ES_1976_BSc_Allen_Ralph_P (1)

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August, 1977
PALYNOLOGY OF THE NASKAPI SHALE
IN THE CRETACEOUS OF THE SCOTIAN SHELF
by
Ra1ph P. A11 en
'n Int:erna1 Report for the
Geological Survey of Canada
Report No. EPGS-PAL. 17-77RA
Eastern Petroleum Geology Subdivision
Atlantic Geoscience Centre
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

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Table of Contents.
Page
Acknowl edgernents . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . 1
Abstract ................ c................................... 1
Listoftables ................................................ 2
List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction .........·.........................•............. 3
Previous work .. . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . •. . •. . . . . . . . . . 5
Lithostratigraphy • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . 5
Biostratigraphy ..................................... · .. ·.. 5
Mierapa1eonto1ogy ...........................•..•·.. ; . . . . . 5
Pa1yno1ogy • .. . . • • . • • • . . • . . • . • • . . • •. . . . . . • . • • . . • . . • • . • • • . . 6
Present investigation
Sample ava i1 abi1'tty
Analysts techniques
6
7
8
Palynostratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9·
Local biostratigraphic correlation..................... g
Correlation of local biostratigraphic zonation and bio-
stratigraphy......................................... ·17
Comparison of local and formal biostratigraphy ......... 18
Deposi tiona1 environment . •. . . . .. .. • .. .. . •• .. . • .. .. . . . . . 22
Conclusions ............ ·..........................•..... 22
Bibliography............................................... 23

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0 Appendix I An Explanation of Palyno1 ogy.•...•......•..•..•• 28
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Appendix II Systematics .................................... 31
Appendix III Photomicrographs with descriptions ............. 62
Appendix IV Sample Processing techniques ................... T5:
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Report NO. t:.t'l:l..:l-r r11.... • , ..
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Acknowledgements
This study was supervised by Dr. David Piper1
and by Dr.
Graham L. Wil1iams2.
The author would like to thank the staff of Eastern Petro-
leum Geology Subdivision of the Atlantic Geoscience Centre for their
help, and especially Graham Williams for his advice and the loan of
equipment and books. Thanks are also expressed to Maisie Trapnell
who did the typing.
Abstract
The Early Cretaceous Naskapi Shale of the Scotian Shelf
wells, Shell Abenaki L-57; Cree E-35; Crow F-52; Erie D-26; MicMac J-77;
and Onondaga E-84 contain abundant marine (dinocysts) and non-marine
(spores and pollen) palynomorphs. A total of 45 samples of well
cuttings from these six wells were examined and the quantitative data
tabulated. Age diagnostic assemblages in the Naskapi Shale of Cree
E-35 (the type section) permitted biostratigraphic correlation with
the other five·wells, and also with the standard European stratotypes
of the Barremian and Aptian stages. Palynology indicates that the
boundary between the Naskapi Shale and the overlying Logan Canyon
occurs within the Aptian, but is diachronous.
1. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
2. Eastern Petrology Geology Subdivision, Geological Survey of
Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

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List· of· Tables
Table 1. Generalized stratigraphy of the Cretaceous in
the study area ...•.....•....•.•.•..••.••....• Page 4
Table 2. Range chart for Cree E-35"c ...•..... ~ •.•...•••. Page 11
Table 3. Range chart for Onondaga E-84 ....••••..•...•. Page 12
Table 4.
Table 5.
Range chart for Abenaki
Range cr.,. ~t for Mic Mac
/
L-57 ...........•.....
J-77 ................ .
Page 13
Page 14
·Table 6. Range chart for Erie 0-26v~ ................... Page 15
Table 7. Range chart for Crow F-52~..•.•.•......•••.... Page 16
Table 8. Local and formal bicstratigraphic zonations
of the study area ••..•.....•.•.•••.••••.••••• Page 20
· List of.Figures
Figure 1. Map of the study area •. . . . ••••••••. •••••. . . . Page 4
Figure 2. Correlation of the Naskapi Shale on the
Scotian Shelf •••..••...••...•......••.•.••.• Page 19·

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Introduction
The Scotian Shelf is a major morphologic element of the
Canadian continental margin. It occurs from the coast of Nova Scotia
southward to the 200 meter bathymetric contour line (Figure 1). The
present day Scotian Shelf is a submerged coastal plain which has been
extensively modified by glaciation (Stanley et !l· 1972).
A wedge of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rockss increasing
in thickness southeastward across the shelf, has been revealed by seismic
data and exploratory drilling for hydrocarbons. King (1975) described
this wedge as being part of the East Coast miogeocline.
Mciver (1972) erected formal lithologic units for the Mesozoic-
Cenozoic sediments of the Scotian Shelf, as determined from the analysis
of 20 wells. He proposed three groups and twelve formations of which
three of the latter (Missisauga, Naskapi Shale, and Logan Canyon Format-
ions), will be covered in this work.
The present study is concerned with a palynologic analysis
of the Naskapi Shale, which occurs in the Scotian Shelf above the sandy
and shaly Logan Canyon Fomation and below the sandy Missisauga· For-
mation (see Table 1). Mciver placed these three formations in the Nova
Scotia Group which he considers to range from the Late Jurassic to the
Late Cretaceous in age. Williams (1975) postulated the Naskapi Shale as
being Aptian in age.
Jansa and Wade (1975), who refer to the Naskapi Shale ?S the
Naskapi Member of the Logan Canyon Formation, described it as being a
~ . major shale tongue of from 0 to 1000 feet thick, which thins towards

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Figure 1. l~ap of study area.
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_AGE SCOTIAN SHELF
MAASTRICHTIAN
CAMPANIAN WYANDOT FORMATION
l&J
SANTONIAN(J) 1-
:::> c::r: CONIACIAN .DAWSON CANYON...J FM0 TURONIAN.-w
0 CENOMANIAN
<(
ALBIAN
LOGAN CANYON
1-
LLJ APTIAN FM 3.Naskapi Shale
a:: >-
0
...J BARREMIAN0:::
c::r: HAUTERIVIAN
w
VALANGINIAN · HISSISAUGA FORMATION
BERRIASIAN
Table 1. Generalized stratigraphy of the Cretaceous
in the study area.
After Jansa and Wade (~~7~'

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the northwest of the Scotian Shelf (in the updip direction) and reaches
its maximum thickness and southern limit in the vicinity of the basement
hinge zone (which corresponds with the 200 meter bathymetric contour
1ine, Figure 1). They also found that the Naskapi 11
Member11
occurred
in the small local sub-basins to the south and east of the Scoti1n
Shelf, and on the southwestern Grand Banks.
Previous Work
Lithostratigraphy
The Naskapi Shale is a yellowish to brown to reddish dolomitic,
silty shale with coal detritus, foraminiferal, pelecypod and gastropod
shells. Occasional sandstone and argillaceous wackestone beds are also
present. The type section of the Naskapi Shale was chosen by Mciver (197Z)
in Cree E-35 between -7800 and -8370 feet.
The Naskapi Shale is a transgressive sequence with some features
indicative of marginal nearshore marine and tidal flat deposition. These
indicators include low angle cross-bedding, flaser bedding, and'small
scale multi-direction trough bedding (Jansa and Wade 1975).
Biostratigraphy
Micropaleontology
Bartlett (1969), Bartlett and Smith (1971), and Bartlett and
Hamden (1972) studied foraminiferal assemblages in some of the Creta-
ceous-Cenozoic sequences from Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks wells. These
~ studies did not detail a zonation of the Naskapi Shale of Aptian age.
Deposition of shelf sediments in a warm climate was, however, indicated
in the intervening periods, which presumably include the Aptian.

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Foraminiferal and gastropod assemblages were studied by
Gradstein et al. (1975) for several wells on the Scotian Shelf and
Grand Banks. After a comparison with European assemblages, they postulated
a Barremian-Aptian age for the Naskapi Shale.
Palynology
Palynological analysis of several Scotian Shelf wells ha~
provided biostratigraphic and paleoecologic control of the Middle
_Jurassic to Pleistocene sediments.
Jenkins et !l·, (1974) used marine (dinocyst) and non-marine
(spores and pollen) palynomorphs to biostratigraphically subdivide the
Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks of the southwestern Grand Banks. Williams
(1975) formally erected palynostratigraphic zones for Upper Jurassic,
Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary rocks in five Scotian Shelf wells.
He has a13o defined the zonation in Cree E-35 (Williams and Bujak, in
press).
Present Investigation
The aims of the present study were:
(i) to attempt local biostratigraphic correlation between the
wells on the basis of common presence or absence of diagnostic species
of palynomorphs;
{ii) compa?ison of the local biostratigraphy found in this
study with the formal lithostratigraphic units of the Scotian Shelf;
(iii) correlation of the local biostratigraphic data with . b-
lished palynomorph assemblage zones, and thus with the standard European
Lower sta~-:. of Barremian, Aptian and the Albian;

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(iv) to determine the depositional environment of the Naskapi
Shale in the Barremian-Aptian of the study area;
The approach was:
(i) to identify individual taxa in the type section of the
Naskapi Shale in Cree E-35;
(ii) to correlate the data from Cree E-35 with those obtained
from the other wells;
(iii) to compare the generated biostratigraphic data with the
published lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy;
Sample Avai 1ab·il i ty
Three kinds of samples can be taken from exploratory oil wells.
These are:
(l) conventional cores which give a continuous record of the
strata encountered;
(2) sidewall cores, which are plugs of material removed from
the wall of the borehole (usually at irregular intervals); and
(3) ditch cuttings carried up and out of the well by the drill-
ing fluid.
Conventional cores yield the most complete data as sampling is
continuous and the depth of a specific stratum is accurately known.
Sidewall cores are somewhat le~s comprehensive due to smaller
sample size and discontinuous coverage. Ditch cuttings are the least inform-
ative as only the approximate depth of the material obtair·d can be deter-
mined.

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As conventional cores were not taken for the six studied wells,
and because the sidewall cores cannot be removed from the Bedford Insti-
tute of Oceanography, samples of ditch cuttings only were analyzed. Due
to the problems of caving or contamination of these samples, fossil "tops"
(i.e., the latest and highest stratigraphic occurrence of a species)
were used to corre.l ate the biostratigraphic zones.
Analysis Technique
The analytical method used is similar to that outlined by
Tschudy and Scott (1969) for palynostratigraphy. On most slides
approximately 200 to 350 palynomorphs were identified and counted in
order to obtain a statistically valid representation of the percentage
of the different species present. Sample intervals yielding less than
200 identifiable palynomorphs-are denoted by a 'P' (poor) in the
range charts. These percentages of different species present were re-
presented in the range charts in the following groups: rare (R) 0 to 5%;
common (C) 5 to 15%; abundant (A) 15 to 25%; and dominant (D) greater
than 25%.
The positionsof the Naskapi Shale in the wells studied were
determined by L. F. Jansa from the respective well ·logs. Slides prepared
from sampJes of this unit (and usually of strata above and below its
occurrence) were examined in this study. For sample reference purposes
all footages are based on depths from the level of the rotary table
for each well location, and can be converted to sea level by subtraction
of ga-t 8 feet.

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The primary purpose of the analysis was to indicate the
presence of absence of age diagnostic species, that is, species with a
known restricted stratigraphic range. These data were represented grap-
hically. in the range charts for the respective wells. Also the relative
abundance of various species were used to determine the paleoecology of the
study area.
In addition, for slide P-1194-03 (7530-7560 feet) from Cree
E-35, the name and stage coordinates of all the palynomorphs identified
were recorded to allow a check of the accuracy of the identification or
for reference to a typical nearshore Aptian assemblage. Parts of slides
P-1195-03 (7740-7780 feet) and P-2403-03(7640-7680 feet) in Cree E-35 were
also recorded in this manner, with a total of approximately 700 entries
made. Initial identifications and difficult specimens were verified
by G. L. Williams.
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The identifications were made by using published, illustrated
descriptions by Singh (l964and 1971), Norris (1975) and Williams (1975).
Palynostratigraphy
Local Biostratigraphic Correlation
Local biostratigraphy was based on palynomorph species which did
not occur in younger sediments. These "tops" were used, as contamina-
tion by caving of you:1ger material into ditch cuttings renders zones based
on the first occurrence (base zone) or greatest abundance (peak zone) of
a palynomorph species unreliable.

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Following common palynological usage with fossil tops from
well cuttings~ the range charts were compiled with genera and species
ranked in order of appearance down the well. Genera and species
appearing at the same level were arranged in alphabetical order and marine
forms (dinocyst species) were marked by an asterisk. Last appearances of
a species were discounted if only one or two specimens were found
(especially if damaged), due to the possibility of reworking of older
sediments. Taxonomy is based on Williams (1975).
As the type section of the Naskapi Shale occurs in Cree E-35,
the results from this well (Table 2) are used to define local biostratigraphic
horizons for correlation between the other wells examined. The data
from the other wells are presented in order of occurrence of the wells to
the northeast (Tables 3 to 7).
The lowermost palynomorph break in Cree E-35, at or near 8400
feet, has been given the informal name "horizon A". The species which
do not r_ange into younger sediments above this horizo~ are the dinocysts
Conti gnfsporites cooksoni i (Balme) Dettmann, Muderongia simplex Alberti,
and Pseudoceratium pell iferum Gocht. Horizon "B" was chosen at about
7870 feet, with the 1ast appearance of SystemaiDpi1ora schindewol fi Oowni e
and Sarjeant. Horizon "C" was delineated at or near 7500 feet and is
based·on the disappearance of the species Cyclonephelium attadalicum
Cookson and Eisenack and SubtHfs:phae-raperlucida (Alberti) Jain and
Millepied.
In Onondaga E-84 (Table 3) horizon A occurs between 8890 and
8790 feet. The B.horizon is not apparent but horizon C seems to occur
near the interval above 7990 feet .

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PaZaeoperidinium cretaceum*
Podocarpidites sp.
Pseudoceratium regium*
Spiniferites ramosus*
Surculosphaeridium Zongifurcatum*
Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus
Trichodinium spinosum*
AZisporites grandis
Cribroperidinium sepimentum*
Biretisporites potonii
Bystrichokolpoma ferox*
Systematophora schindewo~fi*
TriZobosporites apiverrucatus
Vitreisporites pallidus
PiZosisporites trichopapillosus
Cicatricosisporites australiensis
Muderongia simplex*
Contignisporites cooksonii
Pseudoceratium pelZiferum*
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;a Oligosphae:ridium anthophorum*
Parvisaccites radiatus
Vitreisporites paZlidus
Aptea polymorpha*
Baltisphaeridium fimbriatum*
Leiosphaeridia sp.
Osmundacidites wellmanii
Michryst:ridium stelratum*
Pseudoceratium pelliferum*
Mude:rongia sp.*
Diconodinium pusillum*
MUderongia simplex*
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SPECIES
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"' "' SurauZosphaeridium Zongifuraatum *
"' OZigosphaeridium aomptex *
(j
"' "' SubtiZisphaera pertuaida *
"' "' AUsporites sp.
"' Appendiaisporites problematiaus
"' "' BaZtisphaeridium sp. *0 0 Ced:ripites sp.
"' Conaavissimisporites sp.
(j ::tl CyatonepheZium attadatiaum *
(j GZeiaheniidites senoniaus
::tl
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::tl
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::tl (j Podoaarpidites sp.
(j ::tl TaxodoceaepoZZenites hiatus
::tl ::tl Tritobosporites apiverruaatus
::tl Ciaatriaosisporites hatZei
::tl Cyat_hidites sp.
::tl Gonyautacysta sp. *
::tl Miahrystridium steZZatum *
::tl Otigosphaeridium anthophorum *
::tl Osmundacidites weltmanii
::tl PaZaeoperidinium aretaaeum *
::tl Spiniferites ramosus *
Appendiaisporites sp.
CZassopotZis aZassoides
Dettoidospora sp.
Ktukisporites foveoZatus
TriZobosporites humilis
Gleiaheniidites airainidites
PiZosisporites triahopapi1:Zosus
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_____- SPECIES
Alisporites sp.
A. arandis
Apt~a po7..ymorpha*
Araucariacidites australis
Cedripites sp.
Cleistosphaeridium sp.*
C polypes*
Concavissimisporites minor
Coronifera oceanica*
Cyathidites minor
Deltoidospora sp.
Gonyaulacysta sp. *
H;ystrichokolpoma ferox*
KZukisporites areolatus
Lycopodiumsporites sp.
Michrystridium stellatum*
Odontochitina operculata*
Oligosphaeridium complex*
Palaeoperidinium cretaceum*
Pareodinea ceratophora*
PZuricellaesporites psilatus
Podocarpidites sp.
Pseudoceratium pelliferum*
Spiniferites sp. *
S. ramosus~
Subti7..isp1~era perZucida*
Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus
Trilobosporites sp.
Verrucosisporites rotundus
Cicatricosisporites annulatus
Cyathidites australis
Cyclonephelium distinctum*
Exochosphaeridium scitulum*
KZukisporites foveoZatus
Laricoidites magnus
Muderangia sp.*
Trilobosporites apiverrucatus
Appendicisporites jansonii
CalZiaZasporites dampieri
Cicatricosisporites mohriodes
Equisetosporites virginiaensis
Eucommidites minor
E. troedssanii
Gleicheniidites senonicus
Hystrichodinium pulchrum•
InaperturopoZZenites sp.
K1ukisporites pseudoreticulatus
Osmundacidites weZZmanii
Schizosporis parvus
SpheripoZZenites sp.
Systematophora schindewolfi•
S. orbifera *
Acanthotriletes varispinosus
Appendicisporites erdtmanii
Baltisphaeridium fimbriatum*
Cicatricosisporites australiensis
CZassopoZZis classoides
Diconodinium pusiZzum•
GanyauZacysta orthoceras*
J'seudoceratium regium *
Appendicispor-~tes probZematicus
Contianisvorites cooksonii
.~.dl.cr~;~~ sii.:p2;;= :t
Lycvp;;;:ii:....-:::zpo:ritas cr::::;sus
PiZosisporites trichopapiZZosus
?. va..."""..lS
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Arauc~~ac-~dites australis
Cedripites sp.
Deltoidospora sp.
D. diaphena
D. haHei ..
Gleicheniidites senonicus
Laricoidites magnus
Osmundacidites wellmanii
Pareodinia ceratophora *
Podocarpidites sp.
TaxodiaceaepoZZenites hiatus
AUsporites sp.
AZisporites grandis
C. australiensis
C. annuZatus
C. hughsei
C. Zudbrooki
C. purbeckensis
CZeistosphaeridium poZypes*
C. minor
Densoisporites velatus
Eucommidites troedssonii
Gonyaulacysta episoma*
Kzukisporites sp.
Lycopdiumsporites sp.
L. crassatus
OZigosphaeridium complex*
PaZaeoperidinium sp.*
P. cretacewn*
Pilosisporites trichopapillosus
Schizosporis reticuZatus
Scriniodinium eurypyZum*
AcanthotriZetes varispinosus
CZassopoZZi·s cZassoides
Cyathidites minor
Equisetosporites virginiaensis
SpheripoZZenites sp.
TriZobosporites sp.
T. apiverrucatus
T. crassus
N b0 0
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DEPTH
(feet)
f3H
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(P~540 ..,.,
2570 Dl
'·""" I2750 I(p~900
1
2940
(P)3110 1'1
3140 'r"
(P)3290
f3320
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3500
0) ""
... §
l.'! +> ?11:1 t:l 0)
~~ "" ~ ~~... ~ § Ul ., "-. t:l ., .,
() -!-' t1 ;:s t:l •,> •t> 1:1..•,> I'<
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Q ;:! ~ N •,> '5 $:! fl.j •,>
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i:;O>()t:ll:!t-> +>tl I§
l 0) +> l ~ ~ .,., ·~ ,., ~
~ .-:; tl tj "' ~.,., ~ -!-' ~ "'
-1-'F-.N Ol 'tl>-> 'l
'E 2.. tl ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ,+>
l 0) "' ..... ,., l l t+> +> ~N •,.> •,l N 'tJ <::! tj •,.> •,.> Q
N (I) N l .,., ~ ~ N 'tl 1:1..
2.. 2~ ~·E ~ ~ ~ 2.'5 "'()',l 1:1_.l l'.-l ()' t:l 0) t:l~
F-. F-.() !:!~NN'.-l'.-l~ t:l
~ -!-' (I) () tl .,., ;:! 'tl (I) !:i ...
~ g tl ~ ·~ -17 () ~ ~ fg j
l •,> N ;>,N ~ ~ !j 'tl (I) t:l
t.ltlt.lt.Jt'ltl)ti)E-iP..C>t.J
RRRRRjtRC
R c R R
R ,R
R R R
R R R R R
R R
I
Local
Zone
Lithostrat
igraphic
Units
Logan
Canyon Fm.
- - -?- -
"Age"
Aptian
Barre~
mian?
...:>
Table 7 :
Range Chart for
Crow F-52.
Palynomorph
Abundance
Code:
Rare Ul)= 0-5
Conunon(C)~ 5-15
Abundant(A)= 15-25
Dominant(U)~ +25
1
•' indicates
a Dinocyst species.
1
P 1
indiciltes
a sample havin9
less than 200
palynomorphs.
[SJ : sample
interval.

