Trafficking is a crucial violation of human rights and is considered as a form of slavery all over the world. Women and children, particularly, are in great demand in so far as the different sites of trafficking are concerned.

1. Human Trafficking in migration process of Bangladesh
Submitted to
Miraj Hossen
Assistant Professor
Department of management studies
Submitted by:
Group: Reflection
Section: B
Management studies 5th
batch

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Table of contents List of table
List of abbreviations
Abstract
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………………….……1
1.2 Motivation of the study……………………………………………………………………3
1.3Objective of the research……………………………………………………………….…4
1.4 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………....4
CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING AND RESEARCHING TRAFFICKING
2.1 Purpose and factors influence trafficking……………………………………………5
2.2 Impact of trafficking…………………………………………………………………………6
2.3 Studies on reintegration…………………………………………………………………...7
2.4 Contribution of the study……………………………………………………………………8
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study settings………………………………………………………………………………...9
3.2 Sources of data…………………………………………………………………………….…11
3.3 Methods of data collection………………………………………………………………...11
3.3.1 In-depth interview…………………………………………………………………..…...12
3.3.2 Interview with the gatekeepers or key persons……………………………..12
3.3.3 Focus group discussion…………………………………………………………………12
3.4 Data analysis………………………………………………………………………………....13
3.6 Ours role as a researcher…………………………………………………………………...…

3. CHAPTER 4: TRAFFICKING SCENARIO IN BANGLADESH: AN OVERVIEW
4.1 Beginning of trafficking………………………………………………………………14
4.2 Very recent report on trafficking…………………………………………………….15
4.3 Process, causes and consequences of Trafficking…………………………..16
CHAPTER 5: Data Analysis
5.1 Personal Factor
5.1.1 Age at the time of being trafficked…………………………....................…….17
5.1.2. Income before trafficked………………………………………………….………18
5.1.3 Marital status at the time of being trafficked………………………….…..18
5.1.4 Working skilled of Victims………………………………………………..………19
5.1.5 Profession (Before being trafficked)………………………………..………..19
5.1.6 Financial compensation………………………………………..…………………20
5.1.7 Financial Loss due to trafficking……………………………………………..20
5.2 Social factor:
5.2.1 Monthly income of the family…………………………………………..………..21
5.2.2. Educational qualification……………………………………………..…………21
5.2.3 Trafficking related to social class…………………………….………………22
5.2.4 Financial help………………………………………………………..……………..23
5.2.5 Idea about Govt. assistance………………………………………………….23
5.2.5 Dowry in marriage……………………………………………….……………24
5.2.6 Awareness arising organization………………………….………………24
5.2.7Proposal given by traffickers………………………………………………25
5.2.8 Types of incidents encountered after being trafficked………….25
5.2.8 Origin and Destination of trafficking…………………………………..26
5.3 Legal service……………………………………………………………………....26

4. 5.3.1 Idea about trafficking related law……………………………………..27
5.4 Compensation and punishment……………………………………..……27
5.5 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES……………………………………….……..28
Chapter: 6 CONCLUSION AND IDEAS FOR FUTURE APPROACHES
6.1 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….…………32
6.2 IDEAS FOR FUTURE APPROACHES……………………………………33
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………35
Appendix:
Questionnaire and checklist for Interview

5. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BDR- Bangladesh Rifles
CEDAW- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CRC- Convention on the Rights of the Child CWCS- Center for Women and Children Studies DCs- The
Deputy Commissioners
FGD- Focus Group Discussion
GATTW- Global Alliance against Traffic in Women
GO- Government Organization
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
ICCDR,B- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh
INCIDIN Bangladesh- Integrated Community and Industrial Development in Bangladesh
INGO- International Non-governmental Organization
ILO- International Labor Organization
IOM- International Organization for Migration
NGO- Non-governmental Organization
NSD- Norwegian Social Science Data Services
OCs- Officers in Charge of Police Stations
SAARC- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SANLAAP- Sanlaap is an Indian feminist NGO SPs- Superintendents of Police
SHISUK -Shikha Shastha Unnayan Karzakram
UNDP- United Nations Development Program
UNICEF- United Nations Children Fund
UN- United Nation

6. Acknowledgements
Firstly, I would like to thank the victims from the bottom of my heart for giving me time and sharing
their personal experiences. I feel expressing my gratitude in words is not possible and I will remain
thankful to them. I also want to thank the staffs of SHISUK: Kamrunnahar lipi,Shakiul millat
morshed ,Jillur rahman ,Firoz hossan ,Alamin noyon for their valuable support to conduct field work and
collect resources about trafficking issues.
I am highly indebted to my supervisor, Assistant Professor ,Miraj Hossen for the guidance and
support from the beginning of my study. Her valuable comments, suggestions and guidance not only
helped me to formulate each line but also inspired me to come up with a completed thesis.

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ABSTRACT
This study aims to focus on the challenges behind the migration process of trafficking
survivors in their families and communities in Bangladesh. In doing so, this research
tries to explore the experiences of trafficked survivors in the process of being trafficked,
their life in brothel and returning to Bangladesh. In addition, it helps to understand the
perception of survivors in their reintegration along with the perceptions of community
people and family members. This study also brings forth in discussion how their
experiences in brothel and challenges to reintegration have affected their construction
of identity. This research was carried out with the help of SHISUK and it intends to find
out what SHISUK is doing to reduce those challenges.
This study is consisted of 50 in-depth interviews with trafficking survivors, two focus
group discussion with community people, some interviews with survivors’ parents and
SHISUK key persons. The data was collected in April-May and analyzed .
The study findings show that reintegration of survivors is challenging. Shelter home
provides facilities to the survivors to recover themselves. It takes long time to recover
psychologically for the survivors and they lose the self-interest to return to community.
Self-stigmatization of survivors becomes severe when they start living in community.
SHISUK is working to change people’s mind about the reintegration of survivors and
provide facilities to the survivors to get empowered. However, the empowerment of
survivors is not easy due to poverty and stigma imposed by the community people.
This study recommends increasing the awareness among people about survivors’
reintegration. SHISUK should be more strategic to ensure sustainable sources of income
that will stop the survivor re-trafficking. Government, donor agencies and other NGOs
should collaborate with each other to strengthen the anti-trafficking program and
facilitate the reintegration of survivors.

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Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background:
Trafficking is a crucial violation of human rights and is considered as a form of slavery all
over the world. Women and children, particularly, are in great demand in so far as the
different sites of trafficking are concerned. Trafficking is a wide spread business that not
only violates women and children’s human rights but also push them towards a vulnerable
state with no protection of life. Women and girls are demanded to fulfill the “demand for a
vast array of personalized, reproductive services in the entertainment and sex industry,
domestic work, and the marriage market” (Sanghera, 1999: 4). Trafficking, which is a human
rights concern, creates the situation where survivors experience different forms of violence
and exploitation. Every year many men, women and children are trafficked for different
purposes; women mostly for prostitution or commercial sex work, and children for the
purposes of camel jockeying, domestic labor and so on (Shamim, 2001). The International
Labor Organization (ILO)1 estimates that there are 2.4 billion people in the world at any
given time are engaged in forced labor and are subjected to exploitation as a result of
trafficking (ILO, 2008). There has been a long debate in last few decades about the definition
of trafficking as it includes various issues like prostitution, forced work, pornography, sex
work, and mutilation of human body. Considering those facts, the United Nations Protocol
on Trafficking in Persons, adopted in November 2000 (UN, 2000), has given a definition that
is commonly accepted by all institutions.
It defines trafficking as: “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt
of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of
abduction, of fraud, or deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability
or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person
having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall
include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of
sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or the removal of organs”
Trafficking is generally identified as a cross-border crime, but it also happens within
national boundaries. Then it is called internal trafficking (NPA, 2012). Bangladesh is a

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country that faces both the problem of internal trafficking and a huge amount of cross
border trafficking every year. Following the UN definition, Bangladesh in the present
NPA 2012 (National Action Plan for Combating Human Trafficking) presents the
following definition of human trafficking given by the The Human Trafficking
Deterrence and Suppression Ordinance 2011 as:
"the selling, buying, recruitment, receipt, transportation, transfer, or harboring of
any person for the purpose of sexual-exploitation, labor-exploitation or any other
form of exploitation whether in or outside of Bangladesh by means of (a) threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, or (b) abduction, fraud or deception, or of the
abuse of any person's socio-economic, environmental or other types of vulnerability,
or (c) of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another person" (NPA, 2012: 7).2
Bangladesh is considered as a source country of trafficking. Also, trafficking in women in
Bangladesh has become an issue of concern during the last few decades having huge
impacts on survivors’ life. Bangladesh government has taken lots of initiatives to combat
trafficking; however, the achievement is very limited to control trafficking. NGOs and
other agencies also have not succeeded in generating notable changes through the
advocacy and intervention programs (BIPSS, 2011). Bangladeshi women who are
trafficked, generally go through severe physical and psychological violence’s that
hamper their socio-economic well-being and destroy their self esteem, confidence level
and potentiality. After coming back, stigmatization excludes women from the
mainstream society and survivors come back is not appreciated by the community
members and families (Shamim and Kabir, 1997).
1.2 Motivation of the Research:
There is a limited number of studies focusing on women trafficked survivors and their
reintegration in Bangladesh. Studies available on trafficking mostly are oriented to
the causes and consequences of trafficking in Bangladesh. Some studies are
conducted to change the national policy and challenge the national measures or laws
regarding trafficking. Many NGOs in Bangladesh with the government support have
started working on reintegration of trafficked survivors in society (Gazi et. al., 2001;
Shamim, 2010; Bangladesh Country Report, 2011). However, concerns have been

10. 44
developed for the successful reintegration of the returnees and new laws and
national measures are drawn to reduce the gap in policy (NPA, 2012).
In Bangladesh, specific studies on reintegration of women survivors cannot be found
directly; rather the issue of reintegration comes out very briefly in some studies
showing the challenges of reintegration due to socio-cultural norms. Bangladesh
Country Report (2011) manifests the NGOs intervention program and care service to
the survivors’ reintegration. However, it is not possible to measure the effectiveness
of anti-trafficking program or skill development program of NGOs reviewing one
government report. The experience of survivors in brothel and also in reintegration
process should be understood to get a detailed understanding of trafficking situation
and also to develop the strategies to combat trafficking.
This study is designed to know the survivors situation after returning and their
perspectives on the process of reintegration. While I was going through the
trafficking literature, I could not find any specific study on the reintegration of
trafficked survivors. As a Bangladeshi, I wanted to discover this unnoticed part of
trafficking violence and it can be considered as the main motivation to undertake this
study. This study will, however, help to understand the experience of survivors on a
broader scale and will help to design the strategies to process the reintegration in
Bangladesh.
1.3 Objective of the Research:
The main objectives of this research are - to identify causes and consequences of
trafficking in Bangladesh in migration process and how to control trafficking. It also
knows the survivors situation after returning and their perspectives on the process
of reintegration. , I wanted to discover this unnoticed part of trafficking violence and
it can be considered as the main objective to undertake this study.

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1.4 Significance of the study:
At present human trafficking is a widely discussed issue nationally and internationally.
Many actions have been taken at national, regional and international levels to prevent
and combat trafficking in persons especially W&C. In Bangladesh also Government and
Non- government organizations are playing extended role in prevention of W&C
trafficking and there is no denying the fact that NGOs are the real grass root level actors
in prevention of trafficking. NGO involvement is being emphasized by organizations
like WB, ADB, UNICEF and a fair amount of donation is being sanctioned to and spent
through NGOs directly; though actual outcome is neither noticeable nor satisfactory.
This inspires me to do this research. Till now works done on women and children
trafficking focused on issues like concept of trafficking, causes and consequences of
trafficking, role of government organizations in combating trafficking and so on. No
exclusive attempt is taken to identify and evaluate the role of NGOs and its
effectiveness in prevention of W&C trafficking. This study attempts to find out actually
what role NGOs are playing in prevention and which factors are affecting their
activities.
CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING AND RESEARCHING TRAFFICKING
This chapter is intended to outline the literature on trafficking issues from global, regional
and Bangladeshi context, however, the main focus is on Bangladesh. This chapter
will help to understand the purpose and reasons for trafficking and its impact on
survivors. The last section will depict the studies dealing with reintegration process and the
contribution of this study.

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2.1Purpose and Factors influence trafficking:
Several studies on trafficking in women and children in South Asia have been
conducted. Trafficking in women occurred for various purposes but prostitution is one of
the main reasons why women are trafficked. Penttinen (2000) says that globalization is not
only increasing the marginalization but also the chance to get involved in international
prostitution. The factors influence trafficking are categorized in two groups. One is ‘push
factor’ that includes the conditions to traffic people from one country to another country.
Another group is ‘pull factor’ and it supports the demand of trafficked people. Push
factors are known as poverty, low per capita income, lack of employment, lack of
education, lack of awareness, family structure, easy divorce, dram of better living, large
family size, over population, inadequate, insufficient and corrupted law enforcement
authority (, UNICEF, 1997: 10). Push factors work strongly to motivate women to migrate
in cities or abroad to change own situation. The same study described the pull factors as
urbanization, industrialization, migration, tourism and development of road links. Again,
deception, misrepresentation, exploitation, force, coercion are often used as the means for
trafficking (Bangladesh Country Report, 2007). These factors create the demand for
women and push factors help to supply women all over the world for sexual exploitation.
2.2 Impact of trafficking:
Trafficking has a major impact on health and socio-economic life of a survivor.
Violence is closely connected to prostitution. In a study of Nepalese women trafficked
for prostitution in India’s brothels, Human Rights Watch/Asia documents that "most
girls and women start out in these cheap brothels where they are 'broken in' through a
process of rapes and beatings"(Human Rights Watch/Asia, 1995: 34). While working as
a prostitute, they experience several health impacts like anxiety, insomnia, depression,
traumatic stress or disorder that weaken their self confidence and self power to live
a normal life. The living condition of prostitutes in brothel leads them to get infected
with diseases (see more in chapter 5). Lives in brothels often harm the survivors’
physically and psychologically and damage their reproductive organs and increase the
risk of other communicable diseases (TIP, 2004). Moreover, transmission of HIV/AIDS

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endangers women’s lives and social status. It works as a major form of violence against
women.
Women who are rescued and are reintegrated in society often experience social
stigma due to their involvement in prostitution. They are ostracized in society and it
creates the possibility of survivors to get involved in crime. They are more likely to
get involved in smuggling of drug or illegal prostitution (TIP, 2004). The abuse
survivors face through the reintegration process complicates their psychological and
physical rehabilitation or reintegration in family or society. Trafficking in women for
prostitution has various impacts on women’s lives. Specifically, survivors go through
health problems, social exclusion due to stigma and economic problems also.
2.3 Studies on reintegration:
Reintegration of survivors means amalgamate then within the existing society. This will
involve achieving social acceptance and the reclaiming of dignity for women (Gazi
et al, 2001). Crawford and Kaufman’s (2008) study on sex trafficking in Nepal states
that reintegration program was positive as many survivors went back to families. Many
started economic activities and got married also. The reason for this success was the
intervention of NGOs that made people aware of trafficking. However, they mentioned that
due to the extreme stigma, NGOs reintegration program faced challenges. Income
generating activities gave women a foundation to live an independent life but stigma was
also persisting.
Chaulagai (2009) in his exploratory study of trafficked women’s experiences and
perceptions towards their reintegration had pointed out the almost same view in a broader
level. His study illustrated that reintegration of trafficked survivors in Nepali community
was challenging as prostitution was considered as shameful work. He presented the
various understanding of trafficking among different categories of people. He found that
the community people and family members stigmatized the survivors. He also pointed out
that economic independence can work as a solution for the successful reintegration of
survivors.

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Bangladesh Country Report (2007) gives an idea about the reintegration under the
protection mechanism. It says that care to the trafficked survivors is given to recover them
from psychological trauma, to make them feel important, to never leave them
without care or attention. The Deputy Commissioners (DCs), Superintendents of Police
(SPs), the Officers in Charge of Police Stations (OCs), representatives of NGOs and
different committees at various administrative units are involved in the monitoring of
rescue, repatriation, rehabilitation and reintegration according to government instruction.
Their duty is to monitor the condition of reintegrated survivors and to make report to
government. However, the achievement is still not satisfactory.
Studies specifically focusing on reintegration of survivors in Bangladeshi society are
difficult to find. Gazi, et. al. (2001) in his study about trafficking situation in Bangladesh
described the challenges of reintegration of trafficked survivors in family and society.
The prevalence of stigma is common due to the cultural and religious norms in
Bangladesh. This article illustrates very briefly the issue of reintegration and the focus
was mainly on the causes and consequences of trafficking.
The reintegration issue has got the spotlight of concern recently and Shamim (2010) in her
book, State of Trafficking in Women and Children and their Sexual Exploitation in
Bangladesh mentions about the state of trafficking with special focus on reintegration of
survivors in Bangladesh. She believes the most affected area now to be researched is the
process of reintegration and attention to health risk of survivors. She has been working
since the 90s with trafficking issues and this book for the first time discussed the
reintegration of survivors clearly and broadly. She outlines the need for effective
reintegration programs to motivate survivors psychologically to pursue a normal life.
In addition, Bangladesh country report (2011) on trafficking issues has also focused on
reintegration program for survivors. In this report, the state of trafficking has come
out elaborately with the information about GO-NGO collaboration for effective anti-
trafficking program. Moreover, national measures have been described to combat
trafficking. The formation of policies also has been depicted with national laws to

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understand the prosecution program. This report also presents the activities of leading
NGOs for survivors’ reintegration. It has been found that all the NGOs have been working
to create the collaboration with Indian police or organizations to rescue women and
process their returning to Bangladesh. Moreover, they have referred the survivors to the
shelter home where physical and psychological health services were provided. The report
outlines the successful reintegration of survivors in family and what have been done to
empower them economically. Though the issue of reintegration in Bangladesh is a bit new,
it is getting concern from the government level also.
2.4Contribution of the study
This study aims to contribute to the literature on trafficking issues by exploring the
experience of survivors, which has not come out in any Bangladeshi literature elaborately.
To do so, this research also discusses the factors leading to trafficking. Most of the studies
concentrate on the state of trafficking with focus on the causes, numbers of trafficked
person, infection of STDs or HIV/AIDS or policy implementation. Bangladesh works as
the source country and many survivors return to Bangladesh after working as a prostitute
in Indian brothel. There is a need to identify their problems of rehabilitation or
reintegration in society. The literature is not good enough to understand their experiences
in brothel or in Bangladeshi shelter home after being rescued or after reintegration within
family. This research intends to add knowledge about these overlooked issues to
understand their needs with the help of social theories applicable to explain their life
experiences.

