1. Sociological Study of Prevention of
Accidents By Third Monitoring and
Implementation of Semi Automatic
Driving
Dr. R. Raja
Principal
A.R.J. College of Engineering and Technology
Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District
Tamil Nadu, India
Email:Rajaramachandran@rocketmail.com/rajaramachan
dran@rocketmail.com
Mobile: (91) - 9487435818
Aadhaar: 3019 0400 9901
Pan: AFVPR4362L

2. INTRODUCTION
Road transport is one of the most common modes of
transport. Roads in the form of track ways, human
pathways etc. were used even from the pre-historic
times. Since then many experiments were going on to
make the riding safe and comfort.
The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769,
with the creation of steam engine automobiles capable
of human transport. In 1806, the first cars powered by
an internal combustion engine running on fuel gas
appeared, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the
ubiquitous modern gasoline- or petrol-fueled internal
combustion engine.

3. Cars powered by electric power briefly appeared at the
turn of the 20th century, but largely disappeared from use
until the turn of the 21st century.
The notion called 'accident' endangered our future. The
first accident of the Steam Truck in 1771 was the eye
opener.
During 1899 the first fatal accident took place with the
death of a driver. Then onward, the world coined several
road safety measures. Still, the present scenario is about 5
lakh people are killed and millions are injured all over the
world every year in road accidents.
Hence it is importance to review the road accident and
find out the root cause to mitigate it.

4. Global Road Accidents Data
Though it is agreeable with increase in road network
increasing trend of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of
the country and makes the people to sophistication. In
controversy there is an increasing trend of road
accidents with increase in road length and the increase
in number of vehicles on the road.
About 750000 to 880000 peoples were died by road
accident during the year 1999, in which half of the
estimated death from the Asia Pacific region. The
general trend for a period of 1987 to 1995 was
increase in trend of death rate from Asia pacific
region.

5. Ddecrease in trend was observed in Western countries
and it was about 40 % in Asia pacific region, 26.5 %
in Africa (except South Africa) and 36% ion Middle
East and Middle North region, 16% in Brazil, 31% in
Central and Eastern Europe countries. Conversely the
decreasing trend was observed at Poland (WHO,
1998).
As per the World Health organization (WHO)
estimates there will be increasing trend of road fatality
at a slower rate. The death rate observed in Ethiopia,
Uganda, Malawi, was about ten thousands motors per
death.

6. Indian Road Accident Data
The motor vehicle accidents in India holds ninth place
and soon it will hold the third rank during the year
2020. About 3.9 lakh accidents happened during the
year 2000 in which 78911 were killed and 399265
were injured. The road accidents up to 2009 presented
and rate of accidents were presented.

7. Total number of road accidents
Year Road
Accidents
Accidents
on
National
Highways
No. of
Persons
Killed
Persons
Killed on
National
Highways
No. of
Persons
injured
Persons
Injured on
National
Highways
2005 439255 129994 94968 35439 465282 145582
2006 460920 140158 105749 39820 496481 152807
2007 479216 138922 114444 40612 513340 154880
2008 484704 137995 119860 42670 523193 149693
2009 486384 142511 125660 45222 515458 152816

8. It can be observed that increasing trend of road
accident from 2005 to 2009. There Were about 4.9
lakh accidents recorded in India, in which 125660
people were killed in the year 2009.

9. Sl.No Year Road
Accidents
per day
Persons
Killed
per day
Road
Accidents
per hour
Perso
ns
Killed
per
hour
1. 2006 1263 290 53 12
2. 2007 1313 314 55 12
3. 2008 1328 328 55 14
4. 2009 1332 344 56 14
Rate of accident in Indian Roads

10. From the table 2 it was clearly seen that about
one road accident per minute and one death for
every four minutes was happening in India.

11. Root Cause Analysis of Road Accidents
The major cause for the road accidents were due to the
fault on the drivers, pedestrian, cyclist, defect in road,
defect in motor vehicle, Weather conditions and other
causes. Researchers and the Surveyors carried the
study to find the major cause for the accidents and it is
presented in table.

12. It can be concluded that road accident mainly due to
fault on driver and it was about 79%.

13. Major Cause for the Accidents
Sl.No Causes for road accident Percentage
cause
1. Driver 78.5
2. pedestrian 2.2
3. cyclist 1.2
4. Defect in road 1.3
5. Defect in motor vehicle 1.8
6. Weather condition 0.8
7. other causes 14.2
Total 100

14. About 79% of accidents were happing due to fault on
driver.
Out of which about 20 to 30% of driving due to the
drunk drive
Another major reason due the usage of the cell phone
Driving and the reasons were due to the negligence of
the safety norms, fatigue due to driving, dangerous
overtaking, lane cutting, jumping on signals, erratic
parking, uncontrollable speed of the vehicle.

