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1. NURSING MODELS AND
THEORIES
RATHEESH R L

2. DEFINITION
A nursing theory is a set of concepts,
definitions, relationships, and assumptions or
propositions derived from nursing models or
from other disciplines and project a
purposive, systematic view of phenomena by
designing specific inter-relationships among
concepts for the purposes of describing,
explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing.

3.  Theories are composed of concepts,
definitions, models , propositions and are
based on assumptions.

4. CONCEPTS
 Concepts are words that describe objects
, properties, or events and are basic
components of theory.

5. MODELS
 Models are representations of the
interaction among and between the
concepts showing patterns.
 Models allow the concepts in nursing
theory to be successfully applied to
nursing practice.

6. PROPOSITIONS
 Prepositions are statements that explain
the relationship between the concepts

7. PROCESS
 Processes are series of actions, changes
or functions intended to bring about a
desired result

8. IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES
 Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and
explain the phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and
Jacobs1978).
 It should provide the foundations of nursing
practice, help to generate further knowledge
and indicate in which direction nursing should
develop in the future (Brown 1964).

9.  Theory is important because it helps us to decide
what we know and what we need to know
(Parsons1949).
 It helps to distinguish what should form the basis
of practice by explicitly describing nursing.
 This can be seen as an attempt by the nursing
profession to maintain its professional boundaries

10. HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
 The health promotion model (HPM) proposed
by Nola J Pender (1982; revised, 1996).
 It defines health as a positive dynamic state
not merely the absence of disease. Health
promotion is directed at increasing a client’s
level of well being.

11. THE MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF
THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
 Individual Characteristics and Experience
 Prior related behaviour
 Frequency of the similar behaviour in the
past.

12. THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM)
 It is one of the first theories of health
behavior.
 It was developed in the 1950s by a group
of U.S. Public Health Service social
psychologists who wanted to explain why
so few people were participating in
programs to prevent and detect disease.

13.  The health belief model proposes that a
person's health-related behavior depends
on the person's perception of four critical
areas:
 the severity of a potential illness,
 the person's susceptibility to that illness,
 the benefits of taking a preventive action, and
 the barriers to taking that action.

14.  There are six major concepts in HBM:
 1. Perceived Susceptibility
 2. Perceived severity
 3. Perceived benefits
 4. Perceived costs
 5. Motivation
 6. Enabling or modifying factors

15.  Perceived Susceptibility: refers to a
person’s perception that a health problem is
personally relevant or that a diagnosis of
illness is accurate.
 Perceived severity: even when one
recognizes personal susceptibility, action
will not occur unless the individual perceives
the severity to be high enough to have
serious organic or social complications.

16.  Perceived benefits: refers to the patient’s
belief that a given treatment will cure the
illness or help to prevent it.
 Perceived Costs: refers to the complexity,
duration, and accessibility of the
treatment.

17.  Motivation: includes the desire to comply
with a treatment and the belief that
people should do what.
 Modifying factors: include personality
variables, patient satisfaction, and socio-
demographic factors.

18. DOROTHEA OREM'S SELF-CARE THEORY
 Theorist : Dorothea Orem (1914-2007)
 Born 1914 in Baltimore, US

19. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
 People should be self-reliant and
responsible for their own care and others
in their family needing care
 People are distinct individuals
 Nursing is a form of action – interaction
between two or more persons

20. SELF CARE DEFICIT
 Nursing is required when an adult (or in the
case of a dependent, the parent) is
incapable or limited in the provision of
continuous effective self care. Orem
identifies 5 methods of helping:
 Acting for and doing for others
 Guiding others
 Supporting another
 Providing an environment promoting personal
development in relation to meet future
demands
 Teaching another

21. ROY’S ADAPTATION THEORY
 Sr.Callista Roy- nurse theorist, writer,
lecturer, researcher and teacher
 Professor and Nurse Theorist at the
Boston College of Nursing in Chestnut Hill

22.  Born at Los Angeles on October 14, 1939.
 Bachelor of Arts with a major in nursing - Mount
St. Mary's College, Los Angeles in 1963.
 Master's degree program in pediatric nursing -
University of California ,Los Angeles in 1966.
 Master’s and PhD in Sociology in 1973 and 1977.

23. MAJOR CONCEPTS
 Adaptation -- goal of nursing
 Person -- adaptive system
 Environment -- stimuli
 Health -- outcome of adaptation
 Nursing- promoting adaptation and health

24. ADAPTATION
 Responding positively to environmental
changes.
 The process and outcome of individuals
and groups who use conscious awareness,
self reflection and choice to create human
and environmental integration

25. PERSON
 Bio-psycho-social being in constant
interaction with a changing environment
 Uses innate and acquired mechanisms to
adapt
 An adaptive system described as a whole
comprised of parts
 Functions as a unity for some purpose

26. ENVIRONMENT
 Focal - internal or external and
immediately confronting the person
 Contextual- all stimuli present in the
situation that contribute to effect of
focal stimulus
 Residual-a factor whose effects in the
current situation are unclear

27. HEALTH
 Inevitable dimension of person's life
 Represented by a health-illness continuum
 A state and a process of being and
becoming integrated and whole

28. NURSING
 To promote adaptation in the four
adaptive modes
 To promote adaptation for individuals and
groups in the four adaptive modes, thus
contributing to health, quality of life, and
dying with dignity by assessing behaviors
and factors that influence adaptive
abilities and by intervening to enhance
environmental interactions