FOR NOW A DAYS PEOPLE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IT. It is a mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally.so how can we mange or diagnose this slide help you . it is basically written in easy language and also help mhn students to cover up syllabus fast in exam.

1. SCHIZOPHRENIA

2. WHAT IS
SCHIZOPHRENIA??

3. PSYCHOTIC CONDITION
CHARACTERIZED BY DISTURBANCE IN
THINKING, EMOTIONS,VOLITIONS
IN PRESENCE OF CLEAR
CONSCIOUSNESS.

4. 3-4/1000 in every community
Men = Women
Rarely in children
Men > Women
Appear in late teen
or early adulthood

5. 2/3 cases in range of 15-30 years
PEAK AGE: Men= 15-25 yr
women=25-35 yr
Common = lower socio
economic group

6. CLASSIFICATION
(DSM- IV )
•Delusions
•Hallucinations
•Disorganized speech
•Catatonia behavior
•Negative symptom(flat affect, alogia)

7. CLASSIFICATION
(ICD-10 TYPE)
• F20- Schizophrenia
• F20.0- Paranoid schizophrenia
• F20.1- hebephrenic schizophrenia
• F20.2- catatonic schizophrenia
• F20.3-undifferentiated schizophrenia
• F20.4- post-schizophrenic schizophrenia
• F20.5- residual schizophrenia
• F20.6- simple schizophrenia

8. CAUSE

9. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
1. BIOCHEMICAL THEORIES: Dopamine Hypotheses
2. NEUROSTRUCTURAL THERIES: Undeveloped brain
parts(pre frontal and limbic cortex)
3. GENETIC THEORIES
4.PRE NATAL RISK

10. Genetic theories
• Most common = among consanguineous
marriages
• Identical twin affected 50%
fragmental twins affected 15%
brother/ sister affected 10%
one parent affected 15%
both parents effected 35%
general population 1%

11. PRE-NATAL RISKS
• Maternal influenza
• Pregnancy complication ( during labor and
delivery)
• Exposure to viral infection
• Low oxygen level during birth

12. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• Developmental theories-
According Freud, in oral stage regression
present with use of defense mechanism
(denial, projection, reaction)
Individual have ego boundaries, inadequate ego
development, super ego, regression, love
hatred relationship.

13. • Family therapies –
A. Mother child relationship
B. Dysfunction family system
C. Double blind communication
• Stress models-
A. Stimulus based model
B. Response based model
C. Transaction based model
• Social factor-
more prevalent in areas of high mobility, member of low socio economic
classes.
Conditions associated with living in poverty, congested housing facilities,
absence of prenatal care, dealing with stressful event , changing lifestyle.

14. PHASES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Prodromal phase
(Social withdrawal, neglect personal hygiene, grooming, disturb in
communication, unusual perceptual experiences, lack of interest and
energy, inappropriate effect , eccentric behavior . Last for many
years.)
Active phase
( delusions, hallucination, positive symptoms , catatonic behavior,
disorganized speech, disorder of thought )
Residual phase
(occurs between episodes of psychosis, negative symptom, odd thinking
and behavior)

15. SYMPTOMS
• POSITIVE SYMPTOM
• NEGATIVE SYMPTOM
• OTHERS- 1] Cognitive deficits
2]mood symptom
3]thought and speech disorder
4] disorder of affect
5]motor behaviour disorder
6] perception disorder
7] other

16. Positive symptom
hallucination
delusion
bizarre behavior
thought disorder
suicidal thinking

17. NEGATIVE SYMPTOM
A logia
Flat Effect
A volition [ apathy]
Inattention
Self care deficit

18. COGNITIVE DISORDER
( Attention deficit , memory loss, executive
functions)
MOOD DISORDER
(Depression, dysphoria, BPAD ,dysthymia)
THOUGHT AND SPEECH DISOREDER
( Autistic thinking, loosening of association,
neologism, poverty of speech ,poverty of idea,
thought blocking)

19. DISORDER OF AFFECT
( apathy, emotional blunting, inappropriate
emotional responses, anhedonia)
DISORDER OF MOTOR BEHAVIOR
( / in psychomotor activity , grimacing, poor
grooming, self care deficit, mannerisms)
OTHERS
(decreased work function, excitement, insomnia
tension, withdrawal, loss of ego boundary,
suicide, poor judgment , loss of insight)

20. TYPES OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA

21. 1.PARANOID
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Paranoid means delusions.
Characterized by some features:
> delusion of persecution
>delusion of jealousy
>delusion of grandiosity
>somatic delusion
> auditory hallucination

22. 2.HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
( Known as disorganized schizophrenia)
A. Thought disorder
B. extreme social impairment
C. inappropriate emotions, laugh
D. senseless giggling
E. mirror gazing
F. grimacing
-It begins mostly in adolescent age or young adult.

23. 3.CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
( marked disturbance of motor
behavior)
FORMS: A. Catatonic stupor
B. Catatonic excitement
C. Catatonic alteration
FEATURES: increase psychomotor activity, Increased speech
mutism, Posturing , negative symptoms, stupor
echolalia, rigidity,echopraxia, loosening association.

24. 6.RESIDUAL
SCHIZOPHRENIA
When a person has a past history of at least one
episodes of schizophrenia, but has no currently
symptoms they are considered residual
schizophrenia.
But other symptoms are-
1.Emotional blunting
2.Illogical thinking
3.Odd beliefs
4.Loosening association
5.Social withdrawal

25. 5.UNDIFFERENTIATED
SCHIZOPHRENIA
(In this, when a person exhibits behaviors which fit into
2 or more type of schizophrenia including symptoms
such as delusions , hallucination, disorganized speech ,
catatonic behave)

26. 6. POST-SCHIZOPHRENIC
DISORDER
( It has depressive features in presence of residual or
simple schizophrenia . It has increased risk of suicide.)

27. 7. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA
( It is characterized by negative symptom like avolition ,
apathy , anhedonia, lack of motivation , low activity with
absence of hallucination or delusions.
SYMPTOMS we can see-
A. aimless activity
B. Self absorbed idleness

28. HOW CAN WE DIAGNOSE IT??
-HISTORY
-PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
-NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
-MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION
-BLOOD TEST

29. HOW WILL WE TREAT A
SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENT ??
OR
WHAT IS TREATMENT MODALITIES??

30. A. PHARMACOTHERAPY
• Anti anxiety drugs: thiopentone, oxazepam
• Anti depressants : sertraline, imipramine
• Mood stabilizer : lithium , carbamazepine
• Antipsychotics : clozapine, haloperidol

31. B.THERAPIES
• ECT (electro convulsive therapies)
• Psychological therapies are included
A. Psychosocial therapy
B. Group therapy
C. Behavior therapy
D. Social skill training
E. Cognitive therapy
F. Family therapy

32. C. REHABILITATION
> Develop working habit
>Training new skills
>Vocational guidance
>Independent job placement
>Chosen goal setting
>Maintain focusing

33. NURSING DIAGNOSIS FOR A
SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENT
A. Impaired verbal communication related to
panic, anxiety , delusional thinking.
B. Disturbed thought process related to inability
to trust, anxiety , biochemical factors.
C. Self care deficit related to poor grooming,
not properly dressing, not maintaining
hygiene , disorganized daily living.
D. Risk for self inflicted related to suicidal ideas,
plans or attempts.

34. THANK YOU