Skeletal System
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The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attaching girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and are living tissues that undergo remodeling. The skeletal system includes various bone cell types and bone is composed of inorganic minerals and organic matrix. Common diseases include osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease.
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Skeletal System
- 1. Mr Rahul Sharma RN, Nursing Tutor IGSCON, Amethi
- 2. Bone • Bone is a strong and durable type of connective tissue, it consists of : • Water (25%) • Organic constituents including osteoid (the carbon containing part of the matrix) and bone cells (25%) • Inorganic constituents, mainly calcium phosphate (50%)
- 3. • Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs • Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain • Movement- bones act as levers for muscles • Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate • Blood cell formation- hematopoesis
- 4. Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
- 5. Divisions of the Skeletal System • The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones • Bones of the skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions: – Axial skeleton • Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body • Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column – Appendicular skeleton • Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
- 6. Divisions Of The Skeletal System
- 7. • Long Bones- consists of a shaft & two extremities. Femur, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula • Short Bones- carpals, tarsals • Flat Bones- ribs, scapula, skull, sternum • Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones • Sesamoid- patella (knee cap)
- 9. 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all
- 10. Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers
- 11. Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous with tendons and ligaments, blood vessels in periosteum Epiphysis- ends, spongy bone contains red marrow, compact bone, articular cartilage Diaphysis- middle, compact bone, medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat)lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium) Compact bone- osteocytes within lacunae arranged in concentric circles called lamellae This surround a central canal; complex is called Haversian system Canaliculi connect osteocytes to central canal and to each other
- 13. Microscopic Structure of Bone The skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces
- 15. Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Mature bone cells. Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells that secrete collagen & other constituents of bone tissue. Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells (resorption of bone) to maintain optimum shape. Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- 16. Stages of development of a long bone
- 17. Break
- 20. Axial skeleton • This part consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs & sternum. • Together the bones forming these structures constitute the central bony core of the body, the axis
- 22. Axial Skeleton- Skull The skull rests on the upper end of the vertebral column and is divided into the cranium and the face. Cranium The cranium is formed by a number of flat and irregular bones that provides a bony protection for the brain. It has a base upon which the brain rests and a vault that covers and surround it. the periosteum inside the skull bones consists of the outer layer of dura matter. In mature skull the joints between the bones(sutures) are immovable. The bones have numerous perforations through which nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels pass.
- 23. Skull • Skull (cranium) • Consists of 22 bones • Bones of the skull are grouped into two categories: – Cranial bones • Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity – Frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone – Facial bones • Fourteen facial bones form the face – Two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, vomer
- 24. Skull • The cranial and facial bones protect and support special sense organs and the brain • Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbits (eye sockets) – Paranasal sinuses – Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium
- 25. Skull • Immovable joints called sutures fuse most of the skull bones together • The skull provides large areas of attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head • Skull and facial bones provide attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions • The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems
- 26. Skull (Cranial Bones) • Frontal Bone – Forms the forehead • Parietal Bones – Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity • Temporal Bones – Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium • Occipital Bone – Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium • Sphenoid Bone – Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull • Ethmoid Bone – Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits – A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity – Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes – Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air trapping inhaled particles
- 27. The bones of the cranium are 1 frontal bone 2 parietal bone 2 temporal bone 1 occipital bone 1 sphenoid bone 1 ethmoid bone
- 33. Posterior View
- 35. • Warm and moisten air • Lighten the skull • Enhance voice resonance
- 36. Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column
- 41. Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage
- 45. Sacrum & Coccyx
- 46. Break
- 47. The Appendicular Skeleton • 2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles • Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs • Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs • 3-Segmented limbs – Upper = arm • Arm • Forearm • Hand – Lower = leg • Thigh • Leg • Foot
- 49. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) • Clavicle – anterior: collar bone – Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially – Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally • Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade
- 50. Clavicle • Extend horizontally across the superior thorax • Sternal end articulates with the manubrium • Acromial end articulates with scapula • Provide attachment for muscles • Hold the scapulae and arms laterally • Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
- 52. Scapulae • Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage • Located between ribs 2 – 7 • Have three borders – Superior – Medial (vertebral) – Lateral (axillary) • Have three angles – Lateral, superior, and inferior
- 53. Structures of the Scapula
- 54. Structures of the Scapula
- 55. Structures of the Scapula
- 56. The Upper Limb • 30 bones form each upper limb • Grouped into bones of the – Arm – Forearm – Hand
- 57. Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 14 Phalanges 5 Metacarpals
- 58. Arm • Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow • Humerus – The only bone of the arm – Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb – Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder – Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow – Many structures of the humerus provide sites for muscle attachment – Other structures of the humerus provide articulation sites for other bones
- 59. Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm
- 60. Forearm • Formed from the radius and ulna • Proximal ends articulate with the humerus • Distal ends articulate with carpals • Radius and ulna articulate with each other – At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints • The interosseous membrane – Interconnects radius and ulna • In anatomical position – The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
- 61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Details of Arm and Forearm Figure 8.5a
- 62. Ulna • Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus • Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm • Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage • Plays little to no role in hand movement
- 63. Proximal Part of the Ulna
- 64. Radius and Ulna
- 65. Radius • Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum • Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna • Contributes heavily to the wrist joint – Distal radius articulates with carpal bones – When radius moves, the hand moves with it
- 66. Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna
- 68. Pelvis
- 70. Female Vs Male Pelvis
- 72. Patella The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Tibia Fibula 5 Metatarsals 14 Phalanges 7 Tarsals
- 83. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone Mature bone cell
- 85. Diseases of the Skeletal System: Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: • age, gender (more in women) • estrogen and testosterone decrease • insufficient exercise (or too much) • diet poor in Ca++ and protein • abnormal vitamin D receptors • smoking
- 86. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System: