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ASSIGNMENT ON 
SUBMITtED BY, 
Rashmi Ranjan Moharana, 
Adm. No.- 21B/10 
SUBMITtED TO, 
Dr. L. N. Mahapatra, 
Dr. S. K. Nayak 
Mr. U. K. Behera 
(Dept. of Entomology)
TYPES OF DISEASES : 
 Protozoan -Nosema, Amoebic 
 Bacterial- American and 
Europian Foul brood 
 Fungal -Chalk brood, Stone 
brood 
 Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute 
and Chronic bee paralysis 
 Diseases caused by Mites viz. 
Acarosis (Tracheal mite) and 
Varroasis (Varroa mite) 
 Disorder- Colony Collapse 
Disorders (CCD)
DISEASES DUE TO MITES
ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite) 
 Also known as Acarine disease, Isle of 
Wight ( because it was observed in Isle of 
Wight in 1904). 
 CAUSAL AGENT- honey bee tracheal 
mite, Acarapis woodi, a small parasitic 
mite. It affects mostly the trachea and 
body fluid. 
Nature of damage:- 
 It infects worker, drone and queen honey 
bees. mites live and reproduce in trachea. 
 They pierce the tracheal tube walls & feed 
on the hemolymph of the bees. 
 feeding on blood & depositing their faeces 
in the passage. 
STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult
PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea and body fluid 
MANAGEMENT:- 
 Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part vegetable 
shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed 
on top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from 
crystal form or mixed into the grease patties. 
 Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee, 
developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey. 
 Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive 
in flat perforated lid. 
 Destruction of affected colony. 
 Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate 
Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer
VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite) 
 CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa 
mite, Varroa destructor. 
Symptoms: 
 Varroa reproduce on honey bee 
pupae and feed on bee hemolymph. 
 Varroa are also known to carry and 
vector bee viruses that are 
particularly damaging to the bees. 
 Varroa infestations can cause 
irreversible damage to honey bees 
that can lead to honey bee colony 
losses. 
STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval
PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e. 
haemolymph 
MANAGEMENT: 
 Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites, Apistan-resistant 
varroa mites, and Checkmite+ resistant varroa 
mites. 
 Using 65% formic acid 
 Mite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day, single 
application mite control product registered for use against 
varroa and tracheal mites. 
Time of control: Spring and early summer
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease) 
 CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema apis 
and Nosema ceranae. 
 that infects the intestinal tract of 
adult bees. It is a serious adult 
disease. 
SYMPTOMS:- 
 Bees become dysenteric with 
distened abdomen with faeces, 
shining and swollen abdomen. 
 Affected worker bees have 
disjointed wings & are found 
crawling near the hive entrance. 
 On dissection of the infested 
bees, the mid intestine is seen 
swollen & dull greyish-white in 
colour as it is full of spores. 
 Many bees loose body hairs. 
Hind gut is 
inflamed 
by protozoa
STAGE OF INFECTION: Adult 
SITE OF INFECTION: Stomach 
MANAGEMENT:- 
 Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @ 455mg/lt. Of 
sugar syrup at weekly interval. 
 Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with Glacial 
acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag at 120ml/hive) or 
40% formalin fumes only after the queen and the bees have 
transferred to new foundation combs. 
Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter
AMOEBIC DISEASE: 
CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba mellifeicae 
SITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules. 
SYMPTOMS: 
 The bees get infected by ingesting the cysts 
which accumulate in the posterior end of the 
midgut or in the rectum. 
 The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the 
glassy malpighian tubules entering intestine 
and show faecal matter at that place. 
 Mostly dominant in April and May. 
MANAGEMENT: 
 Only way to control is by proper hygiene and 
by the disinfection of equipments by 2% 
carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a 
fumigated box.
BACTERIAL DISEASES
AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB) 
(Dreadly disease) 
 CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus 
larvae larvae. 
 It is the most widespread and 
destructive of the honey bee 
brood diseases. It affEcts queen, 
drone, and worker larvae alike. 
PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut 
SYMPTOMS-turn 
dark brown and later 
changes into sticky mass 
producing foul smell (Infected 
larvae darken and die) 
Dead Pupae 
Irregular and sunken brood
STAGE INFECTED – larvae 
MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics 
such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin) 
and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with 
sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot 
paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite 
solution(bleach) 
Burning of infested comb
EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD : 
CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus 
plutonius, Bacillus pluton 
(bacterium) 
PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut 
SYMPTOMS – 
 The diseased larvae turns yellow 
and then brown and the tracheal 
system becomes visible. 
 Larvae dies in a coiled stage 
causing foul smell. Cells are poorly 
capped and mixed with normal 
cells.