-
Abenaki L-57 (Table 4) does not have definite A or B horizons
but the C horizon is present at about 4460 feet. The A horizon is,
however, postulated to occur in the strata below those examined.
In Mic Mac J-77 (Table 5) horizon A appears at about 6500
feet and horizon B at approximately 6300 feet. Horizon C is not
clearly visible but seems to occur above about 6100 feet.
Erie 0-26 (Table 6) did not have discernable A or B horizons
but the C horizon is indicated between 3880 and 3730 feet. Examination
of sample intervals below 4090 feet would probably have indicated the
position of horizon A.
In Crow F-52 (Table 7) it was not possible to clearly
establish the position of any of the local horizons. The microfossils,
however, are similar to those found in the.other wells.
The good comparison between Cree E-35 and Mic Mac J-77 is
probably related to the general abundance of palynomor~hs found in
the slides examined from both wells. The non-existent to fair corre-
lation with the othe~ wells is considered to result from the scarcity
of diagnostic microfossils in most of the samples analysed from the
latter.
Correlation of Local Biostratigraphic Zonation and Lithostratigraphy
In Cree E-35 (Table 2) the A horizon appears to coincide with
the base of the Naskapi Shale and horizon B with the tip of that unit.
The C horizon occurs at about 400 feet above the base of the overlying
Logan Canyon Formation.
Onondaga E-84 (Table 3) ·also has horizon A at or near the
base of tne Naskapi Shale. The B horizon is not visible, nor is
horizon C. The sample intervals containing the latter are postulated

- lS -
to occur below the sample intervals examined in this study.
Abenaki L-57 (Table 4) has horizon C occurring at the
upper limit of the Naskapi Shale. The B horizon was not discern-
ible, nor was horizon A.
In Mic Mac J-77 (Table 5) horizon A is near the base of the
Naskapi Shale and the B horizon is about 100 feet below its top.
The C horizon is not clearly discernible.
The sample intervals 150 feet apart in Erie D-26 (Table 6)
were too widely spaced to give adequate control for good correlation.
The C horizon is, however, respectiYely indicated as being somewhere
near the top of the Naskapi Shale.
In Crow F-52 (Table 7) the lithostratigraphic data indicate
that the Naskapi Shale is absent (Jansa and Wade 1975). The local
biostratigraphic data do indicate, however, that marine deposition of
some type was taking place, and that it was coeval with the Naskapi
Shale in the other wells examined. This agrees with J. Wade (personal
communication) who finds no apparent time break between the Missisauga
Formation and the overlying Logan Canyon Formation (Figure 2).
Comparison of Local and Formal Biostratigraphy·
The Lower Cretaceous assemblage zones of the Scotian Shelf
(see Table 8) were established by Williams (1975) for five Scotian
Shelf wells, These assemblages and the local zonations are given below in
ascending chronological order and are also presented in Table 8.
The Tenua anaphrissa Peak Zone is of postulated Barremian
age in its type section in the Naskapi N-30 well on the Scotian Shelf.
Although formally a peak zon-e,. the assemblage correlates with horizon
A as they are both defined by the highest occurrence of Contignisporites

S:TRES FEET
3000
1000
4000
1500 5000
6000
2000
iooo
8000
2500
9000
3000
NE
CROW F-52
.~
.J::
Q.
0
....
• ~ 1/)
-.....0 ·-L.. c::
1i;::l
0
.J::
....
·--.J
ERIE D-26
LEGEND
~ Logan Canyon Fm.
mm .mill Naskapl shale
cs;s} Missisauga Fm.
MICMAC
J-77
.~
.J::
Q.
0
ALBIAN A d t' b d .APTIA-N ssume zona ton oun anes
L.. 1/)
0+-
·.;: ·c
~ ::)
-1/)
.2
Ill
---BARR-
EMIAN
... B Local horizon marker
ABENAKI L- 57
Figure 2~ Correlation of six Scotian Shelf well~~
CREE
E-35
s~
ONANDAGA
E-84
://ALBIAN
~:::::::;:;:;:::::::::

,,
Age
Albian
Aptian
Barre-
mian
Formal Zone or
Subzone
Spinidinium cf. ·
vestitum
Eucommidites
minor
Subtiliaphaera
perlucida
Tenua anaphriaaa
(peak)
•
Diagnostic Palynomorphs
of the Formal Zones
Astl'Ocysta cretacea*
Odontochitina oostata (base)
Spinidinium c.f. vestitwn*
Appendicisporitea jan.sonii
TriZobospori-t;es apiverrucatus
Vitreisporites pallidus
Alisporites grandis
Aptea polymorpha*
.,
Canningia colliveri*
Cyclonephelium attadalicum"
Subtilisphae1~a perlucida*
Systematoplwra shindewolfi*
Cribroperidinium aepimentum*
Pareodinia ceratophora*
Surculosphaeridium longifurcatum*
Callialaspol'itea dampieri
Cicatricoaisporites australiensis
Piloaisporitea trichopapilloaua
Broomea jaegeri*
Paeudocerat·ium pelliferum*
Muderongia simplex*
M. perforata*
Tenua anaphrisaa*
Contignisporitea cooksonii
Cicatricosisporitea
brevilaesuratus
Table B.
Local·
Zones
c
B
A
-~ .
Diagnostic Palynomorphs
of the Local Zones
('*'denotes dinocyst
species )
Cyclonephelium attadalicun1 *
Subtilisphaera perlucida *
Syste~TUtophora shindewolfi *
Contignisporites cookaonii
Nuderor~eia simplex*
Paeudoceratium pelliferum*
Local and Formal Biostratigraphic Zonations of the Study Area.
I
N
0

I
- 21- -
cooksonii, Muderongia simplex and Pseudoceratium pe11iferum. Accordingly,
strata below the A horizon in the intervals examined for this study are
postulated as being of Barremain age.
In Cree E-35 the lower 30-60 feet of the samples analysed
were inferred to b~ of Barremian age, as were the 'sediments examined
below 8890 feet in Onondaga E-84 and 6490 feet in MicMac J-77. The
A horizon was not found in the intervals studied from Abenaki L-57,
E/rie D-26, or Crow F-52 and these sections are accordingly considered
.~o be post Barremian in age.
Horizon B cannot be correlated with any formal zonation:as
it appears to be a result of the infrequent occurrences of Systemato-
phora schindewolfi. These appearances seem to be controlled by unknown
environmental factors rather than by lack of preservation, as other
similar microfossils are well preserved in most of the intervals
examined.
The Subtilisphaera perlucida· Assemblage Zone in the Scotian
Shelf is postulated by Williams (1975) to be of Aptian age. The upper
limit of this zone is comparable to horizon C as both can be recognized
by the highest occurrence of the species Cyclonephelium attadalicum
and Subtilisphaera perlucida. The following strata examined for this
study, which occurred between horizons A and C, are accordingly in-
ferred to be Aptian in age: in Cree E-35 between 8400 and 7500 feet;
in Onondaga E-84 from about 8850 feet to at least 8000 feet; in Mic
Mac J-77 from approximately 6450 feet to at least 6080 feet; in Erie
D-26 from below 4090 feet to 3800: 70 feet. An Aptian age was also
inferred for sediments analysed below about 4480 f~at in Abenaki L-57.
The samples examined from Crow F-52 could not be correlated
with the loc~l zonation, although they appear to be of Aptian age due to

t
- '-'- -
the presence of Cyclonephelium attadalicum, Pilosiporites tricho-
papillosus, and Subtilisphaera perlucida.
Depositional Environment
The presence of marine dinoflagellate cysts with a high
proportion of terrestrial spores and pollen in all of the well
intervals examined (see Tables 2 to 7) indicates a nearshore marg-
inal marine environment in the Barremian-Aptian for the i~askapi
Shale.
Conclusions
Biostratigraphic correlation of the six wells studied from
the Scotian Shelf was possible with marine (dinocysts) and non-marine
(pollen and spores) palynomorphs. The bo~ndary between the Naskapi
Shale and the overlying Logan Canyon occurs within the Aptian, but
is diachronous in at least four of the six wells studied (Cree E-35,
Erie D-26, Mic Mac J-77 and Onondaga E-84). In Abenaki L-57 the
Naskapi Shale appears to be confined to the Aptian. The Naskapi
Shale is absent in Cree F-52 but the boundary of the Missisauga For-
mation wi"th th~ overlying Logan Canyon Fonnation consists of marine
sediments coeval with the Naskapi Shale in the intervals studied
from the other five wells. The Naskapi Shale was· deposited in a
nearshore marginal marine environment.
••

.BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bartlett, G. A.,
1969: Cretaceous biostratigraphy of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland;
Maritime Sediments V. 5, P. 4-14.
Bartlett, G. A., and Hamden, A. R. A.,
1972: The Canadian Atlantic continental margin - biostratigraphy,
paleoecology, and paleo-oceanography from Cretaceous. to Recent;
24tfl fnt. Geol. Congr.. , Montreal, Canada, 1972, Rep., Sect. 8,
p. 3-15.
1 Bartlett, G. A.,. and Smith, Leigh,
1971: Mes.ozoic and Cenozoic flistory of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland;.. . . .
Can. Jor. of Eartfi Sci., V. 8, p. 65-84.
Barss, M.S., and Williams, G. L.~
1973: Palynol_ogy and nannofossil process.ing techniques~ Geol. Surv. Can.,
Paper 73-26.
Brenner, G. J.,
1963: The spores and po.ll en of the Potomac Group of Maryland; Maryland
Dept. Geol. Mines Water Resources., Bull. 27, 215 pages.
Burger, D., :
1966: Palynology of uppermost Juras.s.ic and lowermost Cretaceous strata
i:n the eastern Netherlands.; Lei.dse Geol. Mededel., Deel 35,
p. 211-276.
Clarke, R. T.. , ·
1965: Fungal s:pores from Vermejo Formation coal beds. (Upper Cretaceous)
of central Colorado; Tfte Mountain Geologist, Vol. 2, No. 2,
p, 85-93.

- 24-
Cookson, I. C. and A. Ei.s.enack,
1958: · Microp1 ankton from Austral 'tan and N~w Guinea Upper Mes.ozoic
sediments; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol. 70, Pt. 1, p. 19-79.
Cookson, I. C. and A Eisenack,
1962: Some Cretaceous and Tertiary microfollsils from Western
Austrailia; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n.s., Vol. 75~ Pt. 2,
p. 269-273.
Couper, R. A.,
1958: British Mesozoic microspores and poll en grains, a systematic
and stratigraphic study; Plaeontograph'ica, Band 103, Abt. B.,
Liefg. 4-6, p. 75-179.
Davey, R.
1966:
J., C Downie, W. A. S. Sarjeant and G. L. w·ill iams:,
Studies. on Mes.ozoi.c and Cainozoic dinofl.agell ate cysts; Bull.
Bri.ti:sh Mus:eum (Natural Hi.story), Geol., Suppl. No. 3, 248 pages.
Delcourt; A. F., M~ E. Dettmann and N. F. Hughes,
1963: Revi:s.i:on of some Lower Cretaceous micros.pores from Be1gi~:Jm;
Palaeont., Vol. 6., Pt. 2, p. 282~292.
Dettmann, M. E.,
1963: Upper Mesozoic microfloras from southeastern Australia; Proc.
Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol. 77, Pt. 1, 148 pages.
Downte C., and Sarjeant, W. A. S.,
1964(1965): Bibliography and index of fossil dinoflagellates_ and arei tarchs;
Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem., 94, 180 p. (Dated December; 1964,
appeared January, 1965}.
Gradstein, F. M.~ Williams, G. L., Jenkins, 1. A.M., and Ascoli, F.,
1975: Mes.ozoic and Cenozotc stratigraptiy of the Atlantic continental
margin, Eas:tern Canada; Can~da ,..s:..Conttnenta1 ~1argi:ns. and Offshore
Petroleum Explorat1~on: Can,· Soc. Petrol. Geol .. , Memoir 4.

- 25 _"':'
Groot, J. J. and J. S. Penny,
1960: Plant microfossils: and _age. of nonmarine. Cretaceous sediments ·
of Maryland and Delaware; Micropaleont., Vol. 6, No. 2,
p. 225-236.
Jain, K. P. and Mi11epfed, P.
1973: Cretaceous microplankton from Senegal Basin, N. W. Africa.
l. Some new genera species and combinations of dinofl age11 ates;
Palaeoootanist, V. 20, P. 22-32. Pl. 1-3.
Jansa, L. F., and Wade, J. A.,
1975: Paleogeography and sedimentation i.n the Mesozoic and Cenozoic,
Southeastern Can., Geol. Surv. Can., P~per 74-30, Vol. 2.
I JenK.ins., w. A. M., Gradstein, F. M., W"ill iams, G. L., and Ascol i, F.,
1975: Strati.graphy of tile. Amoc~ IOE A (Pufftn well, Grand Banks of
Newfoundland; Geol. Sury. Can., Paper 74-6).
(~W Loe.Dl 1~ch, A. R. Jr. and Loeb1 ich,. A. R. III,
1966: tndex to the. genera,. suBgenera,. _and s.ections. of the pyrrhophyta;
Stud. Trop. Oce.anogr. Miam1 no. 3, x + 94 p, 1 pl.
Mciver, N..
1972:
Norris., G~,
1967:
Norris, G.,
L.,
Ce.nozo1~c and Mesozoic stratigraphy of the. Nova Scoti.a Shelf;
Can. Jour. of Earth Sci., V. 9, p. 54-70.
Spores. and pollen from the lower Colorado Group (Albi·an-?
Cenomanian) of central Alberta; Pa1aeontographica, Band 120,
Abt. B., Liefg ...1 - 4, p. 72-115.
1975: Evo1 ution of th.e Cretaceous palynoflora of Western Canada,
Geol. As.s.oc. of Can. Special Paper # 13.

- ") -
Pocock, S. A. J., .
1964: Pollen and spores of tbe Chlamydos.permidae and Schizaeceae
from Upper Mannville strata of the Saskatoon area of Saskat-
chewan; Grana Palynologica, Vol. 5, No. 2, p. 129-209.
Sarjeant, W. A. S.,
1974: Fossil and living dinoflagellates, Academic Press, New York.
Stanley, D. J., and Cok, A. E.,
1966: Recent versus relict sediment transport processes on the Scotian
Shelf, Canada, Geol. Soc. of Am., Spec. Paper 87, 144-165.
Stanley, E. A.,
1965: Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene plant microfo~sils and Paleocene
dinoflagellates and hystricnosphaerids from northwestern South
Dakota; Bull. Am. Paleont~, Vol. 49, No. 222, P. 179-384.
Singfl, C.,
1964;
Singh, C.,
1971:
Mi.croflora of the Lower Cretaceons Mannville Group, East-
Central AlElerta; Res. Cone. Alberta, Bull. 15.
Lower Cretaceous microfloras of the Peace River area, north-
western A1berta; Res.. Cone. A1berta, Bu11 28.
I Tschudy, R. H., and Scott, R. A.,
1969: Aspects. of Palynology, Wi.ley-Interscience, Toronto.
Williams, G. L., and Lentin, J. ::K.,
1973: Foss1~l di.noflagellates.: Index to general and species, Geol.
Surv. Can., Paper 73-42.
Will i.ams, G. L.,
1975: Di nofl.agell ate and spore s~ra tigraphy of the Mesozoic-
Cenozoic, Geol. Surv. Can., P.aper 74-30, Vol. 2.

I
- 27 -
Williams, G. L., and Bujak, J. P.
1977: Cretaceous palynostratigraphy of offshore Eastern Canada;
(in press and incomplete at this writing).

- 28
Appendix I
An Explanation of Palynology.

- 49
Palynomorphs
Classification
All palynomorphs are considered to be plants and so are
classified according to the rules of the International Code of Botan-
ical Nomenclature (ICBNL ·Fossil spores and pollen are class~d as
organ genera where affinities with living plants can be demonstrated,
and form genera where they cannot.
The dinoflagellates are considered to constitute the class
Dinophyceae 1tlithin the Pyrrhophyta division of the _algae, although
some dino~lagellates do exhibit a heterotrophic life style.
The acritarchs are considered to constitute the Group· Acri t-
archa, of v1hi ch members of two subgroups, the Acanthomorphi tae and
the Polygonomorphitae were identified in this study.
~ '
Th~ spores and pollen represent the two sub-Kingdoms of
Thallophyta and 8nbryophyta (Tschudy and Scott, 1969).
Identifi-cation ·
. .~ .
The three basic types of palynomorphs (organic walled micro-
. fossils) are dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, and spores and pollen.
Palynology depends on four characteristics of palynomorphs.
These are: their great resistance to degradation; their small average
size of less than 200 Jl which allows them to be transported and depo- -
sited as sedimentary particles; their complex morphology which permits
identification of many different species; and the large numbers in

which they are produced, which results in a significant number of them
being preserved in sedimentary rocks (Tschudy and Scott, 1969).
Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists possessing a cfii~
tinous-like cellular covering and having a size range of from 5 to
2000 ll· Most species are free-living marine fonns, although some are
parasites.or symbionts and others. may. live in fresh or brackish water.
Dinoflagellates commonly have a life-cycl~.involving a motile
vegetative stage and a nonmotile "dinocyst11
stage (Lentin and Williams,
1973). It is this 11
dinocyst" stage which is preserved in the fossil
record.
Dinoflagellate cysts are identified on the basis of shape
and size of the test, nature of the archeopyle (excystment opening),
arrangement and ornamentation of the paraplates making up the cyst
wall, position and shape of any processes, and several other miscel-
1aneous factors.
Acritarchs are organic-v1al1ed microfossils of unknpwn origins
and affinities with varied morphologic features. They superficially
resemble dinoflagellate cysts in commonly having spine-like processes
and are. identified using the same parameters of size, shape:t etc.·
Most plants produce pollen and/or spores as part of their
reproductive processes and these are more commonly preserved than any
other part of the plant. Identificatioo is ·accomplished using the
extremely diverse morphologic patterns of these microfossils.

--·3] -
.·, ..
Appendix II
Systematics

-)2
Systematics
Acanthotriletes varispinosus Pocock, 1962
Plate 1, Figure l
1963d Acanthotriletes varisponosus Pocock, Palaeontographica, Band III,
Abt. B, p. 36, pl. 1, figs. 18-20.
1964- Singh, p. 43, pl. 1, figs. 17-18.
Remarks: Few specimens found in the lower Aptian (approx. 6300 1
) of
the Naskapi Shale in the MicMac J-77, also the lower Aptian in Erie
D-26 (approx. 4070').
Distribution: Early Cretaceous of Western Canada (Singh 1971); and
Barremian and Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Aeguitriradiates spin·ulosus (Cookson and Dettmann) Cookson and Dettmann, 1961
Plate 1, Figure 2
1958 Ciratriradites spinulosus Cookson and Dettmann, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria,
no. 5, v. 70, pt. 2, p. 113, pl. 18, figs. 9-13, pl. 19, figs. 1-5.
1961 Aeguitriradites spinulosus (Cookson and Dettmann) Cookson and Dettmann,
Palaeont., v. 4, p. 426, pl. 52, figs. 1-12.
1961 Selaginellidites spinulosus (Cookson and Dettmann) Krasnova, ~
Samoilovitch et ~.,Trudy Vses. Neft. Nauch.-Iss/ed. Geol. Razu. Inst.,
v. 177, p. 41, pl. 11, figs. 2a-b, 3a-b.
See Singh (1971, p. 34) for description.
Remarks: Similar to description in Singh, 1964, p. 89, but membranous
zone less well developed.
Distribution: Early Cretaceous to Danian. Lower Cretaceous of Saskat-
chewan (Steeves and Wilkins 1967). Middle Albian to early Cenomanian
of Colorado and Nebraska, USA (Panella 1966); Lower Cretaceous of

--_. '
- 3'3 -
.• -
southeastern Australia (Cookson and Dettmann 1958a; Dettman 1963);
Hauterivian to Danian of USSR (Bolkhovitina 1959; Krasnova in Samoili-
vitch et ~- 1961); Albian of Rumania (Baltes 1967a); and the Barre-
mian-Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study), Shell Cree E-35 and
MicMac J-77.
Alispori tes sp. Daugherty, 1941, rest. Potonie' and Kremp, 1956
Plate 1, Figure 3
1941 Alisporites opii Daugherty, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 526, p.
98, pl. 34, fig. 2 (Tupe species).
1956 Alisporites opii Daugherty, restr. Potonie and Kremp. Palaeontographica,
Band 99, Abt. B, p. l76-177, fig. 82.
1959 Alisporites Daugherty, emend. Rouse, Micropaleont., v. 5, p. 314, pl.
1' figs . 10-16.
Remarks: The specimens of this genus found in the present study co·rres-
ponded with the description in Singh, 1964, p. 108. In this study,
however, the bisaccate pollens {Alisporites sp., Podocarpidites sp.
etc.) were not generally speciated as species are usually very similar
in morphology and they are generally not correlative with any definite
stratigraphic range (G. Williams and J. Bujak, personal communication).
The exceptions to this rule are Alisporites grandis (Cookson) Dettmann,
and .Yitrisporites pallidus Pflug. Distinct fonns of biostratigraphic
value ar~ found, however, in the Triassic-Jurassic.
Alisporites grandis (Cookson) Dettmann, 1963
See Singh (1971, p. 170) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Early Hauterivian

-- 34 -
and Albian of the Arctic Islands, Canada (McGregor 1965); Albian of
Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968); Valanginian to Albian of Rumania
(Baltes 1965); pre-Tertiary strata of south Australia (Cookson 1953);
Oxfordian to Apttan of Western Austr~lia (Balme 1957); Lower Cretaceous
of southeastern Australia (Dettmann 1963); Late Jurassic to Albian of
the Scotian Shelf (Williams; personal communication).
Appendicisporites sp. Weyland and Krieger, 1953
Plate 1, Figure 4
Remarks: Essentially a trilete spore with apical appendices.
Distribution: Cretaceous. Found in the Lower Cretaceous of Western
Canada (Singh 1964) and the Cretaceous of the Scotian Shelf (Williams
1975).
Appendicisporites erdtmanii Pocock, 1964
Plate 1, Figure 5
Distribution: Barremian to Cenomanian-Turonian. Middle Albian to
early Cenomanian of Colorado and Nebraska, USA (Panella 1966); Wealden
and Aptian of Northern Spain (van Amerom 1965); Barremian-Albian of the
Scotian Shelf (this study).
Appendicisporites jansonii Pocock, 1962
Distribution: Barremian to Albian of Central Alberta (Pocock. 1962) -

- 35 -
Singh 1964); Albian of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968); upper-
most Wealden of England (Lantz 1958); Barremian to Mid-Aptian of th.
Appendicisporites problematicus (Burger) Singh, 1971
Plate 1, Figure 6
For synonomy see Singh (1971, p. 63).
Remarks: Essentially as described ·by Singh (1971, p. 63).
Distribution: Berriasian to Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971); Berria-
sian and Valanginian of Holland (Burger 1966); Barremian of the Scotian
Shelf (this study).
Aptea polymorpha Eisenack, 1958
1958 Aptea polymorpha Eisenack, Neves Jahrb. Geol. Palaont., Abhandl.,
v~>.l06, p. 394, pl. 22, figs. 5-12, pl~ 24, fig. 5.
1960 Aptea cf. polymorpha Eisenack-Eisenack and Cookson, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Victoria, v. 72, pt. 1, p. 9, pl. 3, figs. 2-4.
Remarks: As described: in Singh (1971, p. 370).
Distribution: Aptian and Albian. Middle to Upper Albian of Alberta
(Singh 1971); late Aptian of North Germany (Eisenack 1958); Aptian
of Queensland and Albian of Western Australia (Eisenack and Cookson
1960); Aptian and Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Araucariacites australis Cookson, 1947
Plate 1, Figure 7
Distribution: Jurassic. to Tertiary. Very widespread in vari.ous parts
of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971) and the Scotian

- 36 -
Shelf (this study).
Baltisphaeridtum sp. Eisenack, 1958, emend. Downie and Sarjeant, 1963.
Plate 1, Figure 8
Type species ~- longispinosum (Eisenack) Bisenack, 1958.
Remarks: Essentially similar to the description by Singh (1971, p. 393}.
Distribution: Lower Cretaceous of Alberta (Singh 1971); Barremian to
Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Baltisphaeridium fimbriatum (...iite) Sarjeant, 1959
Plate 1, Figure 9
Distribution: Middle Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971); Upper Cretaceous
of Eng]and (White 1842); Lower Cretaceous of Australia (Deflandre and
Cookson 1955); Barremian to Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Biretisporites potoniaei Delcourt and Sprumont, 1955
See De1court, Dettmann and Hughes (1963, p. 284) for synonomy and
description.
Distribution: Early Cretaceous. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971); Albian
of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968); Lower Cretaceous of Belgium
and France (Del court and Sprumont 1955, 1959) ·and southeastern
Australia (Dettmann 1963) and Barremian to Albi"'n o·f the Scotian
Shelf (this study).
Callialasporites dampi=:ri (Balme) Dev, 1961
Plate 6, Figure 10
See Singh (1971 ,. p. 175) for synonomy and description.
..

