For scholars and srudents who want to understand the basics of Intellectual property & Technology Management

1. RAVI DHAR REVIEWS:
“UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY &
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT FOR PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT IN CURRENT GLOBAL
SCENARIO”
Ravi Dhar, Ph.D., f-STEM
in.linkedin.com/pub/ravi-dhar/18/71b/895
(Email: rdhar_in@yahoo.com)
University of Kashmir, Srinagar
16/4/2014
1RD_UOK_April-2014
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR
MECHANISMS OF DISEASE PROCESSES (April 13-16, 2014)
16.4.2014

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Happy 2014
to
Colleagues & Scholars

3. Acknowledgements
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
3
 DBT, GoI
 NII
 NIH
 USDA, JHU, NYU
 BU {Drs. Gerald Keusch, Ashley Stevens & Altaf Lal}
 Kellogg’s Business School, Center for Biotechnology, North
Western University
 Nature Biotechnology, International Journal of Technology, Bio-
Materials, Nature Nano-technology , MIT Technology Review,
MedGadget
 Various Websites (USPTO, IPO) , Books, NYT
 Several Colleagues (Vinita & Sibi @ BIRAC)

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Special Thanks:
University of Kashmir
Department of Biotechnology, KU
Dr. Raies Qadri

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A bio-
engineered
heart-valve,
a small
example of
the top-down
approach.
Courtesy of
Wikimedia Commons

6. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-20146
Fast New Test could find Leprosy before
Damage is Lasting
American researchers developed the test, and Brazil’s drug-
regulatory agency registered it last month. A Brazilian diagnostics
company, OrangeLife, will manufacture it on the understanding that
the price will be $1 or less.
“This will bring leprosy management out of the Dark Ages,” said
Dr. William Levis, who has treated leprosy patients at a Bellevue
Hospital outpatient clinic for 30 years.
A new diagnostic test has been created to
diagnose leprosy out of a smart-phone and
a simple test strip reader

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Problems Big or Small
Need Solutions
Finding Solutions would also lead to
Entrepreneurship & Jobs
Related Education
Technologies/Solutions
Commerce

8. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-20148
Technologies are Generated by
Act of Mind.
The commodity Developed or produced
is thus called as Intellectual Property

9. WISH LIST
Want an ideal Device for Detection of Cancer from Human
Saliva
Want a tea + saffron mix which has higher levels of anti-oxidants
& can cure flu
 Want quick Detection of Drug Resistant Cerebral Malaria by
a simple Staining method
Want a blood thinner drug from a local plant “A”
A folding but flying car which can occupy a small space
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-20149

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How to full-fill the Wish List?
Problems are Solved by Innovative thinking; so -
Innovate!
Innovate!
Innovate!

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Academic or Industry Led R&D
Basic & Applied Research
Funding (Public or Private)
Both Applied or Basic Research result
In Product Development for
Public Consumption

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IP Protection
1
2
3
4 6
7
5

13. Definition of Intellectual Property?
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“A mental or intellectual activity” which result in useful
Technologies or products like vaccines, drugs, medical
devices, expression vectors, plant varieties, better varieties
of Saffron, energy solutions etc.
The technologies or products may be given legal protection
IP is generated by Inventors or Innovators
Intellectual Property includes Patents, Copyright, Trade Mark, Trade Secrets,
Geographical Indicators, Protection of Plant Varieties etc.

14. Products (=inventions) & Type of Legal
Protection:
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
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Invention/Product Legal Protection
Humira mAb, Gene Sequencers, PCR machine,
Pandyflu, Immuvac
Patent/ Trade Secret
Nescafe, FloFish/ARTSK_NII/ Gillette Soap Trade Mark
Maruti, Honda Model XXX Design Registration
Internet Explorer, Gene Sequences & Music Copyright
Coke, Techniques to generate enzymes Trade Secrets
Traditional Knowledge & New Plant Varieties Protection of Plant
Varieties Act
South Indian Saress, Bengal Cloth, Bikaneri Bhujia Geographical Indicators

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Research to Identify problems & Opportunities
Communicate & Advance
Test & Select Concepts
Develop Concepts
Ideation: Generate Ideas
Analysis & Synthesize Idea
Formulate QuestionsInnovationSystem

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What is innovation?
“The process of translating an idea or
invention into a product or service that
creates value due to its’ utility or usefulness
for which customers will pay
To be called an innovation, an idea must be
replicable at an economic cost and must satisfy a
specific need.
Innovation involves deliberate application of
information, imagination and initiative in deriving
greater or different values from resources, and
includes all processes by which new ideas are
generated and converted into useful products”.

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How do we innovate?
We use our Intellect to do so!
Those who innovate may become entrepreneurs.