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae 
MANAGEMENT- 
 Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride 
 The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can 
also be used to effectively control the disease
FUNGAL DISEASES
CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease): 
 CAUSAL 
ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis 
 PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut 
 SYMPTOMS :The fungus will 
consume the rest of the larva’s 
body, causing it to appearwhite 
and ‘chalky’. 
 STAGE INFECTED:larvae 
 MANAGEMENT:Prevent during 
wet spring .Transfer of healthy 
bees into another bee hive 
.Increase the ventilation through 
the hive.
STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease): 
 CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus 
fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger 
PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal 
SYMPTOMS – 
 Dead larvae turn black and become difficult 
to crush, hence the name stone brood 
 Fungus erupts from the integument of the 
larva and forms a false skin and larvae are 
covered with powdery fungal spores 
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults 
MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive with 
formaldehyde fumes
VIRAL DISEASES
THAI SAC BROOD. 
 It is a serious brood disease of Apis 
cerana indica caused by virus 
Morator aetatulus (Thai strain) 
during spring season. 
SYMPTOMS: 
 Spotty brood appearance (pepper 
box.) 
 capping tends to be darker, 
concave & punctured frequently. 
 Dead larvae dry up in brood cell 
forming loose scale or sac like 
 Brood die in pre pupal stage but in 
unsealed stage 
 Dead larvae lie on their back, tip of 
head capsule turned upward.
MANAGEMENT: 
 Destruction of frame 
 Maintenance of strong and vigorous colony 
 Sterilisation of beekeeping equipments with KMnO4 
@ 50g/lit water followed by hot water dipping. 
 Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive 
 Caging queen for 21 days for creating broodlessness 
condition.
ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS: 
 caused by acute bee paralysis virus 
(ABPV) and affects only the adults 
which only show signs of trembling 
,sprawled legs and wings . 
 Occasionally ,they also exhibit 
partial hairlessness and in some 
case a black shiny appearance. 
 The death rate may be high,but the 
disease may be mild or transient at 
times .Infected adults bees usally 
show the first symptom of acute 
paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die 
within a day .
CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS: 
 caused by the chronic bee paralysis 
virus (CBPV) and the infected adult 
may take many days to die . 
 Adult bees infected 
SYMPTOMS: 
 the adults have a bloated abdomen, 
which is caused by the distension of 
the honey sac with liquid. 
 They do not fly, instead they crawl on 
the ground, exhibiting an abnormal 
trembling motion of the wings and 
bodies. 
 They become almost hairless, 
appearing dark or almost black and 
shiny. 
 Uninfected bees nibble at them and 
prevent their return to the colony.
COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER 
(CCD) 
 CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses, 
malnutrition, pathogens and 
genetically modified (GM)crops 
 PLACE OF INFECTION - colony 
 SYMPTOM–worker bees from a 
beehive colony abruptly disappear 
 STAGE INFECTED – worker 
bees 
 MANAGEMENT – Exact causes 
are not known so following 
natural beekeeping practices.
General Treatments :
Diseases of honey bees ppt
Diseases of honey bees ppt

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Diseases of honey bees ppt

  • 1. ASSIGNMENT ON SUBMITtED BY, Rashmi Ranjan Moharana, Adm. No.- 21B/10 SUBMITtED TO, Dr. L. N. Mahapatra, Dr. S. K. Nayak Mr. U. K. Behera (Dept. of Entomology)
  • 2. TYPES OF DISEASES :  Protozoan -Nosema, Amoebic  Bacterial- American and Europian Foul brood  Fungal -Chalk brood, Stone brood  Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute and Chronic bee paralysis  Diseases caused by Mites viz. Acarosis (Tracheal mite) and Varroasis (Varroa mite)  Disorder- Colony Collapse Disorders (CCD)
  • 4. ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite)  Also known as Acarine disease, Isle of Wight ( because it was observed in Isle of Wight in 1904).  CAUSAL AGENT- honey bee tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi, a small parasitic mite. It affects mostly the trachea and body fluid. Nature of damage:-  It infects worker, drone and queen honey bees. mites live and reproduce in trachea.  They pierce the tracheal tube walls & feed on the hemolymph of the bees.  feeding on blood & depositing their faeces in the passage. STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult
  • 5. PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea and body fluid MANAGEMENT:-  Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part vegetable shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed on top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from crystal form or mixed into the grease patties.  Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee, developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey.  Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive in flat perforated lid.  Destruction of affected colony.  Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer
  • 6. VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite)  CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa mite, Varroa destructor. Symptoms:  Varroa reproduce on honey bee pupae and feed on bee hemolymph.  Varroa are also known to carry and vector bee viruses that are particularly damaging to the bees.  Varroa infestations can cause irreversible damage to honey bees that can lead to honey bee colony losses. STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval
  • 7. PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e. haemolymph MANAGEMENT:  Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites, Apistan-resistant varroa mites, and Checkmite+ resistant varroa mites.  Using 65% formic acid  Mite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day, single application mite control product registered for use against varroa and tracheal mites. Time of control: Spring and early summer
