Economics Vestiges of Enslavement darc 2018

1. How African Economically and Intellectually
Developed Europe and the Americas

2.  “We [therefore] weighing all and singular
the premises with due meditation, and
noting that since we had formerly by other
letters of ours granted among other things
free and ample faculty to the aforesaid
King Alfonso --to invade, search out,
capture, vanquish, and subdue all Sara-
cens and pagans whatsoever, and other
enemies of Christ wheresoever placed, and
the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities,
dominions, possessions, and all movable
and immovable goods whatsoever held and
possessed by them and to reduce their
persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply
and appropriate to himself and his
successors the kingdoms, dukedoms,
counties, principalities, dominions,
possessions, and goods, and to convert
them to his and their use and profit...“
 Pope NicholasV

3.  For well over 300 years Europeans, and
European-Americans will legalize, practice
and legitimize human trafficking – specifically
the immoral removal of African people from
their homeland, and hold them for six weeks
in the hulls of ships, season them, separate
them from their relations, sell them and force
them to work in commodity production. No
money was paid for this labor.

4.  The Euro African enslavement experience
would move an estimated 40 million captive
humans beings from their homeland to the
Americas.
 By 1850 1/3rd of allAfricans are living outside
of Africa, usually in bondage existence.
 Internal conservative estimates calculate 20
million people removed.

11.  “Europeans supplied guns selectively toAfrican states that became
trading partners. The use of guns altered the patterns of rivalries
between Africans and made warfare increasingly violent. Originating
as prisoners of war,African slaves were sold to Europeans in exchange
for guns and other manufactured goods.”
 “To protect members of their linages,African required arms, and to
pay for guns more Africans had to be captured for the slave trade.
Thus the possession of guns produced increasing numbers of slaves
while destabilizing traditionalAfrican societies.”
 In the 18th century 60,000 guns were imported alongCentralAfrica’s
Angolan coast, producing about half that may slaves for export”

12.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fKfLSK
xgig

13.  “Torture [is] the most
apt explanation for the
new efficiencies of field
labor. The violence of
the lash in the field and
at the weighing house,
pushed workers to
even-greater feats of
picking.”

15.  “ Jennifer Morgan has
recognized women’s
reproductive labor as the
fundamental mechanism
of wealth creation for
American slaveholders,
who appropriate
generations of black
children for the
perpetuation of
generations of white
wealth.”

22.  The Dutch, the English, the
French and the Danish
want in on the Spanish &
Portuguese division of the
NewWorld.
 By the mid- 1500s the
richest Dutch business men
are deeply involved in
trade with Asia and the
building of forts of the
West Coast of Africa.

 W.I.C. –The DutchWest
India Company

23.  TheVilieboot is a Dutch
made ship which allows
for greater storage
space and needs a
smaller crew.
 “The [Carryers] of the
world, the middle
persons in the trade,
the factors and brokers
of Europe” Singer, p.38

24.  DuringThe “golden age of the Dutch” between
1601 and 1700, 1.6 million Africans across the
Atlantic Ocean. Most of these Africans go to
Trinidad, New Holland (Brazil), and the island of
Curacao.
 W.I.C. set up its first permanent settlement in
what is today NewYork. To entice citizen to
come to New Netherlands,W.I. C. promised that
each “patroon” would be allotted 12 black men
and women, and allowed to sell food to New
Holland (Brazil). Singer (2008), p. 43

25.  “Between 1570 and 1647 the population of
Amsterdam grew from 30,000 to 140,000.”
 The Dutch were able to build 7o miles of canals
enable them to drain a city that is mostly below
sea level.
 “the Dutch domination over the trade in this era
provided capital for physically building a nation.
Windmills, one of the biggest attraction today
were built to drain and reclaim marginal land,
transforming it into productive farmland.”

26.  In 1607, the first permanent group of English
citizen settle in Jamestown,Virginia.
 TheVirginia company is seeking for gold
 They are described as being all together
unfamiliar with the rigors of agriculture.

27.  George Percy, who had been president of Jamestown during the
StarvingTime, wrote a letter describing the colonists’ diet during
that terrible winter. “Haveinge fedd upon our horses and other
beastes as longe as they Lasted, we weare gladd to make shifte
with vermin as doggs Catts, Ratts and myce…as to eate Bootes
shoes or any other leather,” he wrote. “And now famin
beginneinge to Looke gastely and pale in every face, thatt
notheinge was Spared to mainteyne Lyfe and to doe those things
which seame incredible, as to digge upp deade corpes outt of
graves and to eate them. And some have Licked upp the Bloode
which hathe fallen from their weake fellowes.”
Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/starving-settlers-in-jamestown-colony-resorted-to-cannibalism-46000815/#ceaKg8jBiJ60GFZe.99
Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12! http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv
Follow us: @SmithsonianMag on Twitter

28.  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews
/northamerica/usa/10033166/Starving-
Jamestown-settlers-turned-to-
cannibalism.html

29.  The American
experience almost did
not happen.
 Colonist adopted a
new policy of no eating
without working.

31.  Tobacco depletes the soil.
 Tobacco requires specific
skills.
 Tobacco is back breaking
labor.
 More land and labor is
needed.
 First Africans arrive in 1619
aboard a Dutch vessel
from the Caribbean.

32.  Tobacco wives/Brides, Jamestown Brides =
120 pounds of tobacco.
 1624- 200,000 lbs grown / years
 1664- 15 million lbs grown/ year
 1680 – 30 million lbs grown/ year

33.  By 1776 when America
declares itself
independent.
 1. She is strong
enough to resist the
British
 2.Tobacco has severely
depleted the soil.
 The Cotton Gin, 1793
saves America

34.  Ethnic Cleansing of the
lower Southern states
 The internal trade of
Africans, Breeding of
Africans post 1807.
 Sprawling American
Plantation

35.  The 19th century is really America’s golden age.
 2.5 million people enslaved in the United States.
 African’s in America are producing 60% of the
cotton that is used in the entire world.
 85% of the cotton grown in the United States
goes directly to England- which will spur on the
industrial revolution there.

36.  Cotton also allowed for the industrial revolution-
specifically in the textile industry in:
 France
 Netherlands
 Switzerland
 Germany
 Austria
 Russia
 Italy
 Spain
 Belgium
 & Boston

39. Banking
 When a Southern plantation owner
wanted to produce cotton, or expand his
operation (obtain more enslaved
Africans) he had to obtain loans from the
large banks in NewYork or London.
 This loans were paid back with
considerable interest, making banking
an extremely profitable business.
 Banks such as Bank of America,
Wachovia, Citibank, and JP Morgan
Chase, and Barclays Bank (London) all
have profited from human bondage in
North America.

40. Banking II
 Enslaved African persons were legally
considered property in the United
States so an enslaved person could be
used as collateral to obtain the loans
necessary for plantation life. “When
calculating the value of the estates
[plantation] the estimated value of
each slave was included. This
became a source of tax revenue for
local and state governments.Taxes
were also levied on slave
transactions.”
 Dodson H. “How Slavery Helped Build aWorld Economy” by, downloaded from
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0131_030203_jubilee2.html, on
2/15/2014, page 3,

41. Insurance
 Every portion of the slave economy
was insured, making Insurance an
enormously profitable business.
 The ships that left America and
various European ports to procure
Africans were all insured.
 Individual enslaved persons were
insured, as were the crops being
produced.
 The value of each enslaved person
was carefully calculated, in some
cases even before they were born.
Lloyds of
London
Aetna
NewYork
Life
AIG

42.  “The Messy Link Between Slave
Owners And
Modern Management”
 By Katie Johnston 1/16/2013

43. Railroads &
Shipping
 Cotton grown in the South was
usually not directly exported. It
was first shipped to NewYork;
making NewYork the financial
and shipping hub of the nation.
Boston and Lowell
(1835)
Union Pacific Corp
(1862)
Norfolk Southern
(Mobile & Girard and
the Central of
Georgia)
CSX
Canadian National
Railroad Company

44. Newspapers
 The life line of some of the early
newspapers in the United
States was the running ads for
run away enslaved persons.