15. Review of literature
The development of autonomous car was revived in
the chronological order and it is presented in the table
Year Name of the lab Development in automation
77 Tsukuba Mechanical
engineering lab built the
first
Self-driving vehicle.
It achieved speeds of up to 20 miles per hour,
by tracking white street markers for up to 50
meters.
80’s Work of Ernst
Dickmanns and his team
at Bundeswehr
Universität München
Vision-guided Mercedes-Benz robot van Could
achieve 60 miles per hour on streets without
traffic.
87-95 Pan-European
PROMETHEUS Project
(the
largest autonomous
vehicle project ever)
The prototype car achieved speeds exceeding
110 miles per hour on the German Autobahn.
Unlike the early robot cars it drove in traffic,
executing maneuvers to pass other cars.

16. 95 CMU Navlab "No
Hands Across
America Project".
The car made almost 3000 miles
98.2% autonomously. Throttle and
brakes needed human control.
97 AHS Demo’97 More than 20 fully automated vehicles
operated on a highway in San Diego,
California
00-02 CARSENSE
This project concentrated on slow speed
driving with more complicated
situations such as, traffic jams. The
prototype made use of a wide range of
sensors including stereo camera vision,
lasers and radars.

17. 2001. CARSENSE This project concentrated on slow speed
driving with more complicated situations
such as, traffic jams. The prototype made
use of a wide range of sensors including
stereo camera vision, lasers and radars.
2001. AHSRA Demo 2000
(Japan)
38 cars, buses and trucks illustrated the ideal
system for reducing road traffic accidents
using driver information and control assist
systems. The automation system made use of
magnetic sensors on the road.
2001. CHAMELEON The system was composed of a sensor module
for obstacle detection (vision system, medium
range radar, laser scanner, laser, short range
radar) and a processing module for crash
prediction (control unit). Output was intended
to be used by an advanced passive safety
system on board.

18. 01-04 ARCOS (Research
Action for
Secure Driving)
(France).
This project aimed reducing accidents by
30% The main functions were: controlling
inter-vehicle distances; -avoiding collisions
with fixed or slowly moving objects; -
avoiding lane departure; -alerting other
vehicles of accidents.
01-04 Car TALK 2000 This European project focused on the new
driver assistance systems which are based
upon inter-vehicle communication.
01-05 INVENT (Intelligent
traffic and user-oriented
technology) (Germany)
The main purpose of this project was to
improve the traffic flow and safety by using
intelligent and user-friendly Systems. The
prototypes were tested in the city of
Magdeburg, Germany in April 2005.

19. 04-08 PREVENT (EU) PREVENT (EU) This project is aiming to
develop and test safety-related
applications, using existing devices that
can be integrated into on-board systems
for driver assistance. PREVENT will
warn drivers in hazard situations and
take action if the driver doesn’t respond.
05 DARPA (The Defense
Advanced Research
Projects
Agency)
Grand Challenge II.
It was designed to be a race in the dessert
environment with no traffic. The course was
predefined by GPS points and obstacle types
were known in advance. Stanford Univ. team
won the race.
07 DARPA Grand
Challenge III
DARPA will hold its third Grand Challenge
competition on November 3, 2007. It will be
held in an urban environment, featuring
autonomous ground vehicles conducting
military supply missions.

20. It is clear that whenever autonomous car is devised it
need special track and speed of the vehicle become
critical and predicting all possible ways in which
failure will takes place if any crash of the vehicle is
taking place, it is not possible to sense by the
neighborhood car or any vehicle randomly entering
into the road and applying automatic decision making
and avoiding the collusion of the car , any fatal error
due to the transmission of the signal and the
additional cost of required to implement the system.

21. Objectives of the present study
In addition to the above reasons a new micro reason which is
identified and included in this study was monitoring all the
views from the vehicle itself by mounting the closed circuit
television in front of the driver. The objective may be at micro
level it may bring fruitful solution for future safe driving and
paving a path way to semi automatic driving design and
implementation.
Data collection
Evaluation
Improve an existing system
Implement a new data collection system
Plan for the system
Choose and define minimum data elements
Choose data collection tools
Collect, process, disseminate and use data
Implement quality assurance measures
Target setting

22. METHODOLOGY
The methodology in the present consists of two a set
questionnaire’ was prepared and it includes the
concept of the cctv for third monitoring and its
suitability for monitoring.
The survey was conducted at Uluntherpet to Chennai
National high way to adopt the third monitoring of the
vehicle to prevent the road accident and the vehicles
taken for the study are bus, car, and van.

23. Principle of Third Monitoring System
The principle used in this system was mounting four
cameras on four top corner of the vehicle shown in fig.

24. The picture created by the camera needs to be
reproduced at the control position. The video signals
produced by the four cameras were combined by
multiplexer.
All the cameras were recorded simultaneously and the
co axial cable transmits the video signal to the monitor
through the video switcher and video recorder.
The visual output observed through liquid crystal
diode monitor (LCD) and mounted between steering
and the front glass of the vehicle so that the driver can
easily view both the monitor and front view.

