1. Presented By
Ramkrishna Halder
B.Tech Final Year Student
(Ceramic Engineering)
Roll No. – 91/CER/131002

2.  Introduction : What is Concrete?
 Types of Concrete
 Factors affecting Concrete Strength
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Concrete
 Properties of Concrete
 Components of Modern Concrete
 Application of Concrete
 Summery

3.  To give brief information about Concrete.
 Concrete-properties, composition.
 Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement.
 To upgrade our skills on making presentation.

4.  Concrete is mainly composed of Portland cement,
Aggregate(Filler), Water and chemical Admixtures.
Concrete = Filler + Binder
 Concrete is versatile construction material.
 The name concrete comes from the Latin word
“Concretus” (meaning compact or condensed).
 Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with
water and placement due to a chemical process
known as hydration.
 The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the
other components together, eventually creating a
stone-like material.

5. Portland Cement Coarse Aggregate
Fine Aggregate Admixtures

6.  Based on Weight, Concrete can be classified into Four Categories:
 Ultra-Light Weight Concrete (1200 Kg/m3)
 Light Weight Concrete (<1800 Kg/m3)
 Normal Weight Concrete (2400 Kg/m3)
 Heavy Weight Concrete (>3200 Kg/m3)
 Based on Strength, Concrete can also be classified into Four Categories:
 Low-strength concrete < 20 MPa compressive strength
 Moderate-strength concrete 20 -50 MPa compressive strength
 High-strength concrete 50 - 200 MPa compressive strength
 Ultra high-strength concrete > 200 MPa compressive strength

7.  Beside this there are various type of Concrete for different
applications that are created by changing the proportions of
the main ingredients.
 Regular Concrete
 Ready-Mix Concrete
 Green Concrete
 High-Performance Concrete
 Ultra-High Performance Concrete
 Rapid Strength Concrete
 Shrinkage Compensating Concrete
 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
 Asphalt Concrete
 Polymer Concrete
 Gypsum Concrete

8.  Water/Cement Ratio
 Age and Curing Condition
 Aggregates
 Admixtures

9.  More Economical
 Ability to be cast
 More Energy Efficient
 Excellent Resistance to Water
 High Temperature Resistance
 Fire Resistance
 Aesthetic Properties
 Ability to Consume waste
 Ability to work with reinforcing Steel

10.  Low Tensile Strength
 Lower Ductility (Brittle)
 Volume Instability
 Formwork is needed
 Low Toughness
 Long Curing Time

11.  Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly
lower tensile strength.
 The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels
but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develops.
 Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it
matures concrete shrinks.
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage
and tension.
 Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, sea water
effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, physical damage and chemical
damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulfates).

12.  Aggregates
 Portland Cement
 Admixtures
 Water

13.  Aggregate is the granular material, such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone, crushed blast-furnace slag, or construction
and demolition waste that is used with a cementing medium
to produce either concrete or mortar.
 Aggregate should be inert and strong and It forms the
skeleton of matrix 60-75% by volume 25-40% Paste &1-2%
Voids.
 All aggregates must be essentially free of silt and/or organic
matter.

14.  According to Weight difference Aggregate can
be Classified into three categories:
 Normal Weight Aggregate (2400 Kg/m3)
 Light Weight Aggregate (1120 Kg/m3)
 Heavy Weight Aggregate (2900–6100 Kg/m3)
 According to Particle size difference Aggregate
can be Classified into two categories:
 Coarse Aggregate (Size >4.75 mm to 50 mm)
 Fine Aggregate (Size <4.75 mm)
Coarse Aggregate
Fine Aggregate

15.  Most commonly used cement is called Portland Cement
patented in 1824 in England.
 Portland cement is a finely ground calcium silicate and calcium
aluminate of various composition, which hydrate when mixed
with water to form initially a plastic mass and end as a rigid
continuous structure, with good compressive strength.
 Cement contains Limestone, clay , cement rock and iron ore
blended and heated to 1200 to 1500 C°.
 Gypsum is added to control setting time.
 Dicalcium silicate (C2S) is the main binder
phase of Portland Cement.
Portland Cement

