This document provides an overview of gait and gait analysis. It defines gait and describes the gait cycle, which consists of the stance and swing phases. The document outlines various gait terminologies including temporal variables like single limb support time and double limb support time. It also discusses spatial variables such as step length and stride length. The document then covers causes of gait impairment, stair gait, running gait, and objective and subjective methods for analyzing gait.

2. 
 Introduction of gait and gait cycle
 Phases of gait cycle
 Classification of gait cycle
 Gait Terminologies
 Determination of gait
 Causes for gait impairment
 Stair gait
 Running gait
 Gait analysis
Contents

3. 
 Gait is the style , manner, or a pattern of walking.
 Walking pattern or style may differ from individual to
individual.
 Depends on :
● Age
● Sex
● Mood
● Diseases
Gait
INTRODUCTION

4. 
 Walking is a highly-coordinated process involving :
 CNS
● Brain
● Spinal cord
● Peripheral nerves
 MSS
● Muscles
● Bones & Joints
Cont’d..

5. 

6. 
Lower extremity supports and carries
the head, trunk and arm.
Cont’d..

7. 
 Head, neck, upper limb and trunk contributes = 75% of
body wt.
 Head and upper limb = 25 % of body wt.
 Neck and trunk = 50% of body wt.
 lower extremities = 25% of body wt.
Cont’d..

8. 
►These activity requires :
♦ Coordination
♦ Balance
♦ Kinesthetic sense (based on proprioceptn,
which is awareness of the position of our joints).
♦ Proper muscle strength
Cont’d..

9. 
 It is the activity, which occurs between the points of the
initial contact of the same extremity two times.
GAIT CYCLE

10. 
Gait cycle consists of two phases :
1. Stance phase
2. Swing phase
Phases Of Gait Cycle

11. 

12. 
 There are two systems of
classification :
1.Traditional classification
2. RLA (Rancho Los Amigos)
Classification Of Gait Cycle

13. 
Classification Of Gait Cycle

14. 
The activity, which occurs during the
foot having the contact with the
ground.
Contributes approximately about 60%
of gait cycle.
Stance Phase

15. 
STANCE PHASE
1. Initial contact/Initial strike/ heel strike :
Heel of the leading extremity strike the ground.
2. Loading response /foot flat :
Starts with the double support and it starts after the initial contact and
continues till to the contra lateral extremity clears the ground.
Subdivisions
3. Mid stance :
It begins when contra lateral lower extremity clears the ground
and end when the body comes straight line to the supporting limb.

17. 
4. Terminal stance/heel off :
Starts from the end of the mid stance to
the initial contact of the contra lateral lower
extremity.
5. Pre-swing/toe off :
Period of contra lateral lower extremity
initial contact and the reference extremity
clears from the ground.
Cont’d..

18. 
The activity, which occurs when the
foot is not having the contact with the
ground.
Contributes approximately about 40%
of gait cycle.
Swing Phase

19. 
SWING PHASE
1. Initial swing/early swing/Acceleration :
Starts from the point of the foot clearing from the
ground to the maximum knee flexion of the same
extremity.
2. Mid-swing/toe -off :
Starts from the maximum knee flexion to the vertical
position of the tibia.
3. Terminal swing/Deacceleration :
Period from the tibia vertical position to the preparation
of the initial contact of the heel.
Subdivisions

20. 

21. 
►When the one lower extremity begins its stance phase,
another extremity ends in the stance phase.
Cont’d..

22. 
Time and distances are two basic
parameters of motion.
1. Temporal (Time) variables
2. Spatial (Distance) variables
Gait Terminologies

23. 
 Single limb support time
 Double limb support time
 Cadence
 Speed
Temporal variables

24. 
 It is the period at which single limb contacts the
ground during walking.
Single Limb Support

25. 
This is the period at which both the lower
extremity having contact with the ground.
It takes up about 22% of the gait cycle.
In fast walking or running the double limb support
time reduces and in the slow walking time
increases.
Double Limb Support

26. 

27. 
It is the number of steps taken per
minute.
 Cadence = no. of steps/minute
Cadence

28. 
 Step length
 Sex :
Females = 116 cadence
Males = 110 cadence
 Speed of walking :
Normal = 80-120
Running = More than 180
Slow walking = Below 70
Determination of cadence

29. 
 Distance covered by the body in unit time.
 Usually measured in m/s.
 Average velocity(m/min) = step length(m) x cadence
(steps/min).
 Average walking speed= 80/min.
Speed (Velocity)

30. 
1. Stride length
2. Step length
3. Degree of toe out
Spatial variables

31. 
 Distance between the heel strike of one lower extremity to
the heel strike of the same lower extremity once again to
the ground.
Stride Length

32. 
It is the time taken for completion of heel
strike of one extremity to the heel strike of
the same extremity again.
The stride duration and the gait cycle
duration are same.
Stride Duration

33. 
 This is the distance between the heel strike of one lower
extremity to the heel strike of another extremity.
Step Length

34. 
It is the time taken for completion of
one step.
Step Duration

35. 
 Represents the angle of foot placement.
 Found by measuring the angle formed by each foot’s line
of progression and a line intersecting the centre of heel
and second toe.
 In normal walking the foot angle is about 7 degree.
 It decreases as the speed of walking increases.
Degree Of Toe Out

36. 

37. 
 Linear distance between the mid-point of
one foot to the other foot is called as width
of base of support.
 It is about 2-4 inches.
Width Of Base Of Support

38. 

39. 
 Used to minimize excursion of COG
in vertical & horizontal planes.
 Reduce significantly energy
consumption.
Determinants of gait

40. 
The determinants are :
1. Lateral Pelvic tilt
2. Pelvic rotation (forward & backward)
3. Knee flexion in stance phase
4. Knee, ankle & foot interactions
5. Physiological valgus of knee
Cont’d..

41. 
 5 degree dip of the swinging side (i.e. hip adduction)
 In standing, this dip is a positive trendelenberg sign.
Lateral Pelvic Tilt

42. 
 Forward rotation of the pelvis in the horizontal plane on
the swing phase side.
 Reduces the angle of hip flexion & extension.
Pelvic Rotation

43. 
 Heel contact= 5 degree knee flexion
 Stance phase = 20 degree knee flexion
 Heel-off = 0 degree of knee flexion
 Toe –off = 28 degree of knee flexion
Results : knee flexion helps to reduce the COG level during the mid-
stance period.
Knee Flexion In Stance Phase

44. 
 Lengthens the leg at heel contact.
Knee, Ankle & Foot Interactions

45. 
 Reduces the base of support, so only little lateral
motion of pelvis is necessary.
Physiological Valgus Of Knee

46. 
◘ Age
◘ Sex
◘ Occupation
◘ Clothing
◘ Assistive devices
◘ Body structure
◘ Psychological state of individual
◘ Diseased state
Causes For Gait Impairment

47. 

48. 
 Ascending and descending stairs is a
basic body movement required for
ADL.
 Stair gait involved stance and swing
phase.
Stair gait

50. 
Require greater balance, muscle strength,
ROM than normal walking.
Reduced BOS.
Absence of double support.
More coordination and strength needed.
Running gait

52. 
 Analysis of the gait cycle is important in the
biomechanical mobility examination .
 Give information about lower limb dysfunction in
dynamic movement and loading.
 When analysis the gait cycle, it is best to examine one
joint at time.
 Objective and subjective methods can be used.
Gait Analysis

53. 
Ask the individual to walk normally, on
insides and outsides of feet, in a straight
line, running.
All the time looking to compare sides and
understanding of “normal”.
Subjective

54. 
 An objective approach is quantitative and parameters like :
♦ Time
♦ Distance
♦ Muscle activity will be measured
 Equipment used are :
♦ Treadmill
♦ RLA hospital rating scale
♦ Six minute walk test
♦ Dynamic gait index
Objective

55. 

56. 