K -EIA-Jiyeh-v7-final Chapter 1-4

Environmental Impact Assessment
for the preparation of the tender documents for the
“Installation and Operation of medium speed
reciprocating engine power generation units” at the
existing Jiyeh thermal power plant
ordered by
Ministry of Energy & Water & Electricitè du Liban (EDL)
On behalf of
Republic of Lebanon
April 2011

Project: “Installation and Operation of medium speed reciprocating engine power generation units”
at the existing Jiyeh thermal power plant, Annex 1b: Environmental Impact Assessment
2
Environmental Impact Assessment
for the preparation of the tender documents for the
“Installation and Operation of medium speed
reciprocating engine power generation units” at the
existing Jiyeh thermal power plant
Tobias Kampet
Norbert Paetz
Ole Johansen
Marieange Saidy
Azzam Sankari
Raia Dayekh
Contact: n.paetz@mvv-decon.com
ordered by
April 2011

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Contents
List of acronyms and abbreviations used............................................................ 7
1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Background of the project ................................................................... 10
1.2 Project description............................................................................... 10
1.3 Changes predicted before the project commences............................. 11
1.4 Overall assessment of environmental impacts.................................... 11
1.5 Alternatives considered....................................................................... 13
1.6 Mitigation measures, environmental management plan and
monitoring plan................................................................................... 14
2 Institutional requirements and conditions .................................................... 15
2.1 Policy and project background............................................................ 15
2.1.1 Power development policy......................................................... 15
2.1.2 Project background.................................................................... 18
2.2 Institutional framework ....................................................................... 21
2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment... 21
2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project................ 23
2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)....................................... 23
2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT) ............. 24
2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP)............................... 24
2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)............................................... 25
2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities......................................... 25
2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)................. 26
2.2.9 Municipalities ............................................................................. 27
2.3 Legal framework.................................................................................. 28
2.3.1 Lebanese environmental legislation........................................... 28
2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental
Protection................................................................................... 29
2.3.3 International agreements and treaties........................................ 33
2.3.4 Relevant Lebanon's international guidelines and standards ...... 34
2.3.5 Objectives of the EIA Report...................................................... 36
2.3.6 Legal background of the project................................................. 37
2.4 Administrative Framework................................................................... 37
2.4.1 Project team............................................................................... 37
2.4.2 Applied methodology ................................................................. 37
2.4.3 Technical background of the project.......................................... 38
2.4.4 Further documents used............................................................ 38
2.5 Environmental requirements ............................................................... 38
2.5.1 Emission standards and warranties ........................................... 38
2.5.2 Ambient air quality standards..................................................... 41
2.5.3 Water quality standards ............................................................. 41
2.5.4 Noise standards ........................................................................ 46

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2.5.5 Solid Waste standards............................................................... 47
3 Project description....................................................................................... 48
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 48
3.2 Project location and plant layout ......................................................... 48
3.2.1 Project location .......................................................................... 48
3.2.2 Traffic system ............................................................................ 50
3.2.3 Plant layout................................................................................ 51
3.3 Plant concept ...................................................................................... 52
3.3.1 Mechanical plant........................................................................ 52
3.3.2 Electrical plant ........................................................................... 52
3.3.3 Civil plant ................................................................................... 54
3.3.4 Fuel supply ................................................................................ 54
3.3.5 Gaseous pollutants and noise emissions................................... 55
3.3.6 Waste water treatment............................................................... 56
3.3.7 Solid waste disposal .................................................................. 56
4 Baseline study for the situation before the project....................................... 60
4.1 Description of the relevant physical conditions.................................... 60
4.1.1 Topography................................................................................ 60
4.1.2 Geology ..................................................................................... 60
4.1.3 Seismic data .............................................................................. 60
4.1.4 Climate....................................................................................... 62
4.1.5 Hydrology................................................................................... 64
4.1.6 Ambient air quality ..................................................................... 64
4.1.7 Noise pollution ........................................................................... 65
4.2 Description of the relevant biological conditions.................................. 66
4.2.1 Flora........................................................................................... 67
4.2.2 Fauna......................................................................................... 68
4.3 Description of socio-economic conditions ........................................... 69
4.3.1 Overall situation in Lebanon ...................................................... 69
4.3.2 Overall situation in the site area................................................. 75
4.4 The current existing plant in Jiyeh....................................................... 76
4.5 Changes predicted before the project commences............................. 76
4.5.1 Construction phase.................................................................... 76
4.5.2 Operation phase ........................................................................ 77
5 Identification and assessment of environmental impactsError! Bookmark not
defined.
5.1 Introduction ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Impacts during the construction phase...Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.1 Impacts of land clearing on local people..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.2.2 Land used.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.3 Impacts from traffic and transportation........ Error! Bookmark not
defined.

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5.2.4 Impacts caused by labour concentration..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.2.5 Impacts by civil works and construction of the power plant.. Error!
Bookmark not defined.
5.3 Impacts during operation phase.............Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.1 Impact on climate..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.2 Impacts on the ambient air............Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.3 Noise impact.................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.4 Impacts on water ..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.5 Impacts on soil..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.6 Impacts on flora and fauna ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.7 Visual impact ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.8 Socio-economic impacts...............Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.4 Risks .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.4.1 Water and soil contamination from oil storage tanks............ Error!
5.4.2 Water and soil contamination from chemicalsError! Bookmark not
defined.
5.4.3 Fire accident .................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.5 Overall assessment of environmental impacts..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.5.1 Construction phase.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.5.2 Operation Phase...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6 Alternatives and their analysis........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.1 Introduction ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.2 Situation without the project...................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.3 Considered alternatives .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.3.1 Alternative sites ............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.3.2 Alternative fuel..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.3.3 Alternative technology...................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.4 Comparison and conclusion...................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7 Mitigation plan ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.1 Design phase.........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2 Construction phase ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2.1 Protection of ground water and soil quality . Error! Bookmark not
defined.
7.2.2 Protection of air quality .................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2.3 Noise.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2.4 Impact by Traffic ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2.5 Summary ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3 Operation phase.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3.1 Long term air pollution ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3.2 Water ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3.3 Soil................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3.4 Noise.............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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7.3.5 Industrial and other solid wastes...Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3.6 Summary ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 Environmental management plan...................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.1 Organisation...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.2 Training Programme ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
9 Monitoring plan...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1 Legal documents....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.2 Atmospheric pollution monitoring ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.3 Noise monitoring ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.4 Water pollution monitoring .....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.5 Monitoring agencies...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
10 Qualitative conclusions on the dispersion of the exhaust gases............ Error!
11 References .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
12 Annexes .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.1 Site map for the extension of the Jiyeh power plantError! Bookmark not
defined.
12.2 Quality parameter for the fuel oil ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.3 Pollutants classification into groups (inorganic solid pollutants,
inorganic gas pollutants) ........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
12.4 Pollutants classification into groups (organic gas pollutants) ....... Error!
12.5 General environmental limit values of the emissions related
to the air pollutants.................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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List of acronyms and abbreviations used
a year
a.s.l. above sea level
ALARP As low as reasonably practicable
Bara Pressure measured from absolute zero
BMLWWE Beirut and Mount Lebanon Water and Wastewater Establishment
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BPEO Best Practicable Environmental Options
BTEX Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene Xylene
C.C. Combined Cycle
CAW Combined Air and Water Backwash
CCPP Combined Cycle Power Plant
CDR Council for Reconstruction and Development
CEMP Construction Environmental Management Plan
CESMP Construction Phase Environmental and Social Management Plan
CO, NOx,
SO2 Formulas of chemical Compounds
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CZM Coastal Zone Management
d Day
D.O. Distillate Oil fuel
dB(A) Decibel (A)
DGA Directorate General of Antiquities
DGUP Directorate General of Urban Planning
EA Environmental Assessment
EDL Electricité du Liban
EHS Environmental Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIB European Investment Bank
EISM Environmental Impact Severity Matrix
ELARD Earth link and Advanced Resources Development
EMG Environmental Management Group
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ES & SR Environmental Safety and Social Representative
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESM Environmental and Social Manager
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESP Electrostatic Precipitator
FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation
g Earth acceleration
GCC Gas-fired combined cycle plant
GDP gross domestic product
GT Gas Turbine
GW Giga Watt

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HBR Hybrid burner ring
HCUP Higher Council of Urban Planning
HEP Hydro Electric Power plant
HFO Heavy Fuel Oil
HP/IP/LP High-, Intermediate-, Low Pressure
HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generator
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IFC International Finance Corporation
IGV Inlet Guide Vane
IL Intensity Levels
kWh kilo Watt hours
LHV Lower Heating Value
LRA Litani River Authority
mbar Millibar
mg eqv/l Concentration of Ions
mg/l Milligram per litre
MHER Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources
mm Millimeter
MIn Ministry of Industry
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
MoC Ministry of Culture
MoE Ministry of Environment
MoEW Ministry of Energy and Water
MoI Ministry of Interior
MoIM Ministry of Interior and Municipalities
MoPH Ministry of Public Health
MoPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transportation
mS/cm milliSiemens per centimeter
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
MW Mega Watt
n.a. not available
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NSEQ National Standards for Environmental Quality
ODS Ozone Depleting Substances
OESMP Operation Environmental and Social Management Plan
OP/BP Operational Policy / Bank Procedures
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PAD Project Appraisal Documents
PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PM Particulate Matter
PMU Project Management Unit
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
ppmv Parts per million Volume
PTS Persistent Toxic Substances
PWWE Public Water and Wastewater Establishment
QA/QC Quality Assurance / Quality Control

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RAP Resettlement Action Plan
S.C. Single Cycle
SAC Seismic Analysis Code
ST Steam Turbine
TBM Tunnel Boring Machine
TMP Traffic Management Plan
TOR Terms of References
TSP Total Suspended Particulate
USD United States Dollars
VEC Valuable Ecosystem Component
VOC Volatile organic compounds
WB World Bank
WHO World Health Organization
WTW Water Treatment Works
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

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1 Summary
The significant findings and the recommended actions for the extension of the
existing Jiyeh power plant can be summarised as follows:
1.1 Background of the project
Lebanon’s electricity supply is earmarked but frequent current interruptions and by
important energy imports. The existing power plants with their limited capacities are
unable to meet the demand for electricity which is expected to further grow in the
future.
Therefore, the extension of the power plant in Jiyeh is an important project for the
national electricity provider EDL towards a reliable a stable electricity supply in the
greater Beirut area and in Lebanon.
1.2 Project description
Fig. 1-1: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh
plant (marked in red on the photo taken from a model of the plant on the
7 April 2011)
The project comprehends the extension of the already existing thermal power plant
by identical 4-stroke diesel engines running on heavy fuel oil of a total net output of
80 MWe with medium speed, complete with excitation system, AVR, engine and
alternator control and instrumentation system, air intake, exhaust, cooling systems,
lubricating oil system and fuel oil systems as specified, and suitable for parallel
operation.

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The plant will be capable for conversion for burning natural gas. The option for
conversion will be exercised in the future.
1.3 Changes predicted before the project commences
It is anticipated that during the construction phase of the project road traffic to/from
the site will increase over a short period. This may have a negative impact on the
local environment (exhaust fumes, dust, noise, etc.). These potential negative
impacts will pose an intermediate impact to the local communities and once the plant
enters the operation phase this will no longer apply.
On the positive side is predicted that during the construction phase the project will
offer additional short-term employment opportunities for construction workers, and
once the plant enters commercial operation additional high quality long-term
employment will be ensured.
The operation of an additional block of 80 MW in the Jiyeh power plant will generate
unavoidable additional effects on the environment. Examples for this are additional
• amounts of exhaust fumes emitted into the air,
• additional amounts of cooling water taken from the Sea and let into the Sea, or
• a visual impact.
However, all this should be seen in forefront of the impacts already existing from the
current operation situation at the Jiyeh power plant.
1.4 Overall assessment of environmental impacts
The impacts are divided into impacts during construction phase and impacts during
operation phase (see Table 1-1).
Summarising it can be said that during the construction phase
• The impacts are only temporary
• The impacts can be assessed as slight or intermediate
• For implementation of such an important project, the impacts can be stated as
acceptable.

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Table 1-1: Summarising the Assessment of Environmental Impacts from the
extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant
During the operation phase of the extension of the existing Jiyeh power plant the
impacts on the environment and major risks are the following:
• The impacts on the climate from the CO2 emission,
• the emissions of dust, NOX, SO2, CO, VOC and smells from both, the boilers as
well as the oil sludge incineration plant as foreseen in the TOR,
• a potential noise emission affecting the Jiyeh community which is in direct
vincinity to the plant (see Figure 1-2),
• and the risk of water and soil contamination from HFO.
Summarising, the socio-economic impact is positive and the impacts on the
environment can be stated as acceptable.
Seeing the distance of about 2,5 km to the nearest village leeward, Nabi Younos, it
cannot be said with security if the ambient air quality standards issued by the World
Bank will completely be fulfilled. A reliable answer to this question should be based
on the calculations with a quantitative dispersion model.

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Fig. 1-2: The location of the Jiyeh power plant (marked in red) and the main wind
direction (marked in blue) (photo by Google Earth)
1.5 Alternatives considered
The Jiyeh power plant is needed to satisfy the increasing electricity demand in
Lebanon. Starting from the situation, the following alternatives have been developed
and analysed:
• No construction of a power plant (with the respective consequences for the
electricity supply),

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• A number of alternative sites (Beddawi, Hraiche, Zouk, Zahrani)
• Alternative fuel and
• Alternatives to the technology.
Summarising, it can be said that due to technical as well as to economical issues, the
plant concept of Jiyeh plant is the most suitable technology selection for generation
of power at this site.
1.6 Mitigation measures, environmental management plan and
monitoring plan
For the most important impacts during the operation phase, mitigation measures are
developed in Chapter 7 of this report.
The Jiyeh Management Board should be responsible for the internal environmental
management and monitoring of the plant. For this purpose, the board will have to
nominate and appoint an Environmental Engineer as head of an “Environmental
Management Group” (EMG). For monitoring atmospheric pollution, noise and water
pollution,
• the parameters to be monitored,
• the location, method and frequency as well as
• the responsibility for the measurements
have been identified according to the legal and administrative requirements.

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2 Institutional requirements and conditions
This chapter presents an overview of all environmental legislation and standards
relevant to the construction and operation of the project. This section sheds light on
the legal and institutional framework and identifies gaps and deficiencies in the
national legal and institutional system.
The objective is also to ensure compliance not only with the Lebanese environmental
laws and regulations, but also with the relevant international agreements, standards
and guidelines of which Lebanon is signatory and to observe non-statutory corporate
standards and good practice guidance.
2.1 Policy and project background
2.1.1 Power development policy
This section of the EIA Report presents an overview on the energy profile in Lebanon
and a summary of the electricity sector situation.
EDL is the public authority in charge of generating, transmitting and distributing
power in Lebanon. This entity reports to the Ministry of Energy and Water.
EDL’s Board of Directors comprises presently five members, including the Chairman.
The organization is composed of ten directorates, each headed by a director who
reports directly to the General Director, who is also the Chairman. These directorates
include Administrative Affairs, Financial Affairs, General Auditing, Transmission,
Equipment Selection, General Affairs, Generation, Studies, Distribution for Beirut
Mount Lebanon, and Distribution for Districts. Outside Beirut, there are regional
offices that handle customer service and local matters.
Electricity in Lebanon is generated by many types of power plants installed in
different areas of the country. In fact, electric energy is produced from hydroelectric
and thermal power plants and purchased from Syria and Egypt through regional
interconnections:
• Power Purchase: The purchases from Syria (589 GWh) and Egypt (527 GWh)
constituted 7.5% of the total energy production.
• Hydraulic power plants: The installed capacity of all hydro plants is 274 MW but
the actual generation capacity is 190 MW. The energy produced from the hydro
plants (Litani, Nahr Ibrahim and Bared) constitutes 4.5% from the total production.
• Thermal Power Plants: The installed capacity of thermal power plants is 2038
MW but the actual capacity is 1685 MW. Thermal capacity is divided into HFO-
fired steam-turbines at Jiyeh, Jiyeh and Hraycheh, diesel-fired Combined Cycle
Gas Turbine (CCGT) at Beddawi and Zahrani and diesel-fired Open Cycle Gas

16
Turbine (OCGT) at Sour and Baalbek. The energy produced from these plants is
88% of the total production and the fuel cost vary widely from 9 USC/kWh to 22
USC/kWh.
The Figure 2-1 lists the different power plants in Lebanon and the total energy
produced by each power plant.
Name of Power Station N.of units Provided by Rated capacity
Deir Ammar combined cycle power
plant Lebanon
3 Ansaldo / Siemens
2x150 MW +
1x170 MW
Zahrani combined cycle power plant 3 Ansaldo / Siemens
2x150 MW +
1x170 MW
Jiyeh power plant 4 3 Ansaldo + 1 Alsthom
3x153.6 MW +
1x182 MW
Jiyeh power plant - South Lebanon 5
2 Toshiba + 3 Brown
Bovery company (BBC)
2x65 MW +
3x72.5 MW
Hreishi power plant – North Lebanon 1 Elin + Franco -Tosi 70 MW
Baalback power plant 2 Alsthom 35 MW
Sour power plant – south Lebanon 2 Alsthom 35 MW
Table 2-1: The power plants in Lebanon and their capacities
Electricity demand met by EdL grew from 7,300 GWh in 1998 to 8,056 GWh in 2006
according to data collected from EdL. This represents an average increase of 1.2%
per annum (p.a.) over that period, during which the increase was stronger between
1998 and 2002 at 3.6% p.a. and actually decreased by 1.7% p.a. between 2002 and
2006 (see Figure 2-1).
Fig. 2-1: Historical demand met (i.e., electricity supply by EdL) 1998-2006 in GWh

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The decrease in demand met by EdL in 2006 is partially explained by destruction to
the electricity infrastructure caused by the hostilities with Israel in July-August 2006.
However, the pattern demand met by EdL otherwise suggests that EdL is
increasingly unable to satisfy the country’s overall demand for electricity, and, as a
consequence, the share of electricity demand met through self-generation increased
over the period.
On that basis, the electricity consumed in Lebanon can be estimated at 13,200 GWh
in 2006, of which about 61% was supplied by EdL, 34% was supplied by self
generation, and the rest represented suppressed demand (Figure 2-2).
Fig. 2-2: Estimated Total Demand of Electricity in 2006 (in GWh)
The distribution of total electric power consumption per sector is shown in Figure 2-3
where the residential sector has the highest contribution at 38.5%.
Fig. 2-3: Electric energy consumption in Lebanon by sector

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The average cost of electricity in 2009; including EdL’s fixed costs, was 17.14
USC/kWh (255 LBP) of which 10.77 USC/kWh are fuel (high fuel bill) and 6.37
USC/kWh are for generation, transmission and distribution. The contribution of the
fuel bill to the total cost was around 1450 M$ (75%) and 1165 M$ (62%) in 2008 and
2009 respectively due to fluctuations in the cost of fuel.
Concerning the energy charge for low voltage residential customers, it varies from 35
LBP to 200 LBP per KWh in blocks of 100 kWh. In addition, customers pay a monthly
subscription fee of 1,200 LBP/5A and a rehabilitation fee of 5,000 – 10,000
LBP/month.
The transmission system has 1427 km of 66, 150, 220 and 400 kV lines.
The distribution system has 18,182 transformers.
2.1.2 Project background
The Lebanese electricity sector is at the heart of a deep crisis. The problems in the
sector are well identified but the technical and financial numbers vary widely and
carry large uncertainties. The sector is unable to supply the reliable electricity needed
by homes, offices and industry leading to additional costs on the consumers and
increasing the public debt of the country.
Lebanon suffers from a severe public finance crisis. Public debt (about US$40 billion)
reached 185% of GDP in 2006; ranking among the highest in the world. A key
contributor to the public finance crisis is the continued drain on resources by the
power sector which is estimated to cost Lebanon 4% of GDP in 2007.
The average capacity and imports available in 2009 was 1500 MW; the average
demand was 2000-2100 MW and the instantaneous peak in the summer was 2450
MW. The total energy demand in 2009 was 15,000 GWh (7% increase from 2008)
whereas the total production and purchases was 11,522 GWh (6% increase from
2008) which resulted in energy not supplied (deficit) of 3,478 GWh (23%). The supply
of energy averaged 21.22 hours for greater Beirut area and 15.79 hours for the South
with an average of 18 hours (75%) for the whole country.
Therefore, Lebanese electricity consumers suffer from frequent power failure and
substantial spending on back-up generation for as much as one third of their
electricity consumption. This is estimated to cost the average residential consumer
an additional 25% on top of what they pay EdL every month; and the industry sector
about US$360 million in lost sales per year. Demand for electricity is likely to reach
over 4,000 MW by 2015 which would require an additional new capacity. Unless EdL
improves its ability to supply electricity and install new capacity and restore consumer
confidence, back-up generation will increase its share of electricity supply in Lebanon
from 33% in 2008 to close to 60% by 2015.

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The average firm reports losing 7% of its sales value due to these interruptions.
Larger firms are better able to compensate for power failures than small firms and
report losing about 5% of sales. Small firms report losing as much as 8% while
medium-sized firms about 6%. Firms located outside Beirut experience somewhat
higher average sales losses (about 8%) than those within. The industries most
affected by power interruptions are textile and clothing firms, which report losing
10.3% of sales, and hotels, which report losing 9% of sales. Assuming that affected
industries are mainly in the industrial sector, which represented 20.8% of GDP in
2004, and based on an estimated GDP of US$22 billion (2004 estimate), the
economic loss to Lebanon may be as high as US$360 million per year.
Concerning the effects on the electric sector, the total losses on the system are about
40% (more than $300 million): 15% technical losses; 20% non-technical Losses and
5% uncollected Bills. The arrears and uncollected bills are worth more than $1.3
billion with 75% by the private sector and 25% by the public sector, Frontier Villages
and Palestinian Camps.
The non-technical losses are not uniform as they vary between provinces from 9.6%
to 58% and then between regions from 15% to 78%. Similarly, there is no uniformity
in the collection rates as they vary from 83% to 97% in provinces and from 62% to
97.5% within the regions.
Lack of spare parts, plant engineers and overall staffing reduces the power output
and efficiency significantly below the designed value.
In Jiyeh power plant, unit #3 caught on fire in December 2005 and its restoration was
achieved in November 2008. Currently, Jiyeh power plant is not functioning in its full
capacity due to technical and maintenance problems. Therefore the produced
capacity (300 MW) is half of the installed one (641 MW).
Unit No. Fuel consumption-
Design value (gr/kWh)
Actual value in 2006
(gr/kWh)
Deviation from design
Value
1 250 310 24%
2 250 328 31%
3 240 286 19%
4 240 288 20%
5 240 288 20%
Note: Fuel heat content is assumed: 40600 kJ/kg or 9700 Kcal/kg
Table 2-2: Jiyeh’s efficiency measured by fuel consumption and fuel requirement

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Regarding Jiyeh power plant, during the hostilities with Israel the fuel oil storage
tanks at the Jiyeh plant were bombed and caught on fire. Leaks of 15,000 tons of fuel
oil contaminated the coast of much of northern Lebanon (150 km), and caused the
most severe environmental disaster in Lebanon to date. Consequently, the generated
electricity of the power plant was reduced due to the lack of fuel supply.
It is important to mention that since the installation of Jiyeh and Jiyeh power plants in
1971 and 1984 respectively, both plants did not follow any overall rehabilitation,
leading to a farther reduction in there capacities and to the variation of the fuel
consumption design value (Figures 2-5 and 2-6). The conclusion is that these two
plants could operate for up to an additional ten years if they are rehabilitated and
then properly maintained and operated.
Unit No. Fuel consumption-
Design value (gr/kWh)
Actual value in 2006
(gr/kWh)
Deviation from design
Value
1 224.8 267.4 19%
2 223.3 251.5 13%
3 223.3 -
4 215.8 241.8 12%
Note: Fuel heat content is assumed: 40600 kJ/kg or 9700 Kcal/kg
Table 2-3: Jiyeh’s efficiency measured by fuel consumption and fuel requirement
The two most recently constructed power plants are the Combined Cycle Gas
Turbines (CCGTs): Beddawi and Zahrani. They are not operating under optimal
conditions. The most pressing issue is that they use a very uneconomical fuel, gas-oil
rather than natural gas, making this generation technology un-economical despite its
higher fuel efficiency (50% compared to 38-40% for steam-cycle plants). This is
because the price of gas-oil tends to be double that of natural gas to feed the same
energy input. In addition, the gas turbines (stators) at both Beddawi and Zahrani
suffered from manufacturing defects in 2006 and 2007, causing the plants to operate
at half load.
The problems of the electric energy sector to cover the existing gap is caused by the
lack of worthy investments; high fuel bill (62%-75%); the operating status of power
plants half of which are old and inefficient and the other half uneconomical; high
technical and commercial losses in transmission and distribution; wrong tariff
structure and low average tariff; deteriorating financial, administrative, technical and
human resources of EdL, all this in the presence of convoluted legal and
organizational frameworks.

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2.2 Institutional framework 1
2.2.1 Institutional Framework for the Protection of the Environment
In 1981, a state Ministry of Environment was created for the management of
environmental affairs such as the use of pesticides, deforestation and forest fires,
solid waste disposal, protection of native biodiversity, etc. .
In April 1993, Law 216/93 established the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and defined
its mandates and functions. Then, the law was amended according to Law 667/97. In
August 2005, Law 216/93 and its amendment were canceled, -except the Article 1 of
Law 216/93 - according to Law 690 (defining the functions of the Ministry of
Environment and its organization), Article 11.
Based on the new law- Law 690- MoE is charged in many tasks, mainly:
• Putting strategies in order to protect the environment and preserve the natural
resources.
• The preparation of legislation and standards to ensure the integrity of the
environment and the sustainability of natural resources, and specifies the
responsibilities and the penalties in case of environmental abuse.
• Participating in the preparation of conventions and treaties relating to the
environment sector.
• Determining the environmental conditions of the license for establishing
institutions and implementing projects that have an impact on the environment
and the natural resources.
• Determining the environmental conditions to protect all forms of ecosystems.
• Identifying natural sites for the establishment of nature reserves and the
conditions to be provided in these reserves.
• Imposing the conduction of an Environmental Impact Assessment and
Environmental Impact Statement for all the projects that are mentioned in this law.
A major step was achieved when, in July 2002, a comprehensive environmental
protection law – Law 444 - was introduced. Law 444 sets the fundamental principles
that govern the management of the environment and the use of natural resources.
In doing so, the Ministry of Environment does not undertake its environmental
management efforts in isolation. Indeed a number of other government ministries and
bodies have also environmental responsibilities Table 2-4 lists the main stakeholders
concerned with the environment.
1 Source: Earth Link and Advances Resources Development S.A.R.L. (ELARD): Environmental and
social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Awali-Beirut Water Conveyer Project (Study Update), Final
Report, August 2010.

22
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PREROGATIVES
Ministry of Environment
(MoE)
MoE reviews, approves or refuses Environmental Impact
Assessment reports prepared by engineering and/or consultancy
firms for existing or for potential projects.
Ministry of Energy and Water
(MoEW)
MoEW monitors surface and underground water quality. It also
estimates water needs and uses in all the regions, and identifies
the conditions and systems needed for surface and underground
water exploitation. It then develops the schemes for distribution of
water (drinking and irrigation).
The Ministers of Energy, Water and Environment determine every
measure or policy aimed at developing an integrated management
of natural resources on the environment.
Ministry of Public Works and
Transportation (MoPWT)
MoPWT manages, via its different directorates, roads, bridges and
water channels. Through its different directorates, it manages land
and maritime transportation as well as land use planning.
Higher Council of Urban
Planning (HCUP)
HCUP is responsible for urban and rural planning. In doing so it
reviews designs and plans of villages and towns, including zoning
proposals for these areas. It also reviews project decrees aiming
at expropriation.
Ministry of Public Health
(MoPH)
MoPH is responsible for safeguarding and improving public health
through for example inspecting water quality and protecting water
resources, specifically coastal underground water reservoirs.
Ministry of Interior (MoI) MoI stops all kinds of infractions and violations.
Council of Development and
Reconstruction (CDR)
The CDR is responsible for the Planning and programming of
reconstruction/rehabilitation projects in all sectors and across
Lebanon. It is also mandated to develop a masterplan for urban
planning. It also suggests the economic, financial, and social
policies needed for the implementation of these plans and
accordingly sets the priorities and presents them to the CoM for
approval
Municipalities Municipalities and municipal federations have many
responsibilities (all that concern physical development in their
territorial limits). They implement urban projects, follow up on
cleanliness and public health issues, water works, public transport
and tax collection. They may also request from the DGUP the
definition of urban master plans the municipalities have the
necessary resources. Municipalities are also responsible for
receiving applications for construction permits and issue permits
Table 2-4: Main Public administrations and stakeholders concerned with the
protection of the environment

23
2.2.2 Main Public Stakeholders concerned with the project
Several stakeholders play an important role in the management of natural resources
and livelihood strategies within the Project area. These stakeholders and their
mandate relevant to the project are presented in the following sections.
2.2.3 Ministry of Energy and Water (MoEW)
Since its creation, the Ministry of Energy and Water handles energy issues and the
production of electric energy through thermal resources, water, renewable or through
other resources.
The new law organizing the energy sector – Law 462/2002– confirmed the ministry’s
role. According to the Article 6 of the law, the ministry is responsible of the followings
concerning the electric sector:
• Developing a general policy and a master plan for the sector;
• Proposing rules for the organization of the services related to the production,
transfer and distribution of electric power;
• Proposing draft laws and decrees concerning the electricity sector;
• Proposing the public safety conditions and the environmental conditions and the
technical specifications that should be available in the electrical constructions and
equipments;
• Making the necessary contacts with other countries for the exchange of electric
energy and to conclude the necessary agreements;
• Taking all measures to address any imbalance in any of the activities of the
electricity sector that would adversely affect the interests of the sector or the
rights of consumers and their interests.
Concerning the regulation of the water sector, Law 221/2000 and its amendment,
Law 377/2001, specified the ministry’s functions. Indeed, Article 2 of the Law
377/2001 enumerates the competencies and missions of the Ministry of Energy and
Water as follows:
• Protecting water resources against losses and pollution by elaborating legal texts
and taking necessary measures and action to prevent water pollution and restore
its initial natural quality;
• Monitoring, studying, and estimating the volume of water resources, and
estimating water needs and uses in all regions;
• Monitoring the quality of surface and groundwater and establishing relevant
standards;
• Developing a general scheme for the allocation and distribution of drinking water
and irrigation water throughout the country; designing and continuously updating
a Master plan for water to be submitted through the Minister to the Council of
Ministers (CoM) for approval;

24
• Designing, studying, and implementing large water projects such as dams,
mountain lakes, tunnels, diversion of riverbeds, water networks, etc., and
overseeing their operation;
• Developing standards to be adopted in the studies conducted by Water and
Wastewater Establishments, and the implementation of their works; in addition to
guidelines and regulations for the exploitation of surface and groundwater and the
management of wastewater, and standards for the protection and monitoring of
water quality.
2.2.4 Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MoPWT)
According to Decree 2872/1959 (Organization of the Ministry of Public Works and
Transportation) and its amendments, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport is
composed of five directorates having each its own prerogatives.
The Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP) is in charge of setting rules,
regulations and designing plans relative to land occupation. Therefore, the
Directorate is responsible for specifying and organizing land use planning through
zoning of regions, specifying allowed investments for different land uses, as well as
architectural constraints, and suitable conditions for ensuring the integration of
projects within their surrounding from an aesthetic, architectural, infrastructural,
environmental, and socio-economic point of view. As for actual enforcement, it is the
responsibility of the local authority (municipality/ district) and the Security Forces. The
DGUP interferes in the case of complaints, and plays an inspection role upon
termination of building construction by verifying the compatibility of facilities with
permit conditions and specifications.
On the other hand, the Directorate General of Roads and Buildings (Decree
13379/1998), is in charge of the design, execution and maintenance of roads,
bridges, walls, and water channels. The Directorate also designs, expropriates,
subcontracts and supervises works including maintenance of public buildings and
assets. The presence of a Department of Environment and Traffic Safety within the
Directorate General of Roads and Buildings should be noted, which is responsible for
assessing the environmental impact of projected roads, and recommending
mitigation measures.
The Ministry of Public Works and Transport, in cooperation with the Ministry of
Environment are responsible of protecting the beaches and the Lebanese territorial
waters from the risk of pollution.
2.2.5 Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP)
The Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP) that was created in 1983 (decree-
law 69/1983) is the party responsible for urban and rural planning. It comprises
representatives from CDR, MoIM, MoPWT, MoE, MoC and other concerned

25
ministries, municipalities as well as Order of Engineers and Architects. It can meet
with the concerned parties (such as municipalities and public institutions) for
discussing issues pertaining to them and it will give opinion regarding
• Designs and plans of villages and towns, and zoning designs
• Project decrees aiming at the creation of real estate companies, conducting
expropriation and allotment
• Revision of building permits and allotment
• Projects aiming at modifying urban planning and building laws
2.2.6 Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)
The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) is responsible for safeguarding and improving
public health, through the prevention of disease, supervision of health care
institutions, suggestion of new legislation or modification of existing ones. The MoPH
consists of Central and Regional Departments, as well as a Department of Projects
and Programs.
Besides suggesting the modification of laws and regulations relating to health
prevention, as prompted by social and scientific developments; and preparing
relevant project laws and decrees, MoPH is also responsible for setting allowable
levels for contaminants in the water, the springs, the rivers and their courses, the
lakes and ponds, the swamps and in the distribution networks for drinking water and
irrigation canals, all with a close cooperation with the ministry of environment. The
Ministry is also in charge of:
• Conducting studies and suggesting protocols aiming at preserving the
environment's safety from threats to public health;
• Formulating project decisions on sanitary and preventive guidelines for all kinds of
classified establishments;
• Suggesting specifications and technical conditions required in the construction of
sewage and potable water networks, and solid waste collection and disposal
projects.
With regards to the Regional Departments (or Public Health Services), they are
distributed in all Governorates except in the Governorate of Beirut, and all districts.
They are responsible for implementing health protocols in the Governorates,
providing preventive and laboratory services. As for the District Physicians, they
monitor potable water quality, solid waste disposal, and sanitary guidelines in
residential, recreational and occupational settings.
2.2.7 Ministry of Interior and Municipalities
The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is concerned with Lebanon's internal policy
affairs, encompassing preparation, coordination, and execution; in addition to

26
safeguarding discipline and security; overseeing the affairs of governorates, districts,
municipalities, unions of municipalities, the Independent Municipal Fund, mayors,
local elected councils, villages, parties, NGOs; and managing motor vehicle and
traffic affairs, etc.
The Ministry of Interior and Municipalities is composed of several distinct directorates
having different prerogatives as set in Decree 4082/2000, based on the Law
247/2000.
• The Directorate General of Administrative and Local Councils mainly has a
supervisory and monitoring role over municipalities. Overseeing the application of
laws and regulations relating to local affairs, municipalities and their unions, and
other local councils; suggesting plans and developing studies aiming at the
development of local life and activities and promoting public participation in them,
and submitting these studies to the Minister of Interior and Municipalities;
• The Directorate General of Internal Security Forces plays a monitoring and
enforcement role, responsible for implementing laws and regulations and for
sanctioning violations, in coordination with the enforcement body affiliated to the
MoPWT.
2.2.8 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)
The CDR is a public institution that was created in 1977 - in partial replacement of
the Ministry of Planning - to be the Government unit responsible for reconstruction
and development. CDR has unprecedented powers to avoid any administrative
routine that could slow down the reconstruction process, especially in the financial
field. It is financially and administratively independent, and directly affiliated to the
Council of Ministers (CoM). Decree Law 5/77 specified CDR’s responsibilities which
are formulated around 4 main axes:
1. Planning,
2. Consultancy and Guidance,
3. Financial,
4. Implementation and Monitoring.
These are to be implemented in cooperation with other ministries and stakeholders
and can be summarized as follows:
Planning:
• Development of a general plan, consecutive plans and programs for construction
and development activities; in addition to the suggestion of economic, financial,
and social policy in line with the general plan. All of these plans and policies are
submitted for approval to the CoM ;
• Developing a budget for the implementation of the general plan;
• Suggesting project laws relating to construction and development and presenting
them to the CoM;

