Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and labor unions regarding terms of employment. There are different types of collective bargaining including conjunctive, cooperative, productivity, and composite bargaining. A collective bargaining agreement is a written legal contract that results from negotiations between employers and unions over mandatory topics like wages, hours, and terms of employment as well as some voluntary topics. Illegal subjects that violate laws are prohibited from collective bargaining agreements.

1. PRESENTED BY
S TEJASWANI
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2. Collective bargaining process of discussion and negotiation
between a single employer or an association of employers on the
other hand and a labour union on the other, which regulates the
terms and conditions of employment.

3. TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

4. Conjunctive or Distributive Bargaining:
In this form of collective bargaining, both the
parties viz. The employee and the employer try to maximize their
respective gains. It is based on the principle, “my gain is your loss, and
your gain is my loss” i.e. one party wins over the other.
Co-operative or Integrative Bargaining:
Both the employee and the employer sit together
and try to resolve the problems of their common interest and reach to an
amicable solution. In the case of economic crisis, such as recession,
which is beyond the control of either party, may enter into a mutual
agreement with respect to the working terms.

5. Productivity Bargaining:
This type of bargaining is done by the management,
where the workers are given the incentives or the bonus for the
increased productivity. The workers get encouraged and work very
hard to reach beyond the standard level of productivity to gain the
additional benefits.
Composite Bargaining:
In this type of collective bargaining, along with the
demand for increased wages the workers also express their concern
over the working conditions, recruitment and training policies,
environmental issues, mergers and amalgamations with other firms,
pricing policies, etc. with the intention to safeguard their interest and
protect the dilution of their powers.

6.  A collective agreement (or) collective bargaining
agreement (CBA) is a written legal contract between an
employer and a union representing the employees.
 The CBA is the result of an extensive negotiation process
between the parties regarding topics such as wages,
hours, and terms and conditions of employment.

7. There are three different categories of subjects that are part of a CBA:
I. mandatory
II. voluntary or permissive
III. illegal subjects
MANDATORY
Mandatory subjects are those topics required by law and
the National Labour Relations Board (NLRB). Those subjects include
items like wages, overtime, bonuses, grievance procedures, safety and
work practices, and seniority, as well as procedures for discharge,
layoff, recall, or discipline.

8. VOLUNTARY OR PERMISSIVE SUBJECTS :
It may be negotiated but are not required and
include topics such as internal union matters and the make-up
of the employer's board of directors.
ILLEGAL SUBJECT
that would violate a law are prohibited, such as
closed shops (when an employer will hire only members from
a union) or illegal discrimination.