managerial and workers decision making models.

4. Degrees of Outcome Predictability

6. Conditions that Affect the Possibility of Decision Failure Programmed Decisions Nonprogrammed Decisions Low High Possibility of Failure Certainty Risk Uncertainty Ambiguity

8. DM models

9. Rational Administrative Political Decision Type Programmed Non-programmed Non-programmed Decision Outcome Optimal Satisfied Negotiated Degree of Objectivity High Moderate Moderate to low Summary Political model

10. Decision making process Identify and define problem Decide on a solution Evaluate alternatives Develop alternatives Establish decision criteria Weight criteria Implement the decisions Feedback and evaluation

11. Workers D M-Sharing the decision-making power with the lower ranks Objectives

12. Workers Decision Making Board level Participation Workers Participation in Management Job enlargement and job enrichment Collective bargaining Joint councils and committees Staff or works council Complete control Ownership Participation Quality circles Financial Participation TQM Empowered Teams Suggestion scheme

13. WDM

14. WDM

17. Workers Decision Making

18. Workers Decision Making

19. Workers Decision Making

20. Implications

21. Limitations