1.~
._...;;.·
::- 37 -
Distribution: Jurassic to Eocene. Widespread over the world, including
Western Canada (Singh 1971); Barremian to Aptian of the Scotian Shelf
(this study).
Cedripites sp.
Plate 2, Figure.·10
Type soe~ies: Cedripites eocenicus Wodehouse, Bull. Torrey Satan.
Club, v. 60, p. 489-490, fig. 13 (type species).
See Singh {1971, p. 171) for description and sunonomy.
Remarks: All species of this genus were lumped together as bisac-:
cate spores and make poor biostratigraphic indicators (see Alisporites
sp.}.
Cerebropollenites mesozoicus (Couper) Nilsson, 1958
Plate 1, Figure 11
'
See Nilsson (1958, p. 72) for generic diagnosis and description.
1958 Tsugaepo11enites mesozoicus Couper, Palaeontographica, Band 103,
Abt. B, p. 155, pl. 30, figs. 8-10.
1958 Cerebropollenites mesozoicus (Couper) Wilsson, Lunds Universitets
Arsskrift, N.F., Avd. 2, Band 54, ~- 72, pl. 6, figs. 10-12.
Distribution: Jurassic and Cretaceous of North America and Europe
(Singh 1971); Barremian to Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Cicatricosisporites sp. Potonie and Gelletich, 1933
·~
Type species: Cicatricosisoorites dorogensis Potonie and Gelletich, 1933.
See Dettmann (1963, p. 52) for synonomy and description.

- 48 -
Remarks: Essentially a trilete spore without distinct appendices.
Distribution: Mesozoic? Worldwide; Ba~ ·=mian-Albian of the Scotian
Shelf (this study).
Cicatricosisporites annulatus Archangelsky and Garnerro, 1966
1964 Cicatricosisporites sp. B Singh, Res. Coun. Alberta, Bull. 15, p. 60,
pl. 7, figs. 4-6.
1966 Cicatricosisporites annulatus Achangelsky and Gamerro, Ameghiniana,
v~ 4, p. 368, pl. 2, figs. 6-SL
1967 Cicatricosisporites sp. Norris (part), Palaeontographica, Band 120,
Abt. B, p. 93, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5 only.
Remarks: As described in Singh (1971, p. 67).
Distribution: Cretaceous. Albian of Central Alberta (Singh 1964);
Cretaceous of Argentina (Archangel sky and Gamerro 1966b); Aptian of
the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Cicatricosisporites auritus Singh, 1971
Plate 2, Figure 1
Distribution~ Middle and late Albian of Alberta; not presented on
range charts of this study but found very rarely in the Barremian
to Albian of the Scotian Shelf.
Cicatricosisporites australiensis (Cookson) Potonie, 1956
Plate 2, Figure 2
Distribution: Cretaceous. Early Cretaceous of Alberta (Singh 1971);

- 39 -
late Purbeckian of England (Lantz 1958); Lower and Upper Cretaceous of
southeastern Australia (Cookson 1953, 1954; Baker and Cookson 1955;
Cookson and Dettmann 1958a, 1959b; Dettmann 1959, 1963); Lower
Cretaceous of Western Australia (Balme 1957), Queensland and New
Buinea (Cookson and Dettmann 1958a); Albian of Kazakhstan (Bolkhovitina
1961); Albian of Peru (Brenner 1968); Barremian to Albian of the
Cicatricosisporites hallei Delcourt and Sprumont, 1955
Plate 2, Figure 3
See Delcourt ~nd Sprumont (1955, p. 17) for description and synonomy.
Distribution: Early Cretaceous and Cenomanian. Albian of Alberta
(Singh 1964); Middle Albian to early Cenomanian of Colorado and Nebraska.
USA (Panella 1966); Albian arid Cenomanian of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund
and Norris 1968; Hedlund 1967); 11
Wealden11
of Belgium and France
(Delcourt and Sprumont 1955, 1959); Aptian of the Scotian Shelf
(this study).
Cicatricosisporites hughsei Dettmann, 1963
See Dettmann (1963, p. 55) for description and synonomy.
Distribution: Aptian to Danian. Albian of Alberta, Canada (Singh~
1971); Cenomanian of Alabama, USA (Groot, Penny and Groot 1961);
Maestrichtian and Danian of California, USA (Druqg 1967); uppermost
Wealden of England (Lantz 1958); Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian(?)
of southeastern Australia (Dettmann, 1963); Aptian of the Scotian
Shelf (this study).

I
,~ ~."~
- 40" -
Cicatricosisporites ludbrooki Dettmann, 1963
See Dettmann (1963, p. 54) for description.
Remarks: Similar to I· australiensis but differs in being somewhat
larger and having wider muri and different proximal sculpture.
Cicatricosisporites mohrioides Delcourt and Sprumont, 1955
See Burger (l966, p. 243) for description and synonomy.
Distribution: Purbeckian to Albian. Albian of Alberta (Pocock 1962;
Singh 1971 ); Lower Cretaceous of Maryland, USA (Groot and Penny 1960;_
Brenner 1963); late Purbeckian of England (Lantz 1958); 11
Wealden11
of
Belgium (Delcourt and Sprumont 1955) and Germany (Thiergart 1949);
uppermost Jurassic to Valanginian of Holland (Burger 1966); Aptian of
Cicatricosisporites purbeckensis Norris, 1969
Plate 2, Figure 4
See Norris (1969, p. 588) for description.
Remarks: Specimens identified from Erie D-26 only.
Distribution: Tithonian-Berriasian of southern England; Aptian of
Classopollis classoides Pflug, emend. Pocock and Jansonius, 1961
Plate 2, Figure 5
1950 Conifer pollen. Reissinger, Palaeontographica, Band 90, Abt. B, p.
114' pl . 14 ' figs. 15-16.
1953 Classopollis classoides Pflug, Pa·laeontographica, Band 95, Abt. B,
p. 91, pl. 16, figs. 29-31 (type sepcies).
••

- 41 -
1961 Classopollis classoides Pflug, emend. Pocock and Jansonius, Micropaleont.,
Y. 7, p. 439-449, pl. 1.
Distribution: Jurassic and C.retaceous. Upper Jurassic of Saskatchewan
(Pocock 1962); Lias of Europe (Pflug 1953); Barremian to Aptian of the
Scotian She1f (this. study}.
Cleistosphaeridium polypes (Cookson and Eisenack) Davey, 1969
Plate 2, Figure 6
Remarks: See Singh. (1971, p. 324) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Aptian to Cenomanian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971);
Cenomanian of Saskatchewan, Canada (Davey 1969); late Cenomanian of
Texas, USA (Davey 1969); late Albian and early Cenomanian (Cookson
and Hughes 1964), middle and late Cenomanian cif· England {Davey 1969);
Aptian to Cenomanian of-Australia (Cookson and Eisenack 1962a); Barre-
mian to Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Concavissimisporites sp. Delcourt and Sprumont, 1955, emend. Delcourt, Dett-
mann and Hughes, 1963
See Singh (1964, p. 7.6) 'for synonomy and description.
Remarks: Essentially trilete spores with a distinctly concave outline.
Concavissimisporites minor (Pocock) Delcourt, Dettmann and Hughes, 1963
Plate 2, Figure 7
1962 Concavisporites verrucosus var. minor Pocock, Palaeontographica, Band
III, Abt. B, p. 47, pl. 5, figs~ 75, 76.
1963 Concavissimisporites minor (Pocock) Delcourt, Dettmann and Hughes,

-42:. -
Palaeont., v. 6, p. 286.
Distribution: Late Jurassic to Albian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971);
Albian of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968); Barremian to Albian
of the Scoti:an She1f, Canada (this study).
Contignisporites cooksonii (Balme) Dettmann, 1963
Plate 2, Figure 9
Distribution: Callovian to Albian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1964);
Callovian to Albian of Western Australia and Queensland (Balme 1957);
Berriasian to Aptian of southea~tern Australia (Dettmann, 1963);
Barremian and Aptian of USSR (Bolkhovitina 1961); Cretaceous of
Argentinia (Archangelsky and Gamerro 1966a); Lower Cretaceous of
India (Singh. and Kumar 1966); Barremian of the Scotian Shelf (this
study and W'in 1i ams 1975).
Coronifera oceanica Cookson and Eisenack, 1958
Plate 2, Figure 8
See Cookson and Eisenack (1958, p. 45) for description.
Distribution: Albian of southern Australia (Cookson and Eisenack 1958);
Aptian-Albian of the Scotian Shelf (Williams 1975; this study).
Costatoperforosporites foveolatus Deak, 1962
Plate 2, Figure 10
1962 Costatoperforospori tes foveal atus Dea:k, Fol dtani J<t)zl"ony (Budapest),
v. 92, p. 231, pl. 27, figs. 4-6.
See Singh (197l, p.. 88) for description.