45. Ivy League
Schools
 An Ivy league school is defined as, “A
group of long-established colleges in
the Eastern U.S. having high
academic and social prestige.”
Examples of such schools are
Harvard University, Princeton
University, Columbia University and
Dartmouth College. What can be
added to the above definition is that
all of those colleges were created
during the era of African enslavement
in the United States. Oxford
Dictionary
“Once
conquest is
achieved,
schools
become a
maintenance
system [for the
power
structure].”
Dr. Kamau Rashid

46. University of
Pennsylvania
William and Mary
College
Brown University
Rutgers University
University of Delaware
University of North
Carolina
University ofVirginia
Georgetown University
Emory University

47.  https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/us/harv
ard-law-to-abandon-crest-linked-to-
slavery.html
 https://www.harvard.edu/slavery

48. NewYork
 It is estimated that 40 cents of every dollar made
by Southern plantation owner was spent in the
Northern states for goods. Northern firms seeking
to get a portion of the overwhelming profits being
made in the South.
 NewYork soon became a shopper’s paradise. It
was advertised as the place for Southerners to
spend their summers away from the sweltering
heat of the South.
 Fancy hotels, restaurants, resorts, retailers of fine
linen, perfumes, and precious stones all vied for
their blood-soaked dollars made from human
bondage.

49. The Largest
African Burial
Ground.
Located in NewYork’s
Financial District
Five acre cemetery
10,000-20,000 buried
African people built the
wooden fortification for
which Wall Street is
named.
Of the 400 bodies
exhumed, 40% were
children. The most
common cause of death
was malnutrition.

50.  “Slave auctions were held weekly, sometimes
daily at theWall Street at theWall Street
Slave Market established by the City
Common Council, and on the wharves where
ships were unloaded. Advertisements for the
sale of human being regularly appeared in
colonial newspapers.” – Alan Singer
 Africans bought for $398.88 sold in NewYork
for $1030.88 – circa early 1770’s

51.  NewYork was making so
much money off of the
legal and illegal trade of
African people and
captive created goods,
that FernandoWood,
mayor of NewYork City
in 1861, called for New
York to officially leave
the United states and to
join to Southern pro-
slavery states that had
seceded.

52.  Trading of African people is made illegal in the
United States in 1807.
 In 1820 slave trading becomes capital13 offense
 Yet, as late as 1859, “NewYork is the chief port in
the world for the slave trade… Ships that convey
slaves to theWest Indies and South America are
outfitted in NewYork.

 In the 1850s a ship that cost $13,000 to outfit in
NewYork, yielded $200,000 in sales in Cuba

53.  1844, Henry Lehman
emigrates from Germany
to Alabama to open a dry
goods store.
 Business is good and his
younger brothers soon
join him.
 The brothers quickly see
that money is to be
made in buying captive-
produced cotton.

54.  The Lehman Brothers invest in a store house
and become cotton brokers or middle men.
Buying cotton from the Southern planters and
re-selling at a mark up to shippers in New
York.
By 1858, they open their own NewYork office,
which establishes them as major players in
the field.

55.  Even after the CivilWar, Cotton is still the
U.S’s #1 exported good. Lehman Brothers
open the NewYork Cotton Exchange.
 They give financial advice to emerging
industries and they underwrite loans for
railroad Companies.
 They began to sell stocks, bonds.

56.  This union is able to
provide funding and
underwrite securities
for emerging retail
giants:
 Sears and Roebuck
 F.W.Woolworth Co.
 R.H. Macy & Co.

57.  Lehman Brothers invest in
 Airline industry
 Motion picture industry (Paramount Pictures and 20th
Century Fox)
 Oil Industry – Halliburton /Trans-Canadian pipeline.
 1990’s they invest in digital markets
 Negotiate cross border trading for Chrysler,American
Motors, & Phillip Morris

58.  At the point of their
crash, the company
had 639 Billion dollars
in assets worldwide.
 A large portion of
those assets were
bought by Barclay’s
Bank.

59.  “American slavery is necessarily imprinted on
the DNA of American capitalism”

60. Racism

61.  Racism is defined as, “a system designed to achieve maximum
exploitation of one race by another.”
 Racism can be classified as part of the economic advantage gained by
Europeans over Africans because:
 1. It effectively eliminates the capacity of Africans to compete with
Europeans.
 2. It transfers all the is valuable from Africa and Africans to be used
for the benefit of Europe and Europeans .
 3. Racist systems uses military, governments, schools, religion, and
media to impose its reality on all of humanity.
 Dr. Kamau Rashid (2014)

62.  Samuel George Morton,
1830s
 Measured over 140 skulls
sent to him from around
the world.
 His skull experiments
which found that the
European skull was the
largest, followed by Asian-
Indian.
 Having the smallest skull
was the Ethiopian.

