histo notes

1. SYNAPSE

2. SYNAPSE
 “ FASTEN TOGATHER”
 APPOSITION SITE between TWO
NEUORONS or A NEUORON &
ANOTHER CELL (EFFECTOR)
 UNIDIRECTIONAL
 ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
(PRESYNAPTIC)-----CHEMICAL (POST
SYNAPTIC)

3. CLASSIFICATION
 ANATOMICAL NEURON & NEURON
AXODENDRITIC
AXOSOMATIC
AXOAXONIC
DENDRODNDRITIC
 CHEMICAL
EXCITATORY acetylcholine glutamin serotinin
INHIBITORY GABA glycine
 ELECTRICAL

5. STRUCTURE
 PRESYNAPTIC
 POSTSYNAPTIC
 SYNAPTIC CLEFT

6. PRESYNAPTIC
 BOUTON TERMINAL
 ACTIVE ZONE
 AREAOF SYNAPSE WHERE
NEUROTRANSMISSION TAKES PLACE
 SUBMEMBRANE DENSITIES
 SYNAPTIC VESICLES
 MITOCHONDRIA
 SMOOTH ER

7. SYNAPTIC CLEFT
20 –30nm
MACROMOLECULES
EXTRACELLULAR ENDS OF TRANS
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX MOLECULES

8. POST SYNAPTIC
POST SYNAPTIC DENSITY
RECEPTOR WITH AFFINITY FOR
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
ACTIN & ACTIN BINDING PROTEINS
ENZYMES

9. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
 PRESYNAPTIC
 DEPOLARIZATION
 Ca GATED CHANNEL INFLUX OF Ca
 FUSION OF SYNAPTIC VESICLE TO PRESYAPTIC DENSITY
 EXOCYTOSIS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 BINDS WITH RECEPTORS ON POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
 EXCITATORY
 LIGAND GATED Na channel
 Voltage gated Na CHANNEL
 DEPOLARIZATION
 INHIBITORY
 ANION CHANNEL
 Negatively charged Cl
 hyperpolarization

10. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NEUROMDULATORS
 CHEMICALS COMBINE WITH PROTEIN
RECEPTORS TO OPEN OR CLOSE ION
CHANNELS OR INITIATE SECOND
MESSENGER SYSTEM
 MODIFY NEURON SENSITIVITY TO
SYNAPTIC STIMULATION OR
INHIBITION

12. PERIPHERAL
ENDINGS
SENSORY NEURON RECEPTORS
MOTOR NEURON EFFECTORS

13. RECEPTORS

14. RECEPTORS
 STRUCTURES SPECIALIZED TO
DETECT A STIMULUS
 TRANSDUCERS
 FOUR TYPES OF INFORMATION
 MODALITY
 LOCATION
 INTENSITY
 DURATION

15. RECEPTORS
 NEUROEPITHELIAL OLFACTORY
CELL BODY OF THE NEURONIS SITUATED PERIPHERALLY
NEAR A SENSORY SURFACE & AXON PASSES TO CNS
 EPITHELIAL GUSTATORY & AUDITORY
MODIFIED NON NERVOUS EPITHELIAL CELL INNERVATED BY
AN AXON
 NEURONAL ALL CUTANEOUS & PROPRIOCEPTORS
CELL BODY OF A PRIMARY SENSORY NEURON IN THE
CRANIO SPINAL GANGLIA WITH AXON ACTING AS SENSORY
TERMINAL

16. CLASSIFICATION
1) LOCATION
EXTROCEPTORS general & special
PROPIOCEPTORS
INTEROCEPTORS
5) STRUCTURAL
ENCAPSULATED
NONENCAPSULATED
8) STIMULUS MODALITY
CHEMO THERM NOCICEPTORS MECHANO &
PHOTORECEPTORS

19. NONENCAPSULATED
FREE NERVE ENDINGS
MERKELS DISC

20. FREE NERVE ENDING
 C.T. SKIN.
 MYELINATED & NON MYELINATED
 MODERATE THERMAL ,LIGHT
MECHANICAL & NOXIOUS STIMULI

22. MERKELS DISC
 EPIDERMIS of non hairy skin HAIR
FOLLICLE
 NAKED AXON DISC
 SPECIALIZED EPITHEIAL CELL merkel
cell
 SLOWLY ADAPTING
MECHANORECEPTION light touch, texture,
edges & shape

24. ENCAPSULATED

25. MEISSNERS CORPUSCLE
 DERMAL PAPILLA OF THICK SKIN
 CYLINDRICAL
 C.T. CAPSULE CONTINOUS WITH ENDONEURIUM
SURROUNDING A CENTRAL CORE
 STACKS OF MODIFIED FLATTENED SCHWAN
CELLS
 MYELINATED & NONMYELINATED FIBERS BRANCH
& RAMIFY
 RAPIDLY ADAPTING TOUCH RECEPTORS,
DISCRIMINATION
 END BULB OF KRAUSE MUCOUS MEMBRANE

28. PACCINIAN CORPUSCLE
 DERMIS JOINT CAPSULE MAMMARY GLAND
 CAPSULE OF FLATTENED CELLS FIBERS &
MATRIX
 INTREMEDIATE GROWTH ZONE CELLULAR
MITOSIS CONTRIBUTES TO BOTH ZONES
 SINGLE NON MYELINATED NERVE
TERMINAL EXPANEDED END
 DEEP PRESSURE VIBRATION TENSION

31. GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
 TENDON MUSCLE
 CAPSULE SHEETS OF CELLS SEPARATED BY A BASAL
LAMINA FIBERS ON THE OUTSIDE
 BUNDLE OF TENDON FIBERS
 HEAVILY MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS
FORMING A SPRAY
 SLOWLY ADAPTING MECHANORECEPTOR

33. MUSCLE SPINDLE
 PROPIOCEPTORS
 > MUSCLES WITH FINE CONTROL
 DISTRIBUTED IN FLESHY PART OF
MUCLE

34. MUSCLE SPINDLE
 CAPSULE
 INTRAFUSAL 3-12 MODIFIED MUSCLE FIBERS
NUCLEAR CHAIN & BAG FIBER
MIDDLE PORTION ACTS AS STRETCH RECEPTOR
TWO ENDS HAVE SARCOMERE (CONTRACTION)
 NERVE FIBERS
 EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS

35. NERVE FIBERS
 PRIMARY AFFERNT & ANNULOSPIRAL
ENDING ONSET OF STRETCH
 SECONDRY AFFERENT FLOWER SPRAY
PROLONGED STRETCH
 GAMMA EFFERENT CONTRACTILE ENDS
OF INTRAFUSAL FIBERS ADJUST TENSION
IN THE MUSCLE SPINDLE TO VARIATION IN
LENGTH OF MUSCLE

38.  When a muscle shortens the gamma
motor neurons stimulate the ends of
intrafusal muscle fibers to contract slightly
keeping them taut & responsive without
this during contraction of extrafusal fibers
they would become flabby