16.  ASTM C 150, Standard Specifications for Portland Cement:
 Type I: General purpose. For use when the special properties
specified for any other types are not required.
 Type II: For general use, more specially when moderate
sulphate resistance or moderate heat of hydration is desired.
 Type III: For use when high early strength is desired. (limit
the C3A content of the cement to maximum 15%)
 Type IV: For use when low heat of hydration is desired.
 Type V: For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
(Maximum limit of 5% on C3A)

17.  Chemical Requirements of Portland Cement:
Components Percentages
CaO 60-65
SiO2 21-22
Al2O3 4.0-5.0
Fe2O3 3.0-4.0
MgO 2.0-3.0
Gypsum 2.0-2.5
Free Lime < 1.0

18.  Physical Requirement of Portland Cement:
Parameters Theoretical Value
Fineness(Specific surface area) 2800-3000 cm2/g
Soundness 5 mm (max)
Initial setting time >30 min
Final setting time < 600 min
Compressive strength:
3 day 160 Kg/cm2
7 days 220 Kg/cm2

19.  Process Flow Diagram:

20.  Admixtures are ingredients other than portland cement,
water, and aggregates.
 Admixtures are added to the concrete mixture
immediately before or during mixing.
 The use of admixtures in concrete is now widespread
due to many benefits-
 It reduces the amount of water requirement in Concrete.
 It control the setting behavior of Concrete.
 It also improves the workability, durability & strength of
the Concrete.

21.  Admixtures can be roughly divided into three
categories:
 Air-entraining Admixture: This kind of admixture is
used to improve the frost resistance of concrete.
 Chemical Admixture: This kind of admixture is
mainly used to control the setting and hardening
properties for concrete, or to reduce its water
requirements.
a. Water Reducer
b. Superplasticizer
c. Accelerator
d. Retarder
 Mineral Admixture: They are finely divided solids
added to concrete to improve its workability,
durability and strength. Admixtures

22.  Water is the most essential ingredient in concrete.
 It should be good enough i.e. free of organic matter and
excessive chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of concrete are highly
dependent on the amount of water and the water-cement ratio.

23.  Concrete is a versatile construction
Material.
 Nowadays every structure made up
by modern Concrete.
 Dams, bridges, buildings, towers,
toboggans, curbs canoes, murals,
statues, submarines, mountains,
foundations have been created
with the help of concrete.

24.  Concrete is a composite material and highly versatile
construction material, well suited for many structural
applications.
 It is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates, and in
some cases, admixtures.
 Strength, durability, and many other factors depend on the
relative amounts and properties of the individual components.
 Different types of concrete are there. But nowadays Ready-
mix concrete becomes popular due to many advantages.
 The strength of the concrete highly dependent on water and
water-cement ratio and also the curing condition, type of
aggregate and type of admixtures used.

25.  Aggregate, Portland cement and admixtures are the main
components of the modern concrete. According to the choice
of application different types of aggregate are used.
 Super plasticizers are used to produce high strength concrete.
 Concrete is the most versatile among all man made materials.
Many structures i.e. building, dams, bridges, towers, statues
etc. are made up by modern concrete.

26.  F.M. Lea, Chemistry of cement and concrete, 4th edition.
 T.D. Robson, High Alumina Cements and Concrete, 2nd Edition.
 H.F.W. Taylor, The Chemistry of Cements, 3rd Edition.
 J.C. Wilt, Portland cement Technology, 2nd Edition.
 S.N. Ghosh, Advances in cement Technology, 2nd Edition.
 R.H. Bogue, The Chemistry of Portland cement, 4th Edition.
 Wies Baden, Process Technology of cement Manufacturing, 2nd Edition.
 YothinUngkoon,ChadchartSittipunt,PichaiNamprakai,WanvisaJetipattaranat,Kyo-
SeonKim, and TawatchaiCharinpanitkul, Analysis of Microstructure and Properties
of Autoclaved Concrete Wall Construction Materials, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 13 [7],
(2007) 1103-1108.
 G.C. Isaia, A.L.G. Gastaldini, and R. Moraes, Physical and pozzolanic actions of
Mineral additions on the mechanical strength of high performance concrete,
Journal of Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol 25, (2003), 69-76.
 P.K. Mehta, Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Concrete Microstructures, Properties, Materials,
3rd Edition.