1. SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007
Dr. R. K. KHANDAL
DIRECTOR
NANOSCIENCE TO NANOTECHNOLOGY:
SCOPE, OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES

2.  Scope of nanotechnology
 Definition
 Domain
 Process
 Dimensions
 Features
 Opportunities of nanotechnology
 Industries
 Health Care
 Colorants
 Organic & Inorganic materials
 Biomaterials
 Challenges of nanotechnology
 Process technology
 Manufacture
 Disposal
 Path Forward
OUTLINE

3.  Nanomaterials:
Materials consisting of particles of the size of
nanometer
Volume = Surface area x thickness
 For a given volume:
 Surface area Thickness
 More atoms at surface than in the interior
 Extraordinary activity
SCOPE: DEFINITION

4. SCOPE : DOMAIN
Keywords Domain
Particle size Distribution in the
continuous phase
Modification of surfaces Interfacial tension
Surfaces Interfaces
Rising volume fraction Homogeneity of phases
of dispersing phase
 Domain of Nanotechnology: Multi-phase systems
 Liquid : Liquid
 Solid : Liquid
 Surfaces and interfaces involving different phases
 Gas : Liquid
 Gas : Solid

5. Systems Process
Emulsion Macro Micro
Dispersion Coarse Fine
Solution Colloid
SCOPE: PROCESS
 A process to create a continuous dispersed phase as fine
as possible for homogeneity with the dispersing phase
(Liquid / Liquid; Gas/Liquid)
(Solid / Liquid)
(Solid / Liquid; Liquid/Liquid)
Solubilization

6. SCOPE : DIMENSIONS
What Happens Dimensions
 Particle size More from less
 Surface area Enhanced coverage
 Activity Novel products
 Efficiency Improved performance
per unit mass
 Maximum possible benefits from minimum possible inputs
 Effecting changes through and at atomic scale

7. SCOPE: FEATURES
SIZE- DEPENDENT PROPERTIES
As the scale goes down, the activity rises mainly due to
the lowering distances at which the inter-particle
interactions occur leading to evolution of energy
Extremely
High
Emulsion
High surface energy,
Non-homogeneous unstable
Thermodynamically
Irreversible
System Scale Activity Remarks
Mixtures >micrometer Low
Suspension
Dispersion
micrometer Medium Kinetically stable
unstable
Microemulsion
Solubilised
nanometer Moderately
High stability probable
Thermodynamic
Macromolecular angstrom High
Molecular
Atomic
Very High
Nuclear
Spontaneous
atomic
sub-atomic
Thermodynamically stable
Basis for new materials
Source of energy

8. NANOSCIENCE TO NANOTECHNOLOGY
“MACRO TO NANO”
MATERIALS
Copper
Macro
PROPERTIES
Nano
Opaque Transparent
Platinum Catalyst
Aluminium Stable Combustible
Inert
Gold Inert Catalyst
Unique properties at the nanoscale motivates the
exploitation of nanomaterials

9. OPPORTUNITIES: NANOTECHNOLOGY
N
A
N
O
S
C
I
E
N
C
E
Carbon
Nanotube
Nanowire
N
A
N
O
T
E
C
H
N
O
L
O
G
Y
Carbon nanotube on plastics
Array of Carbon nanotube-devices
TiO2
Sunscreens
Coatings
Nano-TiO2

10. OPPORTUNITIES: NANOMATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIES
NANOPARTICLE
Electronics
Multiuse
Chemical
Industries
Defence
OpticsCosmetics
Medical/Biology
Solar CellsSensors
Electrocatalysis
Photocatalysis
 For any application, nanotechnology is a blend of the
science of physics, chemistry and biology.
 Field of optics has seen a lot success with
nanotechnology; coatings and drug delivery systems
are an upcoming field now.

11. OPPORTUNITIES: NANOMATERIALS FOR
HEALTH CARE
Drug Delivery
Nanobots
Nanoimplants

12. OPPORTUNITIES: NANOCOLORANTS
ORGANIC DYE
INORGANIC
PARTICLES
Paints & Coatings
Nanocomposites
GlassTextiles
Nanopigments

13. 13
OPPORTUNITIES: ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS
Problem
• Carotenoides form
coarse crystals that are
– insoluble in water
– sensitive to light
and air
Solution
• Formation of
nanoscaled
micronizates
• Stabilization by
properly
selected protective
colloid
ββ-Carotene-Carotene Protective colloidProtective colloid
Nanoparticles, water dispersibleNanoparticles, water dispersible
250 nm250 nm250 nm250 nm

14. 14
OPPORTUNITIES: INORGANIC NANOMATERIALS

15. OPPORTUNITIES: NANOBIOMATERIALS
Bones
Cartilage
Teeth
Targeted drug delivery

16. DELIVERABLES & CHALLENGES
Nanoencapsulation of
drugs & their delivery
Homogeneous blending
Non-agglomerated
dispersions
AREAS
Biosensors
Health care
Nanocolorants
Automobiles
Deliverables
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Challenges
Uniform spreadability
Targetted drug delivery &
Controlled drug release
Enhanced sensitivity
Greater strength &
durability
Fabrication
Cosmetics Better UV protection Stability &
dispersion
Electronics Enhanced performance Electromagnetic
behaviour

17. Process of making Nanomaterials
Process steps Inputs
Macro
Micro
Nano
CHALLENGES: PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Challenge: To have a process that can convert macro materials
into nano materials spontaneously & with minimum efforts
Energy
Bulk
Sugar cube
Nano
Dissolved sugar/salt
Bulk
Salt
Output

18. Manufacturing Nanomaterials
CHALLENGE: MANUFACTURE
Input
Process
Output
Suitable Raw
materials
Technology
Material for desired
application
Challenges :
• Identification and selection of suitable raw materials
• Scale up of process of making nanomaterials

19. CHALLENGE:DISPOSAL OF NANOMATERIALS
Nanomaterials are supposed to be hyperactive
materials
In contact with living systems, they are expected to
react
Cannot be disposed off like other materials
Challenges :
 Disposal ways
 Understanding of Toxicity
 Complete dossier of their degradability, etc.
without any effect on the environment

20. POTENTIAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscience Nanotechnology

21. FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Structure
sizes
2040 year1960 1980 2020
0.1 nm
0.1 µm
0.1 mm
Nano
Micro
Macro
Integrated
use of
biological principles,
physical laws
and chemical know-howComplex
chemistry
Electrical engin.
Electronics
Micro-electronics
Material design
Supramolecular
chemistry
Quantum effects
Cell biology
Molecular
biology Functional
molecule design
Applications
of
nano- technology
bottom upbottom up

top
down
top
down

Chemistry
Coatings,
cleaning agents,
composite materials,
textiles,
cosmetics,
displays
Physics
Biology
2000

22. THANK YOU