27
• Developing a general guidance framework for urban planning and presenting it to
the CoM for approval.
Consultancy and Guidance:
• Giving opinion to the CoM on economic and financial relationships with other
countries, foreign associations and organizations;
• Getting in contact with foreign associations and organizations for the purpose of
seeking economic, cultural, technical and social assistance;
• Preparing and publishing statistical studies relating to economic and social
activities and projects;
• Conducting the necessary studies in the developmental and construction fields, or
designating qualified parties to conduct them, and suggesting the enhancement of
the Council's scientific capabilities;
• Requesting ministries, public institutions, and municipalities to prepare projects in
line with the Council's developmental and construction overall objectives;
• Providing relevant information for ministries, public institutions, municipalities, and
the private sector;
• Giving suggestions on the creation, development and guidance of financial
establishments and companies working on development issues.
Financial duties:
• Securing financing for the implementation of the various projects or programs, the
source of funds being the CoM or international donors.
Implementation and Monitoring tasks:
• Conducting feasibility studies for construction and developmental projects figuring
in the general plan, or preparing programs required for the development of plans
• Executing the projects figuring in the general plan, consecutive plans and
programs, in addition to any other construction/development project requested by
the CoM. The CDR selects the appropriate public institution, municipality, or
company for the execution of these projects, and the appropriate means (bidding,
subcontracting, partnership,…).
• The CDR is the exclusive party responsible for expropriation procedures, and
issuing administrative authorizations and licenses, except in the case where the
CoM issues them.
• Monitoring of all projects figuring in the plans and programs, and those referred
by the CoM, and submitting relevant reports to the CoM
• Monitoring the proper allocation of economic and financial subsidies to their
proper targets.
2.2.9 Municipalities
A municipality is the level of local government with legal status, financial and
administrative independence, which exercises powers and responsibilities over the
territory it is granted by law.

28
The municipal machinery is made up of a decision-making power (invested in the
elected municipal council) and an executive power (held by the President of the
municipality or Mayor himself). The law grants municipal councils decision making
powers and responsibilities relating to all activities of public interest within the
municipal area based on a non-exhaustive list which sets out the relevant areas of
public interest. According to Decree 118/1977, they are responsible for:
• Determining municipal taxes or fees;
• Developing TORs for services, works and supplies, or for selling municipal
properties;
• Accepting or rejecting funds and donations;
• General programs of works, cleanliness, health affairs, water and lighting
projects, etc.;
• Planning, rectifying and enlarging roads, creating parks and public places;
• Formulating designs for the town and the master plan in cooperation with the
Directorate General of Urban Planning (DGUP);
• Creating parks, courts, museums, hospitals, libraries, sewerage networks, and
waste disposal options, etc.;
• Organizing transportation and specifying prices; and
• Approving permit applications for the exploitation of classified shops, restaurants,
resorts, cafes, hotels, and all kinds of tourist and leisure facilities.
2.3 Legal framework
2.3.1 Lebanese environmental legislation
Laws Laws are passed by the Lebanese Parliament. The Council of Ministers or deputies
propose a project of law that is discussed by the appropriate parliamentary
committees prior to being promulgated in a plenary parliamentary session.
Environmental legislations are generally reviewed and assessed by the
Parliamentary committees dealing with Agriculture, Tourism, Environment, and
Municipalities as well as Public Works, Transportation, Electric and Hydraulic
Resources and Planning and Development.
Decree Laws In exceptional cases (like absence of the Parliament or non respect of constitutional
delays), the President of the Republic can pass these decree laws which have the
same legal standing and powers as laws.
Decrees The Council of Ministers issues decrees that are usually proposed by a certain
ministry. The Council of State is consulted before the issuance of a decree to ensure
that the latter does not contravene existing laws.
Resolutions/
Decisions
Ministers issue resolutions without the pre-approval of the Council of Ministers but
after consulting the Council of State to ensure the integrity with existing laws.
Table 2-5: Legal Pyramid in Lebanon

29
The Lebanese Constitution represents the strongest legislative text in Lebanon and
when in contradiction with the Constitution, a proposed legislation(s) cannot be
issued. International treaties/agreements ratified by Lebanon have the second priority
in the Lebanese legislative framework. Table 2-5 describes the legal structure in
Lebanon.
2.3.2 Synopsis of the Legislative Framework for Environmental
Protection
Number Date Subject
Law 216 2/4/1993 The establishment of the ministry of environment
The Minister engineer Samir Moukbel
Generalization
1/93
11/5/1993 Preventing tires burning
Generalization
2/93
20/5/1993
Organizing the work of the careers, quarries, mattocks sand and
mixers of the asphalt.
Decision B/2 21/5/1993
Preventing the use and the importation of the birds sounds
recording machines.
Decision B/7 10/1/1994 Organizing birds hunting and game fishing
Decision B/8 10/1/1994
Preventing birds hunting on all the Lebanese territories for a period
ranging between 1/1/1995 and 31/12/1997
Decision B/15 21/9/1994
Arresting the careers and quarries that are working without a
license.
Decision B/20 2/11/1994
Specifying the criteria and constants related to the environmental
protection from the pollution.
Decision B/22 14/11/1994 Licensing a private career.
Decision 110/1 19/5/1995 Organizing the hunting.
The Minister Pierre Faraoun
Decision 5/1 18/8/1995 Related to the importation of the Petrocoque substance.
Decision 9/1 18/9/1995
Modification of the resolution 5/1 related to the importation of the
Petrocoque substance.
Decision 14/1 6/10/1995 Establishment of the natural reserve “Karm Chbat”
Decision 15/1 5/10/1995
Preventing any action or any change in the area around Fakra
bridge in the Kasrwan district (and the removal of any offense and
the prosecution of the dissenting).
Decision 22/1 6/11/1995 Imposing environmental conditions on the factories.
Decision 23/1 6/11/1995
Forbidding the importation and the use of fire brigade working with
liquid materials.
Decision 25/1 11/11/1995 Establishing the natural reserve of Bentaeel
Decision 26/1 27/11/1995
Modification of the resolution 9/1 concerning the importation of the
Decision 27/1 6/12/1995
Modification of the resolution 9/1 concerning the importation of the
Decision 37/1 18/1/1996 Subject the Abestos substance to a previous license.

30
Decision 40/1 20/3/1996
Modification of the resolution 22/1 related to imposition of
environmental conditions on the factories.
Decision 41/1 26/3/1996
Modification of the resolution 37/1 related to subjecting of the
Asbestos substance to a previous license.
Decision 42/1 26/3/1996 Forbidding totally the importation of the Asbestos substance.
Decision 52/1 29/7/1996
Specifying the criteria and the specific rates to limit the air, water
and land pollution.
Decision 91/1 24/10/1996
Forbidding the importation of the waste intended to manufacturing
unless from the classified and licensed companies with a specified
conditions.
The Minister Akram Chehayeb
Decision 22/1 17/12/1966
Modification of the Resolution 91/1 (in 24/10/1996) related to the
exportation of the plastic waste.
Decision 34/1 4/1/1997
Classifying Nahr Ibrahim one of the natural locations subjects to the
protection of the ministry of Environment.
Decision 51/1 13/1/1997
Forming an advisory committee to follow up the industrial pollution
in the areas of Salaata and Chekka.
Decision 57/1 4/4/1997
Forming an advisory committee to follow up the careers and
quarries subject.
Decision 71/1 19/5/1997
Organizing waste importation, modifying Resolution 22/1 issued on
17 17/12/1996.
Decision 72/1 28/5/1997 Applying the Eternite Chekka company’ s obligatory program.
Decision 76/1 28/5/1997
Forming an advisory committee to follow up the solid waste subject
in Lebanon.
Decision 103/1 4/7/1997
The ministry of environment takes lead in the supervision of the
landfills
Decision 118/1 12/8/1997
Refer all the factories’ transactions built on unclassified real-estates
to the ministry of industry.
Decision 151/1 17/10/1997
Classifying an environmental location (known as Kadisha’s valley:
kannoubin and kezhaya)
Decision 161/1 31/10/1997 Modifying Resolution 71/1 on 19/5/1997.
Decision 165/1 12/9/1997
Forbidding the importation of the calling, attraction, and birds voice
recording machines.
Decision 182/1 7/11/1997 Determining the documents and conditions for quarries investment
Decision 183/1 7/11/1997
Determining the documents and conditions for the investment of the
sand pickers or naturally fragmented gravel.
Decision 184/1 7/11/1997
Identifying the documents and conditions for the quarries
investment to mosaic manufacture.
Decision 185/1 7/11/1997
Identifying the documents and conditions for the decorative stones
(block) and building stones’ investment.
Decision 186/1 7/11/1997
Identifying the documents and conditions for quarries’ investment
for soil manufacturing.
Decision 191/1 8/10/1997
Application of the guidance note for the cement industry in Lebanon
and its environmental pollution as consequence.
Decision 200/1 14/11/1997 Classifying an area one of the natural locations (Wata Salam).
Law 667 29/12/1997 Amend the law 216