  • 9. NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease)  CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae.  that infects the intestinal tract of adult bees. It is a serious adult disease. SYMPTOMS:-  Bees become dysenteric with distened abdomen with faeces, shining and swollen abdomen.  Affected worker bees have disjointed wings & are found crawling near the hive entrance.  On dissection of the infested bees, the mid intestine is seen swollen & dull greyish-white in colour as it is full of spores.  Many bees loose body hairs. Hind gut is inflamed by protozoa
  • 10. STAGE OF INFECTION: Adult SITE OF INFECTION: Stomach MANAGEMENT:-  Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @ 455mg/lt. Of sugar syrup at weekly interval.  Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with Glacial acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag at 120ml/hive) or 40% formalin fumes only after the queen and the bees have transferred to new foundation combs. Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter
  • 11. AMOEBIC DISEASE: CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba mellifeicae SITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules. SYMPTOMS:  The bees get infected by ingesting the cysts which accumulate in the posterior end of the midgut or in the rectum.  The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the glassy malpighian tubules entering intestine and show faecal matter at that place.  Mostly dominant in April and May. MANAGEMENT:  Only way to control is by proper hygiene and by the disinfection of equipments by 2% carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a fumigated box.
  • 13. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB) (Dreadly disease)  CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus larvae larvae.  It is the most widespread and destructive of the honey bee brood diseases. It affEcts queen, drone, and worker larvae alike. PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut SYMPTOMS-turn dark brown and later changes into sticky mass producing foul smell (Infected larvae darken and die) Dead Pupae Irregular and sunken brood
  • 14. STAGE INFECTED – larvae MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin) and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite solution(bleach) Burning of infested comb
  • 15. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD : CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus plutonius, Bacillus pluton (bacterium) PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut SYMPTOMS –  The diseased larvae turns yellow and then brown and the tracheal system becomes visible.  Larvae dies in a coiled stage causing foul smell. Cells are poorly capped and mixed with normal cells.
  • 16. STAGE INFECTED-Larvae MANAGEMENT-  Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride  The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can also be used to effectively control the disease
  • 18. CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):  CAUSAL ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis  PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut  SYMPTOMS :The fungus will consume the rest of the larva’s body, causing it to appearwhite and ‘chalky’.  STAGE INFECTED:larvae  MANAGEMENT:Prevent during wet spring .Transfer of healthy bees into another bee hive .Increase the ventilation through the hive.
  • 19. STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):  CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal SYMPTOMS –  Dead larvae turn black and become difficult to crush, hence the name stone brood  Fungus erupts from the integument of the larva and forms a false skin and larvae are covered with powdery fungal spores STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive with formaldehyde fumes
  • 21. THAI SAC BROOD.  It is a serious brood disease of Apis cerana indica caused by virus Morator aetatulus (Thai strain) during spring season. SYMPTOMS:  Spotty brood appearance (pepper box.)  capping tends to be darker, concave & punctured frequently.  Dead larvae dry up in brood cell forming loose scale or sac like  Brood die in pre pupal stage but in unsealed stage  Dead larvae lie on their back, tip of head capsule turned upward.
  • 22. MANAGEMENT:  Destruction of frame  Maintenance of strong and vigorous colony  Sterilisation of beekeeping equipments with KMnO4 @ 50g/lit water followed by hot water dipping.  Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive  Caging queen for 21 days for creating broodlessness condition.
  • 23. ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:  caused by acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and affects only the adults which only show signs of trembling ,sprawled legs and wings .  Occasionally ,they also exhibit partial hairlessness and in some case a black shiny appearance.  The death rate may be high,but the disease may be mild or transient at times .Infected adults bees usally show the first symptom of acute paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die within a day .
  • 24. CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS:  caused by the chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and the infected adult may take many days to die .  Adult bees infected SYMPTOMS:  the adults have a bloated abdomen, which is caused by the distension of the honey sac with liquid.  They do not fly, instead they crawl on the ground, exhibiting an abnormal trembling motion of the wings and bodies.  They become almost hairless, appearing dark or almost black and shiny.  Uninfected bees nibble at them and prevent their return to the colony.
  • 25. COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER (CCD)  CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses, malnutrition, pathogens and genetically modified (GM)crops  PLACE OF INFECTION - colony  SYMPTOM–worker bees from a beehive colony abruptly disappear  STAGE INFECTED – worker bees  MANAGEMENT – Exact causes are not known so following natural beekeeping practices.