I
- 43- -
Distribution: Late Aptian and Albian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971);
Late Aptian of Hungary (Deak 1962); occurred very rarely in the
Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (not shown on range charts).
Cyatbidites australis Couper, 1953
Plate 2, Figure 11
1953 Cyathidites australis Couper, New Zealand Geol. Surv. Palti:~ont. Bull.
22, p. 27, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12 (type species).
Distribution: Jurassic and Cretaceous. Widespread in many parts
of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971), and the Barre-·
mian to Aptian of the Scotian Shelf of Eastern Canada (this study).
· Cyathidites minor Couper, 1953
1953 Cyathidites minor Couper, New Zealand Geo1. Surv. Paleont. Bull. 22,
p. 28' p1. 2, fi 9. 13.
For description see Singh (1964, p. 71) ..
Description: Jurassic to Cretaceous. Found in Western Canada from the
Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous (Pocock 1962); also Jurassic and Cretaceous
of England and New Zealand (Couper 1953, 1958); Barremain to Albian
of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Cyclonephelium attadalicum Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b
Plate 2, Figures 12, 13
See Cookson and Eisenack (1962b, p. 495) for description.
Distribution: Hauterivian to Albian. Aptian-Albian of Australia

>
': .. )
'...-/
- 44 -
(Cookson and Eisenack 1962b); Hauterivian to Aptian of the Scotian
Shelf and Grand Banks· (Williams 1975).
Cyclonephelium distinctum Deflandre and Cookson, 1955
1955 Cyclonephelium distinctum, Deflandre and Cookson.
See Deflandre and Cookson (1955, p. 285) for description.
Distribution: Senonian of Australia (Deflandre and Cookson 1955);
Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Deltoidospora diaphena Wilson and Webster, 1946
See Wilson and Webster {1946, p. 273) for description.
Distribution: Jurassic to Tertiary. Widespread in various parts of
North America (Singh 1971); Barremain to Albian of the Scotian Shelf
(this study).
Deltoidospora hallei Miner, 1935
Remarks: Smaller than D. diaphena.
Distribution: Jurassic and Cretaceous of North America (Singh 1971);
Barremian to Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).·
Deltoidospora sp.
Remarks: Specimens which belong to the genus DeltJidospora Miner,
1935, emend Potonie, 1956 were placed in this group where speciation
was not possible.

e
'r ..·
- 45.-
Densoisporites velatus Weyland and Krieger, 1953, emend. Krasnova, 1961
Distribution: Lias to Danian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971);
Barremain to Albian of Maryland, USA (Brenner 1963); Lias to Aptian
of England (Couper 1958); Senonian of Germany (Weyland and Krieger
1953); Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Australia (Dettmann 1963);
1963
Valanginian to Danian of Siberia (Krasnova in Samoilovitch et !l·
1961; Chlonova 1961); very rare in the Aptian of the Scotian Shelf
(this study).
. -
Diconodinium pusillum Singh, 1971
See Singh (1971, p. 383} for description.
Distribution: Middle and late Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971); Aptian
of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Equisetosporites virginiaensis (Brenner) Singh, 1971
Plate 2, Figure 14
I
Ephedripites virginiaensis Brenner, Maryland Dept. Geol Mines Water
Resources, Bull. 27, p. 80, pl. 38, fig. 3.
See Brenner (1963, p. 90) for description.
Distribution: Barremain to middle Albian. Albian of Alberta {Singh
1971). Barremian of Maryland, USA (Brenner 1963); Barremian to
Eucommidites miner Groot and Penny, 1960
Plate 2, Fi.gures 15, 16
See Groot and Penny (1960, p. 234) for description.

- 46 -
Distribution: Late Jurassic to Albian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1964);
middle and late Albian of northern Wyoming, USA (Davies 1963); Barre-
mian to Albian of Maryland, USA (Groot and Penny 1960; Brenner 1963);
Upper Jurassic (Norris 1963} and Hauterivian to Aptian (Hughes 1961)
of England; uppermost Jurassic to Valangian of Holland (Burger 1966);
Aptian to Albian of Portugal (Groot and Groot 1962); Aptian to
Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study); Aptian to Albian of the
Scotian Shelf (Williams 1975).
Eucommidites troedssonii Erdtmann, 1948
Plate 3, Figure 1
See Burger (1966, p. 267) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Jurassic and Cretaceous. Widespread in various parts
of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971), and also the
Scotian Shelf (Barremian to Aptian, .this study).
Exochosphaeridium scitulum Singh, 1971
Distribution: Middle Albian of northwestern Alberta (Singh 1971);
Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Microthyria sp. Singh, 1971
Fungal fruiting body of the Family Microthyriaceae
Plate 3, Figure 2
See Singh (1971) for description and postulated synonomy.
Distr.ibution: Late Albian of Alb.erta (Singh 1971). Aptian of the
Scotian Shelf (this study, very rare).

I
,.__,
- 47-
Gleicheniidites circinidites (Cookson) Dettmann, 1963
Plate 3, Figure 3
See Dettmann (1963~ p. 65) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Albian of Alberta
(Singh 1964); Upper Jurassic to Valanginian of Holland (Burger 1966);
Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Western Australia (Balme 1957);
Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Australia (Dettmann 1963); Aptian
of the Scotian. Shelf (this study).
Gleicheniidites senonicus Ross, 1949
Plate 6, Figure 2
of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971); Barremain to
Gonyaulacysta sp. Deflandre, 1964, emend. Sarjeant, 1966
Plate 3, Figure 6
Remarks: Sepcimens of this genus found in this study that could
not be speciated were placed in this classification.
Gonyau1acysta episoma Sarjeant, 1966
Plate 3, Figure 5
1966 Gonyaulacysta episoma Sarjeant, Bull. British r~useum (Natural History),
Geol. Suppl. no. 3, p. 118, pl. 13, figs. 9, 10, text-fig. 27.

- 48 -
Distribution: Late Barremian to Albian. Albian of Alberta (Singh 1971);
late Barremian of England (Sarjeant in Davey et !1· 1966); Aptian of
Gonyaulacysta helicoidea (Eisenack and Cookson) Sarjeant, 1966
Plate 3, Figure 4
Distribution: Barremain to middle Albian. Middle Albian of Alberta
(Singh 1971); early Barremian of England (Sarjeant ill Davey et; ~-
1966); Aptian of Australia (Eisenack and Cookson 1960); Aptian of the
Gonyaulacysta orthoceras (Eisenack) Sarjeant, 1966
Plate 3, Figure 6
See Sarjeant (in Davey et ~- 1966, p. 121) for synonomy and descri p--
tion.
Distribution: Valanginian to Turonian. Middle to Upper Albian of
Alberta (Singh 1971), late Barremian of England (Sarjeant in Davey
et al. 1966); late Aptian (Eisenack 1958), Valanginian to Hauteri-
vian (Gocht 1959), Barremain to Cenomanian (Alberti 1961) of Germany;
Hauterivian of Switzerland (Millioud 1967); Cenomanian and Turonian
of Poland (Gorka 1963); Valanginian to Albian (Baltes· 1965), late
Albian (Baltes 1967b) of Rumania; Barremain to Aptian of the Scotian
Shelf (this study).
Hystri chokol poma ferose (Deflandre) Davey, 1969
..

- 49 -
Distributione. Late Aptian to Danian. Upper Albian of Alberta (Singh
1971); Danian of California, USA (Drugg 1967); Cenomanian to Santonian
(Clarke and Verdier 1967), Cenomanian and Turonian (Davey 1969), late
Albian and early Cenomanian (Cookson and Hughes 1964) of England);
Senonian of France (Oeflandre 1937; Deflandre and Courteville 1939);
Danian (W. Wetzel 1952), Late Aptian (Eisenack 1958). Cenomanian
(Alberti 1961) of Germany; Albian and Cenomanian of Western Australia
(Cookson and Eisenack 1962a); Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study) .
Inaperturopollenites sp.
1967 Inaperturopollenites sp. Norris, Palaeontographica, Band 120, Abt. ·B,
p. 104, pl. 16, fig. 8.
See Norris (1967, p. 104)· ·for description.
Distribution: Middle and Late Albian. Middle and late Albian of
Alberta (Singh 1971; Norris 1967); Aptian. (very rare) of the Scotian
Shelf (this study).
Klukisporites foveolatus Pocock,. 1964
Plate 3, Figure 8
1963 Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus auct. non Couper-Brenner, Maryland
Dept. Geol. Mines Water Resources, Bull. 27, p. 51, pl. 10, fig. 5.
1964 Klukisporites foveolatus Pocock, Grana Palynologica, v. 5, p. 194,
pl. 7, figs. 5, 6.
See Pocock (1964, p. 194) for description.
Distribution: Barremian to Albian. Middle to Upper Albian of
Alberta (Singh 1971); Pocock 1964); Barremian to Albian of Maryland,
USA (Brenner 1963); Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
..

- 56 -
. ---
Klukisporites_pseudoreticulatus Couper, 1958
See Couper (1958, p. 138) for description.
Distribution: Late Jurassic to Cenomanian. Albian of Alberta {Singh
1964; Nonris 1967); middle and late Albian of northern Wyoming, USA
(Davies 1963); middle Albian to early Cenomanian of Colorado and
Nebraska, USA (Panella 1966); Purbeckian to Barremian of England
(Couper 1958); Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Laevigatosporites ovatus Wilson and Webster, 1946
Plate 3, Figure 7
1946 Laevivigatosporites ovatus Wilson and Webster, Am. J. Botany, v. 33,
p. 271-278.
1957 Laevigatosporites ovalus Wilson and Webster-Rouse, Can. J. Botany,
v. 35 ' p. 355' p1. 1, fi g. 3•
of the world including Western Canada (Singh 1971) and the Scotian
Shelf (does not appear in range charts as it is extremely rare in
this study.
Laricoidites magnu.s (Potonie) Potonie', Thomson and Thiergart, 1950
See Stanley (1965, p. 278) for synonomy and description.
Distri bution: Cre·::aceous and Tertiary. Widespread in North America
and Europe (Singh 1971); occurs in the Barremian to Albian of the

- 51 -
Leiosphaeridia sp. Singh, 1971
Distributton: Late Albian of the Peace River area (Singh 1971);
Barremian to Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Lycopodiumsporites crassatus Singh, 1971
Distribution: Middle and Late Albian of the Peace Rive·r area;
Barremian to Aptian of the Scotian Shelf.(this study).
Lycopodiumspori-tes margjnatus. Singh, 1964
Plate 6, Figure 3
See Norris (1967, p. 90) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Aptian and Albian. Albian of the Peace River area,
Alberta (Singh 1964); Albian of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris
1968); Aptian. of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Lycopodiumsporites sp.
This gnouping contains those spores which were considered to belong
to the genus Lycopodiumsporites Thiergart, 1938 ex Delcourt and
Sprumont, 1955.
See Singh (1964, p. 39) for synonymy and generic diagnosis.
Michrystridium stellatum Deflandre, 1945
Plate 6, Figure 4
See Singh (1964, p. 400) for sy~onomy and description.
Distribution: Silurian to Cretaceous. Widespread in various parts
of the world, including ~estern Canada (Singh 1971); Barremian to

-52 -
Albian of the Scotjan Shelf (this study).
Muderongia sp. Cookson and Eisenack, 1958
Plate 4., Figure 1
See Cookson and Eisenack (1958, p. 40-41) for description.
Distribution: Valanginian to Aptian of Australia (Cookson and
Eisenack, 1958); Barremian to Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study'
and G. Wi11 iams, persona1 corrmuni cation).
Muderongia simplex Alberti, 1961
Plate 1, Figure 6
See Alberti (1961, p. 12) for description.
Distribution: Valanginian-Early Barremian of Germany (Alberti 1961);
Portlandian to Barremian of the Scotian Shelf (Williams 1975).
Odontochitina operculata (0. Wetzel) Deflandre, 1946
Plate 4, Figure 2
See Sarjeant (in Davey et ~- , 1966, p. 208:· for synonomy and des-
cription.
Distribution: Late Hauterivian to Maestrichtian. Albian of Alberta
Singh 1964); late Albian of northern Wyoming, USA (Davies 1963);
late Barremian and Cenomanian (Sarjeant ~Davey. et !l· 1966), Ceno-
manian to Campanian (Clarke and Verdier 1967) of England; Senonian
(Deflandre 1935), early Cenomanian (Firtion 1952) of France; late
Hauterivian (Gocht 1959), late Aptian (Eisenack .1958), Barremian to
Senonian (Alberti 1961) of Germany; Maestrichtian (Alberti 1961)·,
Cenomanian to Campanian (G~rka 1963) of Poland; late Albian of