31
Decision 22/1 24/2/1998 Classifying “Nahr el Jawz” course (Batroun).
Decision 97/1 2/7/1998 Classifying “ Nahr el Kalb” course.
Law 64/88
12/8/1988 Protection against hazardous wastes that could harm air, water,
biodiversity, soil, and people.
Decision 129/1 1/9/1998 Classifying the location known as the course of “Nahr al Damour”
Decision 130/1 1/9/1998 Classifying the location known as the course of “ Nahr Beirut”
Decision 131/1 1/9/1998 Classifying the location known as the course of “Nahr al Awali”
Decision 132/1 1/9/1998
Classifying as natural locations the following areas: the forest
located between “Ain el Hour”-“Darayya”-“Diyyeh”-“Berjin”/ “Al
Cheikh Ousman” forest/ Surrounding area of “ Deyr El Moukhales”/
Surrounding area of “Ain Wazin” hospital/ “Dalboun” forest/ “Al Mal”
valley/ “Kafra” wells/ “Ighmid” valley/ “Ain Bal” valley.
Decision 174/1 2/11/1998 Forbidding the importation of some kinds of the Asbestos.
Decision 187/1 17/11/1998
Classifying a natural location (“Al moukammel” mountain: “Al
kourne al sawda”).
Decision 188/1 19/11/1998 Classifying “Aarka” river’s course.
Decision 189/1 19/11/1998 Classifying “Aassi” river’s course.
The Minister Artur Nazarian
Decision 14/1 16/2/1999
Cancellation of the resolution related to the real-estate 448 “Wata
salam”.
Decision 15/1 13/3/1999
Forbidding the importation and use of fire brigade working with
liquid materials especially with cars and machines.
Decision 75/1 5/9/2000
Environmental conditions to license the establishment and
investment of factories who works in leather pigmentation.
Decision 90/1 17/10/2000
Environmental conditions to license the residential buildings located
within the rivers protected by the Ministry of Environment.
The Minister Doctor Michel Moussa
Decision 5/1 30/12/2000
Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of
fruits and vegetables conserving companies (Freezing, pickling,
cooking, packing).
Decision 3/1 12/1/2001
the meat and poultry waste treating factories by cooking or dry way
fermentation.
Decision 4/1 12/1/2001
the slaughterhouses.
Decision 5/1 12/1/2001
the fuel distribution stations.
Decision 8/1 30/12/2001
Criteria and standards related to air pollutants and liquid waste
generated from classified companies and water treating stations.
Decision 16/1 21/3/2001
cows/ poultry/ pets (e.g. rabbits, pigs…) farms.
Decision 29/1 31/5/2001
dairy products factories.
Decision 60/1 10/9/2001
building stones factories.
Decision 61/1 10/9/2001 Environmental conditions to license the establishment/investment of

32
plastic factories.
Decision 5/1 5/2/2002 Review of the environmental inspection reports.
Decision 6/1 5/2/2002
Processing the review of the reports related to the determi-nation of
the scope of environmental impact assessment and to the
evaluation of the impact assessment.
Decision 15/1 4/3/2002
glass factories.
Decision 16/1 4/3/2002
rubber (caoutchouc) factories.
Decision 19/1 11/3/2002
Subject “Alkamouaa” region/ caza “Alay” to the Ministry of
Environment protection.
Decision 20/1 8/3/2002 Declaring 9 march the national day of reserves.
Decision 21/1 11/3/2002
Subject “Alkarkir” valley/ caza “Zgharta” to the Ministry of
Decision 22/1 11/3/2002
Subject “Dalhoun” forest/ caza “Chouf” to the Ministry of
Decision 44/1 4/5/2002
Modification of the Resolution 20/1 by declaring 10 march the
national day of reserves.
Decree 8006 11/6/2002
Determine the types of health institutions waste disposal and how to
discharge it
Law 444 29/7/2002 Environment Protection Law
The Minister Fares Boueiz
Law 580 4/3/2004 The organization of land hunting in Lebanon
Decision 8/1 10/3/2004 Classifying “Balou’ Be’tara” in Tannourine as a natural location.
The Minister Wiam Wahhab
Decision 9/1 2/11/2004
Defining the minimum distances that should separate all kinds of
planed farms and their establishment/investment in the unorganized
areas from the residential areas.
Decision 6/1 12/1/2005
Giving all the companies and factories a grace period of 6 months
to correct their situation and apply the environmental requirements.
Decision 13/1 22/2/2005
Modification of the Resolution 132/1: excluding “Ighmid” valley
location from the classified locations in “Chouf” area.
The Minister engineer Yaacoub Al Sarraf
Decree 14865 1/9/2005
Determine the conditions and mechanism of the Ministry of
Environment to provide contributions to the bodies Ataatoky profit
for the environmental activities
Decision 3/1 6/8/2005
Specifying the environmental conditions to license the
establishment or investment of the small treating water stations.
Decision 4/1 6/8/2005
Specifying the environmental conditions to license the
establishment or investment of mixers of the hot asphalt.
Law 690 26/8/2005
Defining the functions of the Ministry of Environment and
organization
Generalization
24/1
14/10/2005
Confirmation of forbidding the hunting on all the Lebanese territory
within the taken measures to prevent the Avian influenza infection.
Table 2-6: The main environmental legislations in Lebanon

33
To date, the current Lebanese environmental regulations are generally scarce with
some dating back several decades. Table 2-6 presents an overview of the main
environmental legislations found in Lebanon dealing with the management of water
resources, solid waste and wastewater as well as air quality and pollution control;
these legislations are listed in reverse chronological order.
According to the article 4 of the Decree 9765/2003 of the Ministry of Industry, the
authorities in charge of the industrial pollution control are the Ministry of Industry-
Control Department, the Municipalities and the competent authorities of MoE and
MoPH.
2.3.3 International agreements and treaties
Table 2-7 summarizes all relevant international conventions and agreements that are
signed or ratified by Lebanon. They include provisions relevant to the proposed
project operations and waste management practices.
AGREEMENT OBJECTIVE RELEVANCE TO PROJECT
Stockholm Convention on
Persistant Organic pollutants for
adoption by the conference of
plenipotentiaris-2001
Signed by Lebanon in 2001
to protect human health and the
environment from chemicals that
remain intact in the environment
for long periods, become widely
distributed geographically,
accumulate in the fatty tissue of
humans and wildlife, and have
adverse effects to human health
or to the environment.
Describe all practicable steps
to ensure that POPs are
managed in a manner which
will protect human health and
the environment against the
adverse effects which may
result from such organic
chemical substances.
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.-
Rio de Janeiro- 1992
Ratified by Lebanon in 1994
to achieve stabilization of
greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with
the climate system.
Lists precautionary measures
to anticipate, prevent or
minimize the
causes of climate change
and mitigate its adverse
effects.
Basel Convention on the Control
of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal-1989
To control the transportation of
dangerous non-radiant materials
and their disposal across the
border
Regulates the transfer of
potentially hazardous wastes
across national boundaries
Medical and industrial waste
Hazardous Demolition waste
Convention to Combat
Desertification - 1994 Ratified by
Lebanon in 1994
To combat desertification Control land clearance and
project footprint size
Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer –
1985
Montreal protocol on ozone-
depleting substances - 1987
To protect human health and the
environment from any activity
that modifies the ozone layer
Adopt measures to control
human activities found to have
Regulates the use of ODS
(ozone depleting substances)
Reconstruction activities

34
Ratified by Lebanon in 1993 adverse impact on the ozone
layer
Barcelona Convention:
Protocol for the Protection of the
Mediterranean Sea against
Pollution from Land-based
Sourcwes-1980
Signature in 1980 and accession
in 1994
Protocol Concerning Co-
operation in Combating Pollution
of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil
and Other Harmful Substances in
Cases of Emergency-1976
Convention for the Protection of
the Mediterranean Sea against
Pollution-1976
International Convention relating
to Intervention on the High Seas
in cases of Oil Pollution
Casualties.-Brussels- 1969
Convention on the Prevention of
Marine Pollution by Dumping of
Wastes and Other Matter-1972
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the Sea
by Oil.-London- 1954
To ensure protection of the
Mediterranean Sea and aquatic
species from effluent discharges
(solid/liquid waste)
To protect the coastal area
from landfills and
uncontrolled dumping
practices in the Study Area
resulting in leachate
generation and run-off which
pose a threat to the existing
water resources.
Disposal of wastewater in the
Mediterranean sea
Table 2-7: International Agreements Ratified or Signed by Lebanon
2.3.4 Relevant Lebanon's international guidelines and standards2
Table 2-8 summarizes some of the WB/IFC safeguard policies that are applicable to
the project.