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Proof of Concept Legal Protection
ValidationIn house Experimental Production
MARKET SALES
Components of Technology Management
Clinical Trials/Field Trials

19. Innovation & Enterprise
Individuals/
Universities/ Key Players
Institutes/
Industries
Invention/ Technology
Investment
Enterprise/Start up Company
Royalty Reap the Fruits of Innovation if
the product is commercialized
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Contribution to Economy
IP
Protection/
Patents

20. How do we generate
Intellectual Property?
Research
Legal Protection/Patent
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
Practical leads/
PoC/
Invention/Product
File a Patent/
License the
Technology; or
Sell Technology
Develop & Manufacture
Product
(commercial activity)
Company/
Enterprise
20
Entrepreneurship

21. Innovators desire or demand:
 Legal protection for innovations;
 Compensation + Awards to keep their
innovative spirit going
Governments of various countries agreed to do the
needful
Net Result:
These regulations keep the “fire in the genius going”
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 21

22. Idea/Technology
(Business preposition)
Start-up Company & Execute
(Players, Team, Fund-raising, IP; know your roles & profit sharing)
Create Products
(Players, Team, Fund-raising, IP; know your roles & profit sharing)
Grow as an Entrepreneur
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201422

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Innovations should be:
 Purposeful
 Affordable
 Useful for an individual or society
 Easy to use
 Safe to use
 Easy to manufacture
Approved by Society
 Should have component of Corporate Social
responsibility

24. Unaffordable Price: At $28,000 a Vial,
Questcor Finds Profits??
An anti-inflammatory drug called H.P. Acthar Gel, used for
treatment of gout back in the early 1990s, and developed
in the 1950s by a division of Armour & Company, the
meatpacking company that once ruled the Union Stock
Yards of Chicago.
As in the 1950s, Acthar is still extracted from the pituitary glands of
slaughtered pigs — essentially a by-product of the meatpacking industry.
Acthar is used to treat infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, a rare, sometimes fatal epileptic disorder that generally strikes
before the age of 1.
In 2007, it raised the price overnight, to more than $23,000 a vial, from $1,650, bringing the cost of a typical course of treatment for infantile
spasms to above $100,000. It said it needed the high price to keep the drug on the market.
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201424

25. Inventions or Products; & Type of Legal
Protection:
Products Legal Protection
 Glivec, Immuvac, Humira mAb, Samsung Galaxy
Gene Sequencers, PCR machine, Pandylfu : Patents
Nescafe; GloFish***/ARTSK_NII/ Prozac/ Tylenol : Trade Mark
 Maruti, Honda Model XX : Design Registration
Internet Explorer, Gene Sequences & Music : Copyright
 Coke, Techniques to generate enzymes : Trade Secrets
 Traditional Knowledge & New Plant Varieties
 South Indian Silk sarees/ Bengal cotton cloth/Bikaji Bhujia : Geographical Indicators
(***The GloFish is a trademarked transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) expressing a red fluorescent protein from a sea anemone under the transcriptional control of
the promoter from the myosin light peptide-2 gene of zebrafish1. Produced and patented by a group at the National University of Singapore)
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Technology Management Process

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Invention
Disclose Invention to Patent Office
Review & Approval
Protect Intellectual Property (Patent)/Grant
Find Potential Licensee/Industrial Partner
NDA/CDA/ License
Upscale/Prototype/Clincal or Field Trials
Production/ Marketing & Commercialization
Royalties
TechnologyManagementProcess

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29. Technology/Innovation Management Process
1. Idea/Proof of Concept : Technical Assessment
2. File a Patent (Prior Art Search: Novelty/non-Obviousness/Utility) /  (Publish Manuscript)
3. Grant Process at Patent Office : Be patient
4. Find an Industrial Partner : Be Patient or float your Start-up Company
5. MoUs_NDA : TTO or Attorney or Agencies
6. Licence , DA : TTO or Attorney
7. Exchange Know-how_MoUs : You and Industry
8. Demand Signing Amount : You + University
9. Furnish Data (Importance of Record Book): You + Industry
10. Freedom to Operate Analysis : TTO/ Patent Attorney
11. Industrial Partner will Validate Data>Upscale>Pilot run
12. Milestone Payments : You + University
13. Industry will Manufacture, Commercialize, Market Product
14. Distribution of Royalty on Sales : You + University + Industry
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201429

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31. Inventions or Products & Type of Legal
Protection:
Products Legal Protection
 Glivec, Immuvac, Humira mAb, Samsung Galaxy
Gene Sequencers, PCR machine,Pandylfu : Patents
Nescafe; GloFish***/ARTSK_NII/ Prozac/ Tylenol : Trade Mark
 Maruti, Honda Model XX : Design Registration
Internet Explorer, Gene Sequences & Music : Copyright
 Coke, Techniques to generate enzymes : Trade Secrets
 Traditional Knowledge & New Plant Varieties
 South Indian Silk sarees/ Bengal cotton cloth/Bikaji Bhujia : Geographical Indicators
(***The GloFish is a trademarked transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) expressing a red fluorescent protein from a sea anemone under the transcriptional control of
the promoter from the myosin light peptide-2 gene of zebrafish1. Produced and patented by a group at the National University of Singapore)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
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Human Creativity in Front Line Areas
Rigorous Experimentation
Laboratories, under Controlled Conditions
Clinical or Field Trials
Credit assigned to:
(a) Organization, University or Laboratory
(b) Inventor or Innovator

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Relationship
between
Innovation, Basic Science, Economy & IPR

34. Basic Sciences Research
Fundamental Discoveries & Inventions
Solutions=Commercially
Relevant
Applications or Products
RoleofVariousPlayers
(FundingAgencies/Collaborators/
Consortia)
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CycleofEconomy

35. Basic Sciences Research
Fundamental Discoveries/
Inventions
Solutions=Commercially
Relevant
Applications or Products
RoleofVariousPlayers)
(FundingAgency/Collaborators/
Consortia)
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CycleofEconomy
ProtectionofIntellectualProperty
(Patents/TM/Copyrightsetc)

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