65.  Indigo dye making as African Intellectual
Capital

66.  Eliza is credited as the
female inventor who
introduced the indigo
plant and the indigo dye
making technique in the
United States.
 She is glorified as a
heroic woman of colonial
times, who brings a
precious commodity to
the U.S. economy.

69.  The method of getting
blue dye from this
humble blue plant has
been a heavily guarded
secret in Africa and
Asia for centuries.
 Could Eliza really have
discovered on her own
the science of how this
is done?

70.  Eliza’s father left her in charge of 3
plantations in South Carolina when he was
called to be governor of Antigua.
 Eliza was very anxious to make sure the
plantations turned a profit.
 The original indigo seeds were sent to her
from her father in the Caribbean.

71.  The Complete Indigo Maker, Containing an
Accurate Account of the Indigo Plant; Its
Description , Culture, Preparation, and
Manufacture with Economic Rules and
Directions for a Planter How to Manage a
Plantation, And Employ his Negroes to the
Best Advantage by Elias Monnereau

72. Eliza’s father goes to
Montserrat – A British owned
Island where enslaved people
are being held and are
producing Indigo- there he
pays to get information on
how Indigo is made.
George Lucas, Eliza’s father
also writes in his diary that he
while he is in Montserrat he is
actively seeking a “Negro dye
Maker.”
Unable to find one he hires
the Cromwell Brothers to help
produce dye. The Cromwell
are unable to produce a
quality dye.

73.  Quashy, an enslaved person on the
Lucas Plantation lets them know
that Indigo needs to ferment in
wooden vats and not in the brick
vats that were used by the Cromwell
brothers.
 He is immediately put to work to
create that.
 One year later the Eliza has her first
successful Indigo dye product.
 “Quash carpenter skills made a key
contribution to Lucas- Pinckney
Indigo experiments.”
 Andrea Fesser (2013)

78. Onesimus &
Variolation
 Onesimus even showed Cotton Mather a scar
on his arm where the African surgery had been
successfully performed on him. Cotton
Mather would share this knowledge with
Royal society of London.
 in 1716 when the epidemic of small pox was
sweeping through colonial Boston. Despite
severe distrust and objection, Mather even
had an explosive thrown into his house;
Onesimus’ medical knowledge saved the lives
of hundreds of Bostonians, as only 2% of
people who used his method died, and 14% of
those who did not succumbed to the disease.

79.  When planters wanted
knowledgeable rice
cultivators they specifically
requested enslaved persons
fromTemne, Sherbo, Mende,
Goree, and Gola. Members of
these ethnic families were
renowned rice, corn, yam and
millet cultivators.
 Senegambians were sought
out as medicine men,
lumberjacks, leatherworkers,
potters and weavers.

80.  House servants to be of Mandigo,Yoruba, Fon and Fanti origin.
These men and women were recorded as being a domicile people.
The women, because of their background asWest African
homemakers, were beloved for their cooking skills, their capacity
as midwives, wet nurses, and washer women.
 In addition, the women of early America noted thatWest African
women were in most cases world-class dressmakers and hair
designers.They were also quite efficient in their management of
household affairs.
 For artisans, generally responsible as gardeners, carpenters,
barbers, stablemen, wheelwrights, wagoners, blacksmiths and
bricklayers, the preferred people were Asante,Whydah (Fon),
Fante and Bambara.These ethnic groups were known to have
excelled in West Africa in stone, bronze and iron work.

81.  “ Europe’s
[America and
Europe] control
of the Atlantic
world provided
the means for
its later world
dominance.”

82.  1. Full FormalApology
 2. Repatriation
 3. Indigenous Peoples Development Program
 4. Cultural Institutions
 5. Public Health Crisis
 6. Illiteracy Eradication
 7. African Knowledge Program
 8. Psychological Rehabilitation
 9.TechnologyTransfer
 10. Debt Cancellation