35
OPERATIONAL
POLICY / DIRECTIVE
KEY FEATURES APPROVAL
DATE
OP/BP 4.01
Environmental
Assessment
Trigger: Any project with potential environmental and social impacts
• Potential environmental consequences of project identified early in
project cycle – projects categorized as A (significant impacts); B
(limited impacts); C (no impacts); FI (Financial Intermediary)
• Environmental Assessments (EAs) and mitigation plans are
required for projects with significant environmental impacts or
involuntary resettlement
• EAs should include analysis of alternative designs and sites or
consideration of “no option”
• Requires public consultation with and information disclosure to
affected communities and NGOs before World Bank Board approval;
at least two public consultations with affected communities are
required for category A projects
Required document: Environmental Assessment(EA) for category A
and B projects
January
1999
OP 4.04
Natural
Habitats
Trigger: Potential to cause significant loss or degradation of natural
habitat
• Prohibits financing of projects involving “significant conversion of
natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives
• Requires environmental cost/benefit analysis
• Requires EA with mitigation measures
Required document: issues and mitigation measures included in EA
June 2001
OP 4.36
Forestry
Trigger: projects that impact the health and quality of forests; projects
that affect the rights and welfare of people dependent upon forests;
projects that change the management and use of forests
• Discourages financing of projects that significantly convert natural
habitats and critical forest areas unless there are no feasible
alternatives
• Projects cannot contravene international environmental agreements
and conventions
• For industrial-scale commercial harvesting, the harvesters must be
certified by a third party as meeting standards of responsible forest
management or agree to a time-bound phased action plan that can
meet such standards
• Local people must be involved in developing standards for
certification
• Prohibits financing for commercial logging operations or acquisition
of equipment for use in primary moist tropical forests
Required documents: forestry issues included in EA, time-bound
action plans included in Project Appraisal Document (PAD)
November
2002
Table 2-8: WB/IFC safeguards policies that are applicable to the project

36
2.3.5 Objectives of the EIA Report
The EIA is an important decision-making tool required by the Ministry of Environment
and by the World Bank, that ensures that the environmental hazards and effects of
the Project are identified and evaluated prior to operations, and that appropriate
control measures are implemented. The main objective of this study is to determine
the potential environmental impacts associated with the proposed Project.
The objectives of this EIA study are to:
• Identify all applicable Lebanese national legislation, policies, standards and
international treaties, agreements, industry standards and guidelines and
regulatory environmental requirements for the project, etc.;
• Provide a detailed description of all Project activities and work plans to be carried
out in sea and on land.
• Describe the existing environmental baseline conditions of the study area
covering the physical, biodiversity, socio-economic, and cultural elements likely to
be affected by the proposed dredging and disposal activities and/or likely to cause
adverse impacts upon the project, including both natural and man-made
environments;
• Identify and assess the potential impacts on environmental and social resources
associated with the project;
• Identify the nature and extent of any significant potential environmental and social
impacts be they positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse), temporary or
permanent. This shall include routine, non-routine (planned) operations and
unplanned (accidental) events;
• Identify any significant cumulative or transboundary impacts of the project and
recommend appropriate actions to mitigate or minimize these impacts during the
project execution;
• Identify and evaluate appropriate mitigation measures for these impacts;
• Identify any residual impacts following application of mitigation; and
• Identify, assess and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in
the detailed design, operation and handover of the project, which are necessary
to mitigate these impacts and reduce them to acceptable levels.
The EIA study shall ensure that:
• The project complies with international treaties, agreements and industrial
standards and guidelines.
• The Project under assessment complies with relevant Lebanese legislations,
standards and World Bank requirements.
• In the absence of any relevant Lebanese standards or requirements for sampling,
construction and disposal operations, the project should be at a minimum,
compatible with international standards, such as those issued by the World Bank,
IFC or OSHA.
• Transparency in Project activities and engagement of local authorities and
community regarding its environmental, social and economical aspects.

37
2.3.6 Legal background of the project
The Project is governed by Lebanon’s main Environmental Framework Law (Law
444/2002 on Environmental Protection).
A draft EIA decree was issued in 2000 which abides by specifications and standard
criteria for environmental standards and requirements and sets principles and
measures necessary to assess the environmental impact of development projects
(refer to Environmental Protection Law No. 444/ 2002). The draft EIA decree
comprises sixty-eight articles that address the objectives of the regulation, definitions,
as well as various stages of the national EIA process such as screening, scoping,
implementation, and review of the EIA report, in addition to the period of validity, and
the appeal process. The EIA draft decree also lists all the activities for which EIA or
permit conditions are mandatory, and those that require an Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE).
2.4 Administrative Framework
2.4.1 Project team
This report has been prepared by an international team of experts. The experts team
is composed of:
• Mr Tobias Kampet, Senior environmental engineer, MVV decon, Germany
• Mr Norbert Paetz, vice head of the energy services department, MVV decon,
Germany
• Dr. Samir Mahfoud, regional expert, MVV decon, Germany
• Mrs Marieange Saidy, Santec, Lebanon
• Mr Azzam Sankari, Santec, Lebanon
• Mrs Raia Dayekh, Santec, Lebanon
2.4.2 Applied methodology
The Assessment of the possible impacts of the Power Plant on the environment was
based on the following methods:
2.4.2.1 Judgement
Based on the scope of work as approved by the MoEW for project implementation,
on international literature and on its experience, the judgement was used for the
preliminary assessment of the impacts of the project on the environment.

38
This assessment has been deepened and justified by site-specific visits and in-situ
data acquisition in April 2011.
2.4.2.2 Classification of Potential Impacts
In this study the evaluation of the potential impacts is based on experience with
similar projects and on the environmental conditions present in the site surrounding
area. The anticipated negative environmental impacts are classified into 4 categories
"High", "Intermediate", "Slight", and "Negligible".
• A high impact can destroy an element of the environment or create a strong
environmental modification. Such an impact can greatly affect an
environmental component if it is impossible to adopt adequate mitigation
measures.
• An intermediate impact may partially reduce a value or use of an
environmental component and have an affect on a limited portion of the
population.
• A slight impact may slightly reduce the value or use of an environmental
component and slightly affect a small group of the population.
• Some activities of the project may not create evident negative impacts on the
environment. In such cases, the assessment will not be detailed but same
commentaries will be given. This type of impacts is identified as negligible.
2.4.3 Technical background of the project
The technical documents which have been used for the preparation of this EIA report
are the documents published by the Ministry of energy and Water for the preparation
of the tender documents for the “Installation and Operation of medium speed
reciprocating engine power generation units” at existing Jiyeh and Jiyeh thermal
power plants.
2.4.4 Further documents used
A list of additional documents has been used for the preparation of this report, For
details please refer to the references of this report.
2.5 Environmental requirements
2.5.1 Emission standards and warranties
The MoE has defined general emission standards according to the Law 8/1. These
standards are valid for all industrial plants, including all kind of power plants.

39
The assignment of different pollutants to the respective groups of particulate
inorganic pollutants; gaseous inorganic pollutants and cancer causing pollutants are
given in the Annex as well as the list and classification of gaseous organic
compounds.
Emissions standards are identified by mass flow and concentrations; for mass flow
lower than the ones indicated in column 3 in Table 2-9, no concentration emission
limit value exist, otherwise limit values of column 2 will automatically apply.
Parameter Emission limit value Remark
Dust [mg/m
3
] 200 for new establishments
500 for old establishments
Non containing hazardous
compound
Particulate inorganic pollutants [mg/m3
]
Group I 1 Mass flow > 5 g/h
Group II 10 Mass flow > 25 g/h
Group III 30 Mass flow > 50 g/h
Gaseous inorganic pollutants
Group III 30 Mass flow > 1 Kg/h
Group IV 500 Mass flow > 10 Kg/h
Gaseous organic pollutants
Group II 100 Mass flow > 4 kg/h
Group III 200 Mass flow > 6 Kg/h
Cancer causing pollutants
Group I 0.2 Mass flow > 5 g/h
Group III 10 Mass flow > 50 g/h
Table 2-9: General emissions limit values in Lebanon
Parameter Category A (new
establishments)
Category B (old
establishments)
O2 correction 3 % 5 %
Dust [mg/m
3
] 150 500
CO [mg/m3
] 250 1000
NOx (calculated as NO2) [mg/m3
]
Diesel fuel (European standard) 300 800
Other fuel 500 1000
SOx (calculated as SO2) [mg/m3
]
Diesel fuel (European standard) - -
Other 1700 3500
Table 2-10: Oil fired combustion plants: boilers, steam, energy production > 1 MW
and < 50 MW thermal capacity

40
Parameter Category A Category B
O2 correction 3 % 5 %
Dust [mg/m3
] 50 250
As + Pb+ Cd+ Cr+ Co+ Ni 50 15
CO [mg/m
3
] 250 1000
NOx (calculated as NO2) [mg/m3
] 500 1000
]
Other 2500 3500
Table 2-11: Oil fired combustion plants > 50 MW thermal capacity
Moreover specific regulations are given for the Energy Sector. In the Tables 2-13 to
2-16, the specific ELV’s for stack emissions are given.
SOx (calculated as SO2) [mg/m
3
]
Other 2000 3500
Table 2-12: Additional requirements for plants > 50 MW <100 MW thermal capacity
]
Diesel fuel (European standard)
Other
-
2000
-
3500
HCL 100 200
HF 10 20
Table 2-13: Additional requirements for plants >100 MW <300 MW thermal capacity

41
2.5.2 Ambient air quality standards
Averaging Period Guideline value in mg/m3
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour
10 minute
125 (Interim target-1)
20 (guideline)
500 (guideline)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year
1-hour
40 (guideline)
200 (guideline)
Particulate Matter
PM10
1-year
24-hour
20 (guideline)
50 (guideline)
Particulate Matter
PM2.5
1-year
24-hour
10 (guideline)
37.5 (Interim target-3)
25 (guideline)
Ozone 8-hour daily
maximum
100 (guideline
Table 2-14: Ambient air quality standards of World Bank3
2.5.3 Water quality standards
In the following tables (Table 2-15 for waste water discharged into the sea;
Table 2-16 for waste water discharged into the surface water and Table 2-17 for
waste water discharged into the sewage system) the ELV for existing facilities are
given as allowed for and set in Law 8/1.
3 World Health Organisation (WHO): Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update, 2005.