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the guideline or system of methods used to conduct the
research and methods are the technique to accomplish the collection of information. I
have followed a qualitative research methodology to conduct my study as qualitative
research investigates the reasons behind the problem. According to Denzin and Lincoln
(1994), qualitative research interprets the phenomena in their natural setting
something which gives a sense of the situation or context of problem. Patton (2002)
defined qualitative research as a process to understand the interactions to find out the
in depth reasons of the issues that informants bring in a particular situation. In this
chapter, firstly, I will discuss the methods of data collection, procedures of collecting
data, secondly, the ethical issues and challenges and at last the data analysis process.
3.1 Study settings
This study is a purposive study and I have focused on the survivors experience and the challenges
they face in their reintegration. I also tried to find some background information about trafficking
and the current state of trafficking. My initial idea was to do research with two NGOs who are
working with survivor’s reintegration. Unfortunately I could not get access to more than one of these
NGOs and I, thus, ended up working only with SHISUK . I also visited one more organization; the
Centre for Women and Children Studies 5 to get insights into the media coverage and talk to experts
(Media coverage here means the reports published in newspapers during the last few years Center
for Women and Children studies (CWCS) has filed up all news serially according to year and month).
Working with SHISUK was a good experience as they responded positively after my application
urging for their help. I applied to the President of SHISUK stating my research area, prospects of my
study and ethical issues that I would pay attention to. I also submitted one recommendation letter
from my supervisor as a requirement of SHISUK. They called me after two days and informed me
that my application had been processed with permission. I went to the office the very next day and

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started working. I had to describe my project plan to all staff members individually who helped to
collect data. The coordinator of Dhaka office told the shelter in charge and reintegration officer to
select the survivors and give me the necessary information. Due to some rules and regulations, I
could not collect their publications, only the numbers of women they have rescued in last few years.
I wanted to not only find out women’s experience or challenges but also the current state of
trafficking. Through different methods I collected information from various groups to understand the
current state of the problem and activities going on to reintegrate the survivors.
3.2 Sources of data
This study followed a qualitative approach to collect the data for both primary and secondary
sources.
Target groups of primary sources of information
I interviewed the following people to get primary information and I also conducted focus group
discussion among the community people. Survivors were the main informants to understand the
experience of trafficking and rest of the people helped to discover the reintegration process of
survivors.
i. Trafficked survivors who were rescued by SHISUK and are staying in shelter home.
ii. Trafficked survivors who are living with family or outside the family.
iii. Family members of survivors.
iv. SHISUK staff.
v. Shelter home in-charge of Dhaka shelter home
vi. One lawyer
vii. Community people
viii. One expert working with trafficking issues.
Secondary sources of information
Secondary sources for this study were collected in the form of books, reports, research
studies, newspaper articles, document available in the internet, government country
reports, and NGOs newsletters. To get updated information about the trafficking
situation in Bangladesh, I have collected newspaper reports on missing women,
kidnapped women and trafficked women of last few years.
I have also collected twenty case studies from SHISUK and Centre for women and
children studies files as I could interview only 12 survivors. I wanted to understand the
facts behind trafficking and get the idea of ways to reintegration. I have collected these

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cases from secondary sources to get a more clear idea about the background
information; however, I did not use those cases in my research.
3.3 Methods of data collection
Qualitative approach which is used in social science research gives knowledge about
human being’s experience, attitudes, motivation, behavior, in a particular context.
Research methods are the techniques to collect data to fulfill the research objective. To
collect the information, in-depth interview, focus group discussion and case study
methods help a lot with descriptive understandings of the problems.
3.3.1 In-depth interview:
Kvale (1996) stated “The research interview is an interpersonal situation, a conversation
between two partners about a theme of mutual interest” (p. 125). He also stated that
interview is a form of human interaction which may develop the knowledge of both
researcher and informants about the research subject and build an environment of
trust. Millar and Crabtree (1999) described that when using qualitative interviews, the
research questions are designed for gathering data from a relatively homogenous group
who live in same context and share experiences. In my study, in depth interview method
was one of the key methods to find out the experience and challenges towards the
survivors reintegration. This study sought detailed information about survivor’s
background, what they have gone through and how they are adjusting with family,
society members after coming back. In depth interview served my purpose to elicit the
information that I needed to conduct this study.
I interviewed 12 survivors who were trafficked to different countries and came back to
Bangladesh with the help of SHISUK. These survivors were rescued by NGOs and human
rights organizations which communicated with SHISUK to help them return to
Bangladesh. SHISUK helped me a lot to approach these women and interview them. I
noted down some general information about them, (age, education, marital status) with
their consent and then moved on to discuss other topics with them. Each interview
lasted for almost one hour or more.
I have interviewed only those survivors who were rescued from brothel and were
involved in prostitution. The following table gives the idea about the survivors’
background –
3.3.2Focus group discussion:
The focus group method can be understood as a flexible discussion with a group of people
gathered together for the objective of study which is guided by the researcher. It is also
known as a group discussion as it addresses the group rather concentrating on specific
members (Krueger, 1988). With the help of SHISUK staff, I had conducted two focus group
discussions in two places. I interviewed men and women separately and each group was
consisted of six persons.

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The final stage is the process of identifying the core category that connects with other
categories, exploring similarities and relationships between categories. Experience of
survivors in brothel, impact on self, role of SHISUK and challenges to their reintegration are
some examples of selective coding in this study.
3.4 Sample size
A total number of 50 people were taken as respondents. Among them, persons to be interviewed
were advocate, Police inspector, Executive director and program officer of ACD and local elites.
In this category population at risk, victims of trafficking and local people were included. Data
was collected from them using questionnaire. Sample population at a glance is given below:
Category Respondent Technique used
1 Victims Questionnaire &
Interview
2 Advocate Interview
3 NGO personnel at study area Questionnaire
3.5 Data Analysis Plan:
The collected quantitative data has been processed and analyzed using statistical
techniques and Microsoft excel application. Simple mathematical tools like tabulation,
percentage, frequency has been used. This study also used some charts, graphs to
present data in a graphic manner. A mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative
analysis has been used to interpret the data. Qualitative findings have been narrated and
used to explain the significance of general findings got through quantitative method. As
regards to content analysis principle of authenticity and objectivity is maintained.
3.6 Ours role as researcher:
We were really careful about my position and tried to reduce the gap between us and informants.
I was there to do my academic research and my relationship with NGO staffs was quite formal. I
tried to respect Shisuk regulations and faith of the workers and did not show my extreme curiosity
about their work. Bangladesh is a Muslim country and in villages maintaining dress code is really

