, the architectural and decorative impulses of the Art and Crafts Movement were expressed in various forms around the world.The founder, and one of the main voices shaping this movement, was the Victorian Englishman, William Morris. A poet, writer, designer and socialist, Morris spent time studying at Oxford University, intending to become a clergyman. He soon discovered he was far more interested in the decorative arts.The American Arts and Crafts Movement is characterized by the Craftsman style in architecture. Craftsman houses were generally one and a half to two stories tall. They were environmentally sensitive structures that not only suited, but made good use of their surroundings – the materials that went into Craftsman houses were usually native.In both architecture and art, the American Arts and Crafts movement shows a nostalgia for the personal and private in design and use. Decoration and color are muted and made useful rather than eliminated. Quality and craftsmanship is emphasized, and each element is given weight as part of integrating the design into the complete environment.