- 53-
Rumania (Ba1tes 1967b); Senonian of the Ba1tic region (0. Wetze1' 1933);
Lower Cretaceous (Deflandre and Cookson 1955), Albian to early Turonian
(Cookson and Eisenack 1958) of Australia; Barremian to Santonian of
the Scotian Shelf (Bujak and Williams 1975).
Oligosphaeridium sp.
Plate 4, Figure 3
This gno1Jping contains those dinoflagellate cysts which were defi-
nitely of the genus Oligosphaeridium.
Type species: Oligosphaeridium complex (White) Davey and Williams,
1966. See Davey and Williams (in Davey et !}_. 1966, p. 70) for
description and generic diagnosis.
Oligosphaeridium anthophorum (Cookson and Eisenack) Davey, 1969
Plate 6, Figure 7
Remarks: This species is distinguished by the reticulate wall of the
processes.
Distribution: Late Jurassic to Albian. Late Albian of Alberta
{Singh 1971); late Albian of Saskatchewan (Davey 1969); late Barremian
to Albian of Germany (Alberti 1961); Upper Jurassic of Australia and
New Guinea (Cookson and Eisenack); Aptian to Albian of the Scotian
Shelf (this study).
Oligosphaeridium complex (White) Davey and Williams, 1966
Plate 4, Fi.gure 4
Plate 6, Figure 6
See Singh (l97l, p. 333) for synonymy and description.

' . ;~ '
- i : ..
- ..54 -,
Distribution: Valanginian to early Eocene. Middle to late Albian of
the Peace River area (Singh 1971); la-te Albian and early Cenomanian
of Saskatchewan (Davey 1969); Dan1an of California, USA (Drugg 1967);
Senonian (White 18~2); Albian and Cenomanian (Cookson and Hughes 1964),
Barremian to early Eocene (Davey and Williams in Davey et !l· 1966);
Albian to Turonian (Davey 1969), Cenomanian to Campanian (Clarke and
Verdier 1967) of England; late Turonian to Senonian of Belgium
(Lejeune-Carpentier 1940); Cretaceous (Valensi 1955), early Ceno-
manian (Firtion 1952) of France; late Aptian (Eisenack 1958) 5
Valanginian to Barremian (Gocht 1959) of Germany; Lower Cretaceous
to Senonian (.Deflandre and Cookson 1955), late Neocomian to Senonian
(Cookson and Eisenack 1958) of Australia; Valanginian to Campanian
of the Scotian Shelf, Eastern Canada (Bujak and Williams, in press).
Osmundacidites wellmanii Couper; 1953
See Dettmann (1963, p. 32) for.synonomy and description.
Distribution: Jurassic and Cretaceous. Widespread in various
parts of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971); Barremian
to Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Palaeoperidinium cretaceum Pocock, 1962
Plate 6, Figure 8
1962 Pa1c-:ooeri di ni urn cretaceurn Pocock, Pa1aeontographi ca, Band III, Abt.
B, p. 80, pl. 14. figs. 219-221.
See Jh (1971, p. 385) for description.
Dis~r~~ution: Cretaceous. Albian of the Peace River area (Singh
1971); Cretaceous of Western Canada (Pocock 1962); early late
..

' ·. '· ..
- 55 -
-
Cretaceous of the Arctic Islands, Canada (Manum and Cookson 1964);
Pareodinia ceratophora Deflandre, 1947
Distribution: Bajocian to Albian. Albian of the Peace River area,
Alberta (Singh 1971); Callovian and Oxfordian (Sarjeant 1962),
Hauterivian and Barremian (Sarjeant in Davey et !l· 1966) of England;
Bajocian (Deflandre 1947), Bajocian and Bathonian (Valensi 1953) of
France; Bathonian and Callovian of Germany (Alberti 1961); Upper
Jurassic of Denmark (Evitt 1967); Upper Jurassic of Denmark (Evitt
1967); Upper Jurassic of Western Australia (Cookson and Eisenack
1958); Aptian of the Scotian Shelf, Eastern Canada (this study).
Pilosisporites trichopapillosus (Thiergart) Delcourt and Sprumant, 1955
Plate 4, Figure 5
See Singh (1964, p. 75) for description and synonamy.
Distribution: Purbeckian to Albian. Middle to late Albian of the
Peace River area, Alberta (Singh 1964); Lower Cretaceous of Saskat•
chewan, Canada (Steeves and Wilkins 1967); middle Albian of northern
Wyoming, USA (Davis 1963); Barremian to Albian of Maryland, USA
(Brenner 1963); Purbeckian to Wealden of England (Couper 1958);
11
Wealdenn of Belgit.Un (Delcourt and Sprumont 1955) and Germany
(Thiergart 1949); Albian of Rumania (Baltes 1967a); Barremian to
Aptian of.the Scotian Shelf, Eastern Canada (Williams 1975 and this
study).
...

1957
-.. 56. __;__
Pluricellaesporites psilatus Clarke~ 1965.
Plate 4, Figure 6
See Clarke (1965, p. 90) for description.
Distribution: Middle Albian to early Pliocene. Middle to late Albian
of the Peace River area (Singh .1971); late Miocene to early Pliocene
of British Columbia (Martin and Rouse 1966); Upper Cretaceous of cen-
tral Colorado (Clarke 1965), and of western Alabama, USA (Leopold
and Pakiser 1964); Aptian td Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Podocarpidites sp.
Plate 4, Figure 7
This grouping includes all the basaccate spores considered to belong
to the genus Podocarpidites Cookson, 1947 ex Couper, 1953. Type :;
species Podocarpidites ellipticus Cookson, 1947.
See Singh (1964, p. 115) for synonomy and generic diagnosis.
Remarks: The bisacate spores were not speciated as they have no
apparent biostratigraphic significance (William~ and Bujak, personal
communi cation) •
Pseudocratium pelliferum Gocht, 1957
Pseudocratium pelliferum Gocht, Palaont. Z., v. 31, p. 166, pl. 18,
figs. 1, 2.
Distribution: Valanginian to Middle Albian. Middle Albian of the
Peace River area, Alberta (Singh 1971); Garbutt Formation of the
Northwest Territories (Pocock 1962); Valanginian to Hauterivian
(Gocht 1957); Valanginian to Middle Albian (Alberti 1961) of Germany;

- 57 -
Pseudoceratium regium Singh, 1971
Distribution: Middle and late Albian of the Peace River area,
Alberta (Singh 1971); Barremian to Albian of the Scotian Shelf (this
study).
Schizosporis parvus Cookson and Dettmann, 1959
Plate 4t Figure 10
Distribution: Barremian to Cenomanian. Middle to late Albian of the
Peace River area (Singh 1971) and of Central Alberta (Singh 1964);
middle and late Albian of northern Wyoming, USA (Davis 1963); Albian
and Cenomanian of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968; Hedlund 1966);
Albian and Cenomanian? of eastern Australia (Cookson and Dettmann 1959a;
Dettmann 1963); Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this study).
Schizosporis reticulatus Cookson and Dettmann, 1959
Plate 5, Figure l
Distribution: Berriasian to Cenomanian. Middle to late Albian of
the Peace River area, Alberta (Singh 1971); middle and late Albian
of northern Wyoming, USA (Davis 1963); Barremian to Albian of Mary-
land, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968; Hedlund 1966); middle Albian to
early Cenomanian of Colorado and Nebraska, USA (Panella 1966);
Berriasian of England (Norris 1963); Neocomian-Aptian to Cenomanian?
of eastern Australia (Cookson and Dettmann 1959a; Dettmann 1963);
..

-58 -
Spheripollenites sp.
Plate 5, Figure 1 ·
This group contains those specimens considered to belong to the genus
Spheripollenites ~ouper, 1958. See Couper (1958, p. 158) for descrip-
tion and for generic diagnosis.
Distribution: Middle Jurassic to Albian, worldwide, for the two
species of Spheripollenites (Singh 1971); Barremian to Aptian of the
Subtilisphaera perlucida (Alberti) Jain and Millepied, 1973
See Jain and Millepied (1973, p. 27) for synonomy and description.
Remarks: As ~- perlucida and ~- pirnaensis only differ in the length
of their apical horns, they are both included in~- perlucida, as
intermediate forms were found in this study.
Distribution: Middle Berriasian to mid-Aptian of the Scotian Shelf-
Grand Banks (Bujak and Williams, in press); Barremian to Aptian,
Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1966
See Loeblich and Loeblich (1966, p. 56-57) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Cretaceous. Many worldwide occurrences (Bujak,
personal communication); Barremian to Albian of the Scotian Shelf
(this study}.

- 59 -
Surculosphaeridium longifurcatum (Firtion) Davey et ~·, 1966
Plate 5, Figure 6
See Davey et ~- (1966, p. 163) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Barremian to Cenomanian. Cenomanian of France (Firtion
1952); Cenomanian of England? (Davey et !l·, 1966); Barremian to Aptian
of the Scotian Shelf (Williams 1975; this study).
Systematophora schindewo1fi {Alberti) Downie and Sarjeant, 1964 (1965)
Plate 5, Figure 5
See Downie and Sarjeant (1964 (1965), p. 146) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Late Barremian to Turonian of England; Barremi~n to
Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus (Potonie) Kremp, 1949
Plate 5, Figure 6
See Stanley (1965, p. 273) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Middle Aptian to Miocene. Widespread in various parts
of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971); Aptian-Albian of
Trilobosporites sp.
This group contains those specimens which belong to the genus Trilo-
,
bosporites Pant, 1954 ex Potonie, 1956~
Type species: Trilobosporites hannonicus (Delcourt and Sprumont)
Potonief, 1956.
See Delcourt, Dettmann and Hughes (1963, p. 288) for synonomy and
l'estated generic diagnosis.

- 60 -
Trilobosporites apiverrucatus Couper, 1958
Plate 5, Figures 7, 8, 9
See Couper (1958, p. 1~2) for description.
Distribution: Late Jurassic.to Albian. Middle and late Albian of
the Peace River area, "Alberta (Singh 1971); Albian o.f Oklahoma, USA
(Hedlund and Norris 1968); middle and late Albian of Colorado and
Nebraska, USA (Panella 1966); Wealden of England (Couper 1958);
uppermost Jurassic to Valanginian of Holland (Burger 1966); 11
Wealden11
of France (Delcourt and Spru~ont 1959); Barremian to Albian of the
Scotian Shelf (Williams 1975 and this study).
Trilobosporites crass~s Brenner, 1963
See Brenner (1963, p. 70) for description.
Distribution: Barremian to early Cenomanian. Middle and upper Albian
of the Peace River area, Alberta (Singh 1971); late Albian of Mary-
land, USA (Brenner 1963); middle Albian to early Cenomanian of Colorado
and Nebraska, USA (Panella 1966); Barremian of the Scotian Shelf (this
study).
Tri1obosporites humilis Delcourt and Sprumont, 1959
See Brenner (1963, p. 71) for synonomy and description.
Distribution: Early Cretaceous. Mid and late Albian of the Peace
River area, A1bertw (Singh 1971); Barremian to Albian of Maryland,
USA (Brenner 1963); 11
Wealden 11
of France (Delcourt and Sprumont 1959);
Aptian of the Scotian Shelf (this sttidy).
..