25. In this system the monitor is divided into four parts the
video signal received from the front top left camera is
displayed on the top left quarter of the screen, the front
top right camera output is displayed on the top right
quarter of the screen, rear top left camera output is
displayed on the bottom left quarter of the camera and
rear top right camera out is displayed on the bottom
right quarter of the monitor.
This facilitate the driver can drive the vehicle without
much strain and reduces fatigue. A digital signal
processor takes this huge amount of raw data and store
the information.

26. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Survey research
Step1: Define objectives and specify information to be collected, what
to know the scope of implementing is for all the four wheelers, light
and heavy vehicles and the implementation cost will be minimum
without changing the infrastructure. The potential demand for the
implementation of the third monitoring is for all the existing vehicles
and for the future vehicles.
Step 2: Select a sample: How to Know
There are several kinds of the vehicle are available in the market
however it is proposed to conduct the survey on light moving vehicle
car which is used by the owner of the vehicles and operated by taxi
service also coming under the luxury kind trans port, and the public
mode of the transport such as van and bus were used considered for
conducting survey in the present study. The survey is conducted in the
NH 45 national high way between Uluthur pet and Villupuram and it
is considered as the one of the sensitive area in the NH 45.

27. Step 3: Prepare a questionnaire for the survey: From Whom to Know
The questionnaires mainly focus on the concept of the third monitoring system.
The main objective of the questionnaires weather the drivers can able to
understand the concept and the second part of the questionnaires is opinion of
the drivers to implement the third monitoring system to prevent the road
accident.
Step 4: Collect data and analyze the information obtained
The decision can be made in such way that weather the drivers required to
educate about the third monitoring system and to implement the third
monitoring system to implement in the real time.
Step 5: Prepare a report based on data analyzed
The questionnaires were conducted and reports were presented for the bus, van
and car.

28. Third monitoring implementation for bus
54%
46%
Third Monitoring Implementation for Bus
Agreed to Implement of Third Monitoring Partly Agreed to Implement of Third Monitoring

29. Third monitoring implementation for car
59%
41%
0%
Third Monitoring Implementation for Car
Agreed to Implement of Third Monitoring Partly Agreed to Implement of Third Monitoring

30. Third monitoring implementation for van
83%
17%
Third Monitoring Implementation for Van
Agreed to Implement of Third Monitoring
Partly Agreed to Implement of Third Monitoring

31. Advantages of Third Monitoring System
The video recorder records all the events which
happing in and around the vehicle, if any accident
happens the event recorded in the same vehicle and
recorded in vehicles which are all crossing them.
It will be easier to analysis the root causes analysis of
the problem and we it be easier to take the action.
The video signals can be transmitted through the
wireless internet connection and it can be monitored at
traffic police control room and module of soft ware
can be developed in such a way that over speed
vehicle can be trapped easily.

32. Practical Difficulties and Associated Socio Economic
Problems
It will be easier to implement in case of trains, process involved
with accelerating and decelerating the train from and into stops
with no concern over keeping in a lane and it is also possible in
transit companies and considerable amount of economy can be
saved.
Whereas in a bus or shuttle, a person must follow rules, watch
the actions of other drivers and pedestrians, keep the bus in lane,
make sure they stop at every bus station and there are many tasks
that one person must be able to handle and react to and control at
the same time.
As the life of the autonomous vehicle systems progresses, bus
drivers would no longer be needed as the system would be able
to perform all of the required tasks. It is a simple job of
following a specific route and stopping at designated points and
the problems that would arise from actions of other vehicles in
the area.

33. The most ideal situation is when the autonomous vehicle systems have
matured to the point that nearly every vehicle on the road is
autonomously driven. If these systems become dominant nationwide, or
even worldwide, the amount of money saved and also the amount of jobs
lost grows extremely fast.
Nearly all forms of professional driving could be taken over by
autonomous systems that can perform the task without being paid or
given benefits. This brings a huge money savings for companies that run
transportation systems, but it will put thousands of people out of work.
Unless there is a new type of plant opened to build these autonomous
systems, the displaced workers have nowhere to go right away.
They would need to learn a new skill or profession and then try to get a
job. This could be easy for newer employees, but for older people it
could be much harder. There would need to be much discussion on how
to handle this issue before autonomous systems are brought to
realization.
.

34. CONCLUSION
Immediate change of technology on vehicle and road
infrastructure will be very difficult and autonomous
car failed to address, predicting all possible ways in
which failure will takes place if any crash of the
vehicle is taking place does it possible to sense by the
neighborhood car or any vehicle randomly entering
into the road and applying automatic decision making
and avoiding the collusion of the car, any fatal error
due to the transmission of the signal.

35. We are in a situation that road accident has to be minimized without
disturbing the socio economic problems and it possible by
implementing third monitoring system. The life of the individual is so
precious and each and every country spending millions of dollar to
prevent the accident and creating awareness programs to minimize the
accidents.
The reason may be micro level, if the objective is going save life. All
most of the drivers agreeing the micro reasons after the
implementation of third monitoring further it will momentum in
implementation and it will provide path way to the semi automatic
driving.

36. Thank you