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important to get respect and honor. Our friendliness, language and behavior helped me a lot to
communicate with the survivors properly.
CHAPTER- 4 TRAFFICKING SCENARIO IN BANGLADESH: AN OVERVIEW
Human trafficking is a 'social evil' that seems to be growing at an alarming rate
throughout the world. This practice results in unimaginable human suffering and
represents one of the most important human rights violations of the time, resulting in a
form of 'Modern Slavery'. It is a global problem now. For Bangladesh, this condition is
more acute (Chowdhury, 2004). Countries all over the world are making continuous
efforts to eliminate trafficking. Despite this, human trafficking is expanding in an
alarming rate.
The Bengali equivalent of the word trafficking is pachar. It has a mild connotation,
which means illegal transfer from one place to another. Trafficking, which is a serious
problem and is considered a violation of human rights, is yet to be internalized
emotionally by society at large in Bangladesh and also in other South Asian countries.
The term itself does not capture the total implications for an adolescent girl to be
abducted and taken to a brothel; threatened, beaten, and raped; and forced to submit to
having sex with men, seven days a week, for several years until she eventually becomes
ill which may sometime result in death (Hoque,2010).
4.1 Beginning of Trafficking
Trafficking is not a crime starts suddenly. It has a year long old history. Till mid 20th
century it was more or less a silent feature of crime. In post 2nd World War period
because of extreme human rights violation and exploitation of human dignity,
movements in favour of protecting human rights started. Trafficking in Persons as a
crime against humanity got global acceptance at that time. Gradually UN and other
organizations declare fight against it. After passing the Trafficking Victims Protection
Act, 2ooo (amended in 2003) by US Congress, combat trafficking in persons took a new
turn all over the world.
Bangladesh like other countries has a dirty history of trafficking. Slavery, one
consequence of trafficking, is a matter of dark period of colonial history. Selling and

21. 44
buying of human beings for slavery and bonded labour is not a very old phenomenon. In
the 18th and 19th century slaves were imported to Bengal from Africa, Arabia, Malaya,
China, Arakan and Nepal. Today the pattern of slavery of previous century has been
changed but remains in society in a broader and more clandestine range.
A. Internal Trafficking:
Bangladeshi children and adults are trafficked internally for commercial sexual
exploitation, domestic servitude, and forced and bonded labour, including forced
begging. In some instances, children are sold into bondage by their parents, while others
are induced into labour or commercial sexual exploitation through fraud and physical
coercion. Girls and boys as young as eight years old are subjected to forced prostitution
within the country, living in slave-like conditions in secluded environments. Trafficking
occurs throughout the country, and the vulnerable poor are trafficked from poorer rural
regions to cities.
B. International Trafficking:
Internationally, women and children from Bangladesh are trafficked to India and Pakistan for
commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor. Some Rohingyan refugees from Burma have
been subjected to human trafficking in Bangladesh. Many brothel owners and pimps coerce
Bangladeshi girls to take steroids to make them more attractive to clients, with devastating side
effects; the drug is reported to be used by 90 percent of girls and women between the ages
of 15 and 35 in Bangladeshi brothels. In 2012, nine South African labour-trafficking victims
were found in Bangladesh.
4.2Very recent report on trafficking:
Trafficking is the most crucial of all forms of violence against W&C. Very recent news
collected here gives an alarming overview of W&C trafficking situation in Bangladesh.
These clippings show the regularity of the phenomenon. Victims are rescued in these
incidents and reported in media. Very few news are picked up here; news on W&C
rescued or trafficked are common in daily newspapers.
Monthly Status of Human Trafficking Cases 2014
Period No. of
Cases
Recorded
No of Victims
Trafficked
No of Victims
Recovered
Rehabilitation of
Recovered
Victims
Male Female Child Male Female Child Parents NGO Govt.
Safe

22. 44
Home
January 14 23 183 10 3 181 4 2 181 0 0
February.14 25 162 31 29 162 26 24 212 0 0
March.14 33 84 18 11 80 7 7 94 0 0
Total 81 429 59 43 423 37 33 396 0 0
Source: Human Trafficking Call, Police Headquarters.
4.3 Process, causes and consequences of Trafficking:
In South Asia, Bangladesh and Nepal are treated as the source countries and India as the
largest destination one. Geographically Bangladesh is surrounded by India on north,
west and north east. Its 4222km land border out of total 4510km is with India. It makes
Bangladeshi easy prey to trafficking.
South Asia, suffering from severe socio-economic inequalities and weak human
development indicators is home to the world’s second largest migrant population.
Migration of people especially women and children in search of better economic options
is often being capitalized on by the traffickers which is increasingly becoming a well-
organized lucrative business. Council of Europe states that trafficking has reached
epidemic proportions over the past decade with a global annual market of about $42.5
billion. Poverty and unemployment along with a demand for cheap labour in Bangladesh
imply that a large number of people are still vulnerable and fall prey to traffickers who
use the promises of jobs and marriage to entice the victims (Osmany, 2008). W&C are
trafficked out of Bangladesh because of extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment,
floods, cyclones, landlessness and demand for dowry according to various studies.
3rd
phase Destination
Destination India,
Pakistan, S.Arabia,
Dubai
Middle East
Consequences
Prostitution, Rape,
slavery, bonded
labor, Begging
concubine, Organ
business, Smuggling,
2
nd
phase-Transit
Traffickers in border
1st
phase Recruitment
Traffickers in locality
Victim’s parents

23. 44
Chapter: 5 DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter gives a systematic discussion of collected data and an analysis of those data
keeping in view research question and objective of the research. At the outset a very brief
profile of the study area and respondent population is given as it is needed for validation
and acceptance of data. Then relevant data with analysis is presented thoroughly.
Questionnaire was in two categories. Some questions were common for all respondents and
rest of them was made according to category of respondent.
5.1. Personal FACTOR
To verify whether socio-economic factors like poverty, unemployment illiteracy are at all
relevant to W&C trafficking in Bangladesh and whether these are considered by NGOs in
performing Prevention activities- following data have been collected.
5.1.1. Age at the time of being trafficked:
Age is a prime factor of trafficking. Data shows that trafficked person were within the
age range of 6 to 30. Age range 16 to 30 seems most vulnerable within which 33.33%
women became victims and 25% became victims within the age range of 11 to 15.
Those who were trafficked fall within age range of 06 to 30. So people within this age
range are most vulnerable to trafficking.
Age range N %
Impacts
Socio-economic
effect
Psychological effect
Effect on health
(STD/ HIV/AIDS)
Causes
Natural disaster, Dowry
Illiteracy
Domestic conflict
Gender Discrimination
Proposals
Promise of Marriage
Money to parents
Kidnapping
Hope of better