42
Parameter ELV for existing facilities ELV for new facilities
PH 5 - 9 6 - 9
Temperature 35°C 35°C
BOD5 mgO2/L 100 25
COD mgO2/L 250 125
Total Phosphorous mgP/L 16 10
Total Nitrogen mgN/L 40 30
Suspended solids mg/L 200 60
AOX 5 5
Detergents mg/L 3 3
Coliform Bacteria 37°C in 100ml 2000 2000
Salmonellae absence Absence
Hydrocarbons mg/L 20 20
Phenol index mg/L 0.3 0.3
Oil and Grease mg/L 30 30
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 75 75
Ammonia (NH4
+
) mg/L 10 10
Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1 0.1
Aluminium (Al) mg/L 10 10
Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1 0.1
Barium (Ba) mg/L 10 2
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2 0.2
Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0.5 0.5
Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2 2
Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI
) mg/L 0.5 0.2
Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1.5 1.5
Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5 5
Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05 0.05
Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1 1
Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2 0.5
Lead total (Pb) mg/L 0.5 0.5
Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3 0.3
Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2 2
Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 10 5
Active Cl2 mg/L 1 1
Cyanides (CN
-
) mg/L 0.1 0.1
Fluoride (F
-
) mg/L 25 25
Nitrate (NO3) mg/L 90 90
Phosphate (PO4
3-
) mg/L 5 5
Sulphate (SO4
2-
) mg/L 1000 1000
Sulphide (S2-
) mg/L 5 1
Table 2-15: ELV of waste water discharged into the sea

43
Parameter ELV for existing facilities ELV for new facilities
PH 5 - 9 6 - 9
Temperature 30°C 30°C
BOD5 mgO2/L 100 25
COD mgO2/L 250 125
Total Phosphorous mgP/L 16 10
Total Nitrogen mgN/L 40 30
Suspended solids mg/L 200 60
AOX 5 5
Detergents mg/L 3 3
Coliform Bacteria 37°C in 100ml 2000 2000
Salmonellae absence Absence
Hydrocarbons mg/L 20 20
Phenol index mg/L 0.3 0.3
Oil and Grease mg/L 30 30
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 75 75
Ammonia (NH4+) mg/L 10 10
Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1 0.1
Aluminium (Al) mg/L 10 10
Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1 0.1
Barium (Ba) mg/L 2 2
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2 0.2
Cobalt (Co) mg/L 0.5 0.5
Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2 2
Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) mg/L 0.5 0.2
Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1.5 0.5
Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5 5
Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05 0.05
Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1 1
Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2 0.5
Lead total (Pb) mg/L 0.5 0.5
Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3 0.3
Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2 2
Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 5 5
Active Cl2 mg/L 1 1
Cyanides (CN-) mg/L 0.1 0.1
Fluoride (F-) mg/L 25 25
Nitrate (NO3) mg/L 90 90
Phosphate (PO43-) mg/L 5 5
Sulphate (SO42-) mg/L 1000 1000
Sulphide (S2-) mg/L 1 1
Table 2-16: ELV for waste water discharged into surface water in Lebanon

44
Parameter ELV for existing and new facilities
PH 6 - 9
Temperature 35°C
BOD5 mgO2/L 125
COD mgO2/L 500
Total Phosphorous mgP/L 10
Total Nitrogen mgN/L 60
Suspended solids mg/L 600
AOX 5
Salmonellae Absence
Hydrocarbons mg/L 20
Phenol index mg/L 5
Oil and Grease mg/L 50
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/L 750
Ammonia (NH4
+
) mg/L -
Silver (Ag) mg/L 0.1
Aluminium (Al) mg/L 10
Arsenic (As) mg/L 0.1
Barium (Ba) mg/L 2
Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.2
Cobalt (Co) mg/L 1
Chromium total (Cr) mg/L 2
Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI
) mg/L 0.2
Copper total (Cu) mg/L 1
Iron total (Fe) mg/L 5
Mercury total (Hg) mg/L 0.05
Manganese (Mn) mg/L 1
Nickel total (Ni) mg/L 2
Lead total (Pb) mg/L 1
Antimony (Sb) mg/L 0.3
Tin total (Sn) mg/L 2
Zinc total (Zn) mg/L 10
Cyanides (CN
-
) mg/L 1
Fluoride (F
-
) mg/L 15
Nitrate (NO3) mg/L -
Phosphate (PO4
3-
) mg/L -
Sulphate (SO4
2-
) mg/L 1000
Sulphide (S2-
) mg/L 1
Table 2-17: ELV for waste water discharged in sewage system

45
Pollutant or parameter Limit (milligrams per liter, except for pH,
bacteria, and temperature)
PH 6-9
BOD 50
COD 250
Oil and grease 10
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 50
Metals
Heavy metals, total 10
Arsenic 0.1
Cadmium 0.1
Chromium
Hexavalent
Total
0.1
0.5
Copper 0.5
Iron 3.5
Lead 0.1
Mercury 0.01
Nickel 0.5
Selenium 0.1
Silver 0.5
Zinc 2
Cyanide
Free
Total
0.1
1
Ammonia 10
Fluoride 20
Chlorine, total residual 0.2
Phenols 0.5
Phosphorus 2
Sulfide 1
Coliform bacteria < 400 MPN/100 ml*
Temperature increase < 3°C
*MPN, most probable number
Table 2-18: Limits for Process Wastewater, Domestic Sewage, and Contaminated
Stormwater Discharged to Surface Waters, for General Application

46
2.5.4 Noise standards 4
Table 2-19 and Table 2-20 present respectively the noise levels and the occupational
Noise Exposure standards allowed for and set in Decision 52/1. Table 2-21 displays
the World bank ambient noise level guidelines.
Type Limit dB(A)
Day time
7 a.m.- 6 p.m.
evening time
6 p.m.- 10 p.m.
Night time
10 p.m.- 7 a.m.
Residential areas having some
construction sites or commercial activities
or that are located near a road
50-60 45-55 40-50
Urban residential areas 45-55 40-50 35-45
Industrial areas 60-70 55-65 50-60
Rural residential areas 35 – 45 30 – 40 25 – 35
Table 2-19: Maximum Allowable Noise Levels
Duration per day (hrs) Sound level (dB(A)))
8 85
4 88
2 91
1 94
½ 97
¼ 100
Table 2-20: Permissible Noise Exposure Standards
Maximum allowable log equivalent (hourly measurements), in
dB(A)
Receptor Day (7:00-22:00) Night (22:00-7:00)
Residential, institutional,
educational
55 45
Industrial, commercial 70 70
Table 2-21: World Bank ambient noise level guidelines5
5 IFC: Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, noise management.

47
2.5.5 Solid Waste standards
Most if not all of the industrial waste generated in Lebanon is managed with little or
no environmental controls. Industrial solid waste continues to be either co-disposed
with the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream in the country’s landfills and dumps or
otherwise dumped into the environment, either directly or indirectly through sewer
networks.
MoE is drafting pertinent legislation, including:
• a decree to classify and manage industrial hazardous waste,
• a decree to manage healthcare waste, and
• a permitting and authorization decree for handling any kind of hazardous
waste.
This decree will set environmental guidelines and procedures for the safe handling of
hazardous waste including its temporary storage, transport, treatment and final
disposal. MoE also will draft technical guidelines for managing specific types of
waste, such as used oil, asbestos, solvents, lead batteries and printing waste.
Concerning the municipal solid waste, it has been managed in the Greater Beirut
Area (GBA), in accordance with the 1997 Emergency Plan for Solid Waste
Management. The plan called for closing the Bourj Hammoud dump and for
establishing an integrated MSW management system.

48
3 Project description
3.1 Introduction
Lebanon’s electricity supply is earmarked but frequent current interruptions and by
important energy imports6. Therefore, the extension of the power plant in Jiyeh is an
important project for the national electricity provider EDL towards a reliable a stable
electricity supply in the greater Beirut area and in Lebanon.
3.2 Project location and plant layout
3.2.1 Project location
The extension of the plant is foreseen on the area of the already existing Jiyeh plant
(see Figure 3-1).
Fig. 3-1: The location of the area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh
plant (marked in red on the photo taken from a model of the plant on the
7 April 2011)
6 In 2009, 1.114 billion kWh electricity imports and a national consumption of 9.793 billion kWh
(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_le.html).

49
This land is owned by EDL and is currently not used (beside interleaving not needed
materials, see Figure 5-2). The only building on the plot foreseen for the extension is
the chemical storage which will be removed before the constructions begin (see
Figure 3-2).
Fig. 3-2: The area foreseen for the extension of the existing Jiyeh plant. The white
building is the chemical storage which will have to be removed. In the
background the existing plant can be seen (photo taken 7 April 2011)
Fig. 3-3: The existing Jiyeh plant and the area foreseen for the extension seen from
the sea side (photo taken from a model on the 7 April 2011)

50
The project site is located in the southern part of greater Beirut. It is directly on the
shores of the Mediterranean Sea (see Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4). The precise
location is
• Latitude: 33°38 N
• Longitude: 35°23 E
An area of up to 25,600 m² is available for the extension of the Jiyeh plant. The
altitude of the plateau at the plant site is 13,5 m above sea level.
3.2.2 Traffic system
Fig. 3-4: The project location of the Jiyeh power plant. The cooling water outlet into
the Mediterranean Sea can clearly be seen, as well as the direct
neighbourhood to the highway Beirut – Saida and to the buildings of the
Jiyeh community on the other side of the highway (photo by Google Earth).

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