- 61 -
Verrucosisporites rotundus Singh, 1964
See Singh (1964, p~ 96) for description.
Distribution: Aptian to Albian of Alberta (Singh 1964, 1971);
Albian of Oklahoma, USA (Hedlund and Norris 1968); Aptian of the
Vitreisporites pallidus (Reissinger) Nilsson, 1958
Distribution: Triassic to Cretaceous. Widespread in various parts
of the world, including Western Canada (Singh 1971) and the Barremian-
Albian of the Scotian Shelf (Williams 1975 and this study}.

- 62 -
Appendix III
Photomicrographs with descriptions.

- 63 -
Explanation of Plate 1
All specimens are illustrated at a magnification of x 500, and are
from MicMac J-77 (unless otherwise stated).
Figure 1. Acanthotriletes varispinosus Pocock, 1963.
Shows diagnostic short spines.
Figure 2. Aeguitriradiatea spinulosus (Cookson and Dettmann) Cookson
and Dettmann, 1961.
Figure 3. Alisporites sp., Daugherty, 1941, rest. Potonie and Kr~mp,
1956.
Figure 4. Appendicisporites sp. Weyland and Krieger, 1953.
Figure 5. Appendicisporites erdtmanii ·Pocock, 1964.
Figure 6. Appendicisporites problematicus (Burger) Singh, 1971, and
Muderongia simplex Alberti, 1961; (x 750).
Figure 7. Arancariacites australis Cookson, 1947; (x 1000).
Figure 8. Baltisphaeridium sp. Eisenack~ 1958, emend. Downie and
Sarjeant, 1963.
Figure 9. Baltisphaeridium fimbriatum (Whi:te) Sarjeant, 1959; (x 1000).
Figure 10. Cedripites sp.
Figure 11. Cerebropollenites mesozoicus (Couper) Nilsson, 1958; (x 750).

- 65 -
Explanation af Plat~ 2.
All specimens illustrated are at a magnification of x 500, and are
from Mic Mac J-77 (unless stated otherwise).
Figure 1. Cicatricosisporites auritus Singh, 1971.
Figure 2. Cicatricosisporites australiensis (Cookson) Potonie, 1956.
Figure 3. Cicatricosisporites hallei Delcourt and Sprumont, l955.
Figure 4. Cicatricosisporites purbeckensis Norris, 1969.
Figure 5. C1assopo11is c1assoides Pflug, emend. Pocock and Jansonius,
1961; (x750}.
Figure 6. C1eistosphaeridium polypes (Cookson and Eisenack) Davey,
1969.
Figure 7. Concavissimisporites sp. Delcourt and Sprumont, 1955, emend.
Delcourt, Dettmann and Hughes, 1963.
Figure 8. Coronifera oceanica Cookson and Eisenack, 1958.
Figure 9. Contignisporites cooksonii (Balme) Dettmann, 1963.
Figure 10. Costatoperforosporites foveolatus Deak, 1962.
Figure 11. Cyathidites australis Couper, 1953.
Figure 12. Cyclonephelium attada1icum _Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b.
Shows apical archeopyle in place. From Creee E-35.
Figure 13. Cyc1onephelium attadalicum Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b. From
Cree E-35.
Figure 14. Eguisetosporites virginiaensis (Brenner) Singh, 1971.
Figures
15~ 16
Eucommidites minor Groot and Penny, 1960. Figure 15, pol:ar
view, Figure 16, lateral view.
..

... 67 -
Explantion of P1ate~3
---
from Mic Mac J-77 (unless stated otherwise).
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Eucommidites troedssonii Erdtmann, 1948; (x 1000).
Microthyria sp. Singh, 1971.
Gleicheniidites circinidites (Cookson) Dettmann, 1963.
Gonyaulacysta helicoidea (Eisenack and Cookson).Sarjeant, 1966.
Gonyaulacysta episoma Sarjeant, 1966.
Gonyaulacysta orthoceras (Eisenack) Sarjeant, 1966.
Shows tabulation, cingulum, and sulcus.
Figure 7. Laevigatosporites ovatus Wilson and Webster, 1946.
Figure 8. Klukisporites roveolatus Pocock, 1964.
Figures Muderongia simplex Alberti, 1961.
9, 10.
:~

68.-
·~---
3
-----
-----·-·--------
10

- 69 -
A11 specimens are illustrated at a magnification of x 500, and are
from MicMac J-77 (unless stated otherwise).
Figure 1. Muderongia sp. Cookson and Eisenack, 1958.
Figure 2. Odontochitina operculata (0. Wetze1) Deflandre, 1946.
Figure 3. 01igosphaeridium sp.
Figure 4. Oligosphaeridium complex (White) Davey and Williams, 1966~
Note the spines at the tips of the processes.
Figure 5. Pilosisporites trichopapil1osus (Thiergart) Delcourt and
Figure
Figure
Figures
8, 9
Figure
6.
7.
10.
Sprumont, 1955.
Pluricellaesporites hiatus Clarke, 1965.
Podocarpidites sp.
Pseudoceratium regium Singh, 1971.
Schizosporis parvus Cookson and Dettmann, 1959.
..

from Mic Mac J-77.
Figure 1. Sphaeripollenites sp., (x 1000).
Figure 2. Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1966.
Note: shows well devel oped rfdges between the -processes.
Figure 3. Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1966.
Figure 4. Surculosphaeridium 1ongifurcatum (Firtion) Davey et ~-
8 1966.
. ( -:... '1'
"(J
Figure 5. Systematophora schindewolfi (Alberti) Downie and Sarjeant,
1964 (1965).
Figure 6. Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus (Potonie) Kremp, 1949, (x 1000).
Figures
6, 8, 9
Trilobosporites aoiverrucatus, Couper, 1958. Figure 8,
(x 750).

- 72-
rI
i
I
I
9
7
Plate·. 5.

..
e
- 73 -
All specimens illustrated are at a magnification of x 500, and are
from Cree E-35 (unless stated otherwise) •
Figure l. Callialosporites dampieri (Balme) Dev, 1961.
Figure 2. Gleicheniidites senonicus Ross, 1949 (lower right) and
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 5,
6
Figure 8.
Cicatrcosisporites australiensis (Cookson) Potonie, 1956.
Lycopodiumsporites marginatus Singh, 1964.
~1ichrystridium stellatum Deflandre, 1945.
Odontochitina operculata (0. Wetzel) Deflandre, 1946.
Oligosphaeridium complex (White) Davey and Williams, 1966.
Note flaring processes.
Palaeoperidinium cretaceum Pocock, 1962. Note cingulum
(horizontal furrow) and antapical spines.
Fi'gure 9. Schizospori s reti cul atus Cookson and Dettmann, 1959.
Figure
10, 11
Note hexagonal reticulation of body wall.
Subtilisphaera perlucida (Alberti) Jain and Millipied,
1973.

~----~------~---------~. .
- 74-
·-
........_~·
~~~:
"r.;.. j--.::; .
<a
.
~ ~ 3
"Y-r.
6
&'',-·· ~------··----
Plate 6.
(
-~
.

- 75·- -.
Appendix IV
Sample Processing Techniques.
,.
~;.,.. ..:
:i1

- 716 -
Preparation Techniques
Samples were prepared at Eastern Petroleum Geology Subdivi-
sion from ditch cuttings. The preparation method follows that des-
cribed by Sarjeant. (1974) and by Barss and Williams (1973).
Removal of carbonates: The sample is broken down to a fine
powder and dilute (10% to 20%) hydrochloric acid is slowly added.
When all the carbonate material has been removed, the acid is de- :•
canted and the sample is washed with distilled water until the solu-
tion is neutral.
Removal of silicates: The silicates in the.sample are re-
moved by decanting any excess liquid and slowly adding cold hydro-
fluoric acid (at commercial concentration). The sample is immersed
in the acid for no less than 24 hours. The acid is then decanted and
the residue washed with distilled water until the liquid is neutral.
A smear slide is then made of the residue and the slide is
examined to dete.rmine the quality of the sample. If the microscopic
examination of the smear slide reveals the presence of too much unde-
sirable organic material and/or heavy minerals, the following methods
are used to remove them.
Removal of the organic fraction: Barss ~nd Wi11iams (1973)
described the removal of undesirable organic material by the process
of oxidation. Th~ degree of oxidation requ:red to remove unwanted
organics. ~d to lighten the color of the palynomorphs, must be accu-
rately determined, as overoxidation will remove all the organics pre-
sent (including the palynomorphs).

- 77 -
Residues requiring slight oxidation are treated with 10%
nitric acid while others use concentrated nitric acid (HN03, technical
grade). If the reaction is too slow, potassium chlorate (KC103) is
added :J speed it up. If pyrite is present, the nitric acid must be
added slo'1ly as the two react violently.
The acid is decanted and distilled water added and allowed to
stand for an hour. The dilute acid is then decanted and centrifuged
to concentrate the residue. This residue is then washed and centri-
fuged three times at 2000 rpm for two minutes each time.
10 ml of 5% ammonium hydroxide (NH40H) is added to the residue
and homogenized in a Vortex mixer to remove the oxi'dized humic compounds
in solution. Water is added to the re~idue, which is then centrifuged
and washed three times as above. The residue is then wet sieved
through two three-inch diameter sieves (the uppermost being a 180 J.l
(80 mesh) and the bottom a 30 J.l} into a funnel emptying into a beaker
which collects the fines.
Removal of heavy minerals: Most heavy minerals can be effec-
tively removed by having the residue centrifuged in a heavy liquid
(zinc bromide, ZnBr~·is commonly used), with a specific gravity of
2.0. This process results in a 11
f1oat11
of the organic material and a
11
Sink" of the heavy minerals. If satisfactory recovery of palynomorphs
is obtained using this method, the "float11
fraction is mounted on a
slide with the coarse residue from the wet sieving previously described,
and the fine fraction from the wet sieving is mounted under another
cover slip on the same slide. The sam~les from Onondaga E-84 were

-, u -
processed 5y this method.
If large amounts of carbonaceous material are present in the
float from the above process, the float is centrifuged in ZnBr2 with
a specific gravity of 1.4. This results in a 11
float11
,
11
Suspension11
and a 11
Sink11
fraction. The float and suspension fractions are mounted
under one cover slip and the sink fraction is moun~ed under another. The
samples from Cree E-35 and Abenaki L-57 were prepared in this way
and vere superior to those from Onondaga E-84 as they contained 1ess
extraneous material.
Samples may also be stained 'lith safranin Y prior to mount-
ing as SQ~e palynomorphs tend to be light colored or ·transparent
(especially after the oxidation process to remove silicates).
The coarser fractions are mounted on 22 x 22 mm cover slips
using clearcol mounting medium, while the fine fractions are mounted
with cellusize. These cover slips are then permanently mounted on
25 x 75 mm gJass slides with elvacite.
For a detailed guide to processing, one should refer to the·
guide by Barss and Williams (1973).
Samples studied appeared to be relatively free of contamination,
although a Pleistocene Ambrosia sp. spore was found in one of the Cree
E-35 slides.

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