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6 – 10 2 16.67%
11 – 15 3 25%
16 – 20 4 33.33%
21 – 25 2 16.67%
26- 30 1 8.33%
31-35 0 0%
Table 5.2: Age of victims at the time of being trafficked (n=12)
5.1.2. Income before trafficked:
5.1.3 Marital status at the time of being trafficked:
In comparison to married or single person are more vulnerable especially women
abandoned by husband and divorcee. In total more than 66% single women became
prey to trafficking whereas only 16.67% of each married and children became victims.
It is natural in rural areas that divorcee and abandoned women lack guardian and live
in bad economic and social condition. Traffickers take advantage of this.
Married 2 16.67%

25. 44
Unmarried
Divorcee
Widow
2
3
0
16.67%
25%
0%Other Child 2 16.67%
Table 5.3: Marital status at the time of being trafficked (n=12)
5.1.4 working skilled of Victims:
5.1.5 Profession (Before being trafficked):
Occupation of family members indicates socio-economic condition of the family.
Here for respondents, who were unmarried or detached from husband, occupation
of parents were taken into consideration. Those who were married for them
occupation of husband was taken into consideration. Hence, 44% respondent’s
fathers are in agriculture. It is the largest one. 28% are day labor. On the other
hand, 41.67% of their mothers are housewives. Rest of them is engaged in very
low paid job like house maid, sewing and day labour. Out of 26 respondents 8
were married and three of them said their husbands were businessmen. Among
three, two were trafficked by their husband. When asked what type of business
their husband did, they said they did not know. The superintendent of ACD shelter
home said that their husbands worked as middleman.

26. 44
Father’s
Occupation
n % Mother’s
Occupation
n % Husband’s
occupation
n %
Agriculture 8 44% Housewife 8 44% Agriculture 2 29%
Rickshaw/Van 2 11% Maid servant 4 22% Rickshaw/Van 1 14%
Day labor 5 28% Sewing 3 17% Day labor 2 29%
Shop keeper 1 8% Day labor 2 11% Shop keeper 0 0%
Father detached/late 2 17% Late 1 8% Business 3 37.5%
5.1.6 Financial compensation:
5.1.7 Financial Loss due to trafficking:

27. 44
5.2 Social factor:
5.2.1 Monthly income of the family:
Monthly family income of 30% respondents is less than 5000. Within 5000 to 10000 range
fall 40% family. Only 20% family’s income is within 10000-15000 and only 10% exceeds
15000. It indicates poor economic condition of the areas. Those who were trafficked were
also from very poor family. One victim said that she was sold by her brother and nobody
bothered as her family hardly any income and the trafficker promised to give money
regularly.

28. 44
5.2.2. Educational qualification:
Education is important in conscience building. Those who are illiterate become easy target
of traffickers. Data shows 10% of male and female are illiterate. Only 25% people crossed
the primary level and 40% secondary level. Headmaster of a primary school said that
female enrollment is not satisfactory in the schools; recently those who could pass primary
entered to secondary because of government stipend for female students at secondary
level.

29. 44
5.2.3 Trafficking related to social class:

30. 44
5.2.4 Financial help:
Loan from government and non-government organizations now play a great role in
reducing poverty. It also helps in empowering women socially and economically. In reply to
the question whether they get financial help or loan and if yes from where, 58.33% said
that they had not get any financial help. Government safety net programs cover only 17%
and 25% has accessed loan from NGOs. People of Char and border areas are mostly
deprived of any financial help or loan. Besides because of poverty those who took NGO
loan could not utilize it in initiating income generation.
5.2.5 Idea about Govt. assistance:

31. 44
5.2.5 Dowry in marriage:
In Bangladesh dowry is a persistent social problem which causes much vulnerability
to women. Traffickers take advantage of it. 92% respondent said that provision
of dowry is there and it is almost impossible to get girls married without dowry.
Data presented above indicates poverty, illiteracy and vulnerability act as factors
behind trafficking. This finding is supported by the following data:
5.2.6 Awareness arising organization:

32. 44
5.2.7Proposal given by traffickers:
In respond to the question -“What type of proposal was given and why
they agreed?”
33.33% of victims said that proposal of job was given. Job was extremely needed for
them. Similarly, 33.33 percent of respondent said as there was no demand of dowry so
their parents agreed for marriage. Later on their husbands sold them or took them
outside the country and handed over to brothels.
Sl Proposal N % Why agreed
1. Job 4 33.33% Poverty, Job needed
2. Kidnapped 2 16.66% By force
3. Marriage 4 33.33% No demand of dowry; Husband sold after marriage
4. Better job 1 8.33% More salary
5. Took to travel 1 8.33% Trafficker was known
Table 5.5: Proposal given by traffickers
Respondents: victims only
5.2.8 Types of incidents encountered after being trafficked:
1. Physical and mental torture
2. Unsafe work environment
3. Unsuitable place to dwell
4. Job getting according to contract
5. No payment
6. Cannot move independently
7. Forced labor
8. Hostage
9. Threat

33. 44
5.2.8 Origin and Destination of trafficking:
5.3 Legal service:
Legal service is provided accordingly under this act:
• Recruiting agency act- 2002
• Migration act -2002
• Emigration ordinance-1982
• Foreign employment and emigration act -2012
• Overseas employment act -2013

34. 44
5.3.1 Idea about trafficking related law:
5.4 Compensation and punishment:

35. 44

36. 44
5.5 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
Bangladesh has taken the problem of human trafficking seriously. The Constitution of
Bangladesh mandates the establishment of a society based on the rule of law, justice, and the
respect for human dignity and the worth of all persons. The Constitution bans forced and
bonded labour (Article 34), imposes a duty on the state to prevent and suppress the prostitution
of human beings, and guarantees a number of fundamental human rights (Articles 27-44).6
The government of Bangladesh has been implementing a series of activities to combat
trafficking. As a result of the effectiveness of all committees and the motivational, preventive
and awareness-building activities against human trafficking, Bangladesh has achieved
commendable success in combating trafficking in the years 2008-11 — successes which are
indeed based on earlier successes. A major anti-trafficking initiative by the government is the
drafting of the new anti-trafficking statute, which has recently culminated in the enactment of
the Human Trafficking Deterrence a n d Suppression Ordinance of 2011, an overview of which
follows below. Before that, the Government enacted the Domestic Violence (Protection
and Prevention) Act of 2010 to address the problem of violence against women. Notably on
13 July 2011 the government has in the meantime ratified the UN Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime of
2000. Bangladesh has also recently ratified another ancillary international instrument,
namely, the UN Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of their Families, 1990. Ratification of this Convention is sure to have a positive
impact on Bangladesh’s efforts to prevent and
Combat human trafficking. Further, the process for the ratification of the most notable anti-
trafficking instrument, the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons 2000 (Palermo Protocol) is currently underway. The government has also adopted
three major national polices — the Policy for the Advancement of Women of 2011, the Child
Labor Elimination Policy of 2010 and the Child Rights Policy of 2011 — all of which will have
strong impacts on anti-trafficking measures generally. Specially, the Women’s Policy of 2011
and the Child Rights Policy of 2011 categorically spell out the government’s commitment to
eradicate trafficking in women and children.
Other noteworthy anti-trafficking initiatives and achievements of the government and other
implementing partners are:
A. Setting up of National and District Committees
Anti-trafficking activities in Bangladesh have received a major boost with the formation
of an interministerial committee at the national level headed by the Secretary of the Ministry

37. 44
of Home Affairs (MoHA) and committees in each District headed by Deputy Commissioners to
monitor matters at district levels. Also, there are anti-trafficking committees at the upazilla (sub-
districts) and Union levels.
B. Setting up of Monitoring Cells:
Another major device was the setting up of a monitoring c e l l at the Police Headquarters to
monitor anti-trafficking actions, specifically the prosecution of human trafficking. Initially, the
Cell focused on trafficking in women and children, and now its terms of reference include
measures against all forms of human trafficking, including the prevention of trafficking, rescue
and rehabilitation of trafficked persons and day-to-day development of the criminal cases related
to human trafficking.
C. Continued Awareness-Raising Programmes
The Government of Bangladesh has sponsored awareness-raising activities at national
and district levels and a series of specialist trainings imparted to government officials,
police officials (including investigators and immigration officers), lawyers, judges, social
service officials, and public prosecutors.
D. Taskforce for Rescue, Recovery, Repatriation and Integration (RRRI) of Trafficked Women and
Children
A Taskforce for the rescue, recovery, repatri at ion and reintegration of children and
women victims/ survivors of trafficking has been established at the MoHA. The initial mandate
of the Taskforce — to work for the rescue, recovery, repatriation, and integration of child
victims of trafficking — has been extended to cover victims of all types of human trafficking.
E. Standard Operating Procedure for Repatriation of Trafficked Child Victims between Bangladesh
and India
The Ministry of Home Affairs and UNICEF have jointly developed a Standard Operational
Procedure (SOP) to be followed by law enforcement agencies, development practitioners or
rights activists receiving and sending child victims. This SOP provides for eight different
forms or information sheets which are to be used in the identification of child victims and
their rescue, repatriation and integration. Broadly, the SOP provides for a normative and
practical framework for the identification and rescue of victims, for the entry of data
regarding their particulars, for placement of victims and the collection of information, for
sharing of information among the taskforces, administrative processes, permission for
repatriation, physical repatriation itself, and the reception of the repatriated victims. Also, a
website has been designed and put in place for the activities of the RRRI Taskforce.

38. 44
F. Reporting Trafficking Situation Annually
Every year, a country report is prepared and published by the MoHA, which details actions
by the governmental, non-governmental and intergovernmental implementing organizations on
the prevention of human trafficking and the protection of its victims, including the successes
made so far.
G. Vigilant Task Force at the Ministry of Expatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment (MoEWOE)
This Taskforce was established to monitor the activities of recruiting agencies so that
irregular/fraudulent recruiting for overseas employment may be stopped. This institutional device
is expected to check and reduce human trafficking for labour under the garb of migration.
H. Legal Reforms
A number of efforts for the reform of the legal framework are currently underway. The
Ministry of Expatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment is currently revising the Emigration
Ordinance 1982 to make it more effective against fraudulent and criminal recruitment of people
for the purpose of labour. MoHA is also currently working to revise the laws relating to
immigration into Bangladesh. These legal interventions are expected to further consolidate the
legal tools available in the fight against trafficking.
I. Increased Prosecution/Convictions and a Criminal Database
During the past several years, the number of arrests, prosecutions, and convictions of
traffickers has increased. This may be attributed, among other factors, to the consistent
monitoring of the progress of the most serious criminal cases of trafficking. Also, the Police
Authority has developed a criminal database which is based on integrated software with
information about crimes, prosecution, and criminals and with additional information on
trafficked victims.
J. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the Investigation of Crimes
An SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) for the investigation of trafficking cases has been put into
effect. The SOP is expected to help the investigators effectively investigate crimes.

39. 44
Chapter:6 CONCLUSION AND IDEAS FOR FUTURE APPROACHES
6.1 CONCLUSION
The research was aimed at gathering information on human trafficking. The study
concentrated on prevention of W&C trafficking. It talks about prevention measures taken
and tries to highlight factors which have negative or positive implications on prevention
activities. For prevention, NGOs are involved in mass awareness raising, motivational and
sensitization programs. Their activities are not fully successful in bringing intended results
as it is not possible by any individual organization to solve a worldwide social problem like
trafficking. NGOs have their inefficiency in managing prevention activities. Besides poor
socio-economic condition, lack of coordination and collaboration among stakeholders,
weak implementation of policy and legal framework, absence of anti-trafficking act further
affect prevention initiatives. However, what is achieved so far is not only because of NGOs
alone. Government’s indirect involvement through poverty reduction and safety net
programs helps in bringing the achievement. Because of international pressure and threat
of withholding grants and loans in deteriorated trafficking condition, now government is
also trying to reduce trafficking and focus is mainly on prosecution and rehabilitation.
Prevention is a bit overlooked. Although prevention is the most long-term avenue for
reducing or eliminating human trafficking, it is the least employed tactic.
6.2 IDEAS FOR FUTURE APPROACHES
With this thought in mind, for effective prevention activities some implications derived from the
study are given below:
6.2.1 for NGOs
I Local level institution building:
To prevent W&C t r a f f i c k i n g N G O s apply community d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
i n v o l v e m e n t approaches. To accomplish the community approach NGOs need local
level institution building. It is not possible by only employee of NGOs to go to people one
by one and talk about trafficking. Rather involving local people especially teachers, imams,
youth, cultural groups and social worker, a local arrangement can be established which will
work as a centre of sharing and decision making at village level with respect to awareness

40. 44
raising and developmental activities. Youth is the power to change. So Youths may be
organized to fight against the evil. Local cultural groups of youths may be used for
awareness rising as they are most accepted to mass people having same identity. Vigilance
team of young boys and girls can be made to collect information on trafficking.
II Networking among NGOs
Networking among NGOs working in the same territory is essential. If there is information
sharing and knowledge of each other’s working then NGOs working on prevention of
trafficking can motivate NGOs working in income generation to do work in most
traffic prone areas for population at risk of trafficking. Moreover, NGOs may jointly do
advocacy for policy direction and cooperation indicating problems and prospects.
III Improvement of Resource Management and Initiation of Resource
generation:
NGOs have weakness in financial management. Resource constraint is focused as a problem
by NGOs so inefficient management of it makes it more acute. Thoughts may be given on re-
organization of regional and local offices, placing of staffs, program arrangement
schedule and many others to minimize or utilize resource properly.
NGOs should take self-initiated fund raising move to reduce its donor dependency. They
should acquire al least ability to run any project at its awaiting period for extension or
grant of fund.
IV Improvement of Institutional Capacity
Institutional capacity is basic to attain success. If the internal mechanism of an institution
loses its spirit and objective then the existence of the institution is threatened.
Improvement of this capacity is a continuous process. Trafficking is such a social malady
that only routine job of employees is not enough to fight it. It requires humanistic
approach. So, continuous training and motivation is needed for employees to work
properly. Monitoring and supervision are also very good mechanisms to maintain quality.
So that should be done in real sense not for show off only.

41. 44
6.2.2 for Integrated Approach
I Improvement of socio-economic condition
For sustainable achievement in anti trafficking activities, improvement of socio economic
condition meaning eradication of poverty, illiteracy, gender discrimination and
vulnerability (push factors of trafficking) is the first requirement. Poverty and lack of
economic opportunity make W&C potential victims of trafficking. The problem is deeply
rooted in the riddle of poverty and culture. So, alternative livelihood options are to be
created. Self employment through credit program is to be taken as a part of prevention.
Vocational and technical training along with scope of using that training is to be prioritized.
Government’s Social Safety Net programs have to be strengthened. Traffic prone areas
should be identified and covered by these programs. Help of NGOs can be taken to identify
vulnerable population and covered by safety net programs leaving political influence and
corruption.
II Empowerment of Women:
Women empowerment is a worthy strategy to eradicate not only threats of trafficking but
also all type of violence against women. Women will never get rid of violence as long as
they are financially dependent on male and are driven by male. Women empowerment
tools include elimination of gender discriminating laws, access to education, scope of
income generation, power to take own decision. Government took initiatives like education
to girl child for free, vocational training and so on. NGOs also work through micro credit,
help for income generation etc. All these initiatives are good in intention but there are
problem in actualization. Besides, these are less than necessary. So GO-NGO integrated
approach may be taken.
III Strengthen Legal Framework:
The main hindrance in prevention of trafficking is weak legal framework and more weak
utilization. An exclusive law on human trafficking is the demand of all concerned. Specific
definition of human trafficking, rigorous punishment, witness protection and role of
different agencies should be incorporated clearly.
IV Policy to monitor and manipulate NGOs
At present NGOs are the main grass root level actors working on prevention. Findings of
the study show that some areas are over populated by NGOs working on the same issue
and some areas are not at all attained by any. NGOs choose working area by their own and
sometimes driven by financial gain and benefit only. So Government intervention is

42. 44
essential. Government should make a work plan to take the whole country under anti-
trafficking activities. Provision of taking approval of government to work in any place by
NGOs should be made mandatory.
Moreover, NGOs have experience and institutional setup for running anti trafficking
activities. So government may take benefit of it. Including NGOs as medium of anti
trafficking policy implementing organization, Government may provide grant or loan. It
will reduce government cost of initiating activity. Government can also implement some
safety net programs through these NGOs which will be effective for population at risk
of trafficking.
V Effective GO-NGO Collaboration:
To eradicate a problem like trafficking by any individual institution is not possible. It
requires a concerted effort. All measures of prevention require government
intervention. Government’s policy and institutional support can be valuable contribution
from the part of government. Trafficking is a transnational issue. It requires regional and
inter- national approach and collaboration. Otherwise it is tough for NGOs to provide help
to victims. Cooperation and coordination at local level will make the anti trafficking activity
more vigilant. It will ease information sharing. Go-NGO as a body may take collaborative
effort to eradicate trafficking of human beings. Government can support NGOs by providing
some grants or loans and elements of awareness raising programs and scope of
broadcasting their campaigns in radio and television for free. Government can also take
initiatives to establish national trafficking information cell. Education material on human
trafficking in school curricula is to be included to aware young girls and children.
Capacity building is another important component of prevention. Now some NGOs provide
a general training to LEA and LEB in a very small scale. Government can assist them by
providing categorized training materials. Government in collaboration with NGOs can make
comprehensive capacity building program for officials intended to ensure training to all.
Trafficking of W&C is a painful reality now. Government as well as NGOs is working to
reduce trafficking. Government’s direct involvement in prevention activities is low. Mainly
a number of NGOs are working on it. NGOs working on it bring some changes in the society
though it is not satisfactory. Concerted effort of Government and NGOs is required to
face the alarming situation in Bangladesh now.

43. 44
REFERENCES:
• www.ahsaniamission.org.bd
• www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Child_Abuse_Exploitation_and_Trafficking.
• mha.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Country_Report_2012
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh
• www.cdrb.org/journal
• www.shisuk.org/
• mha.gov.bd/wp-content
• Human rights in Bangladesh
• antitraffickingcell.gov.bd
• www.unafei.or.jp/english
• www.thedailystar.net
• www.unodc.org/unodc/human-trafficking/index.
• www.no-trafficking.org/resources_int_tip_laws.
• http://www.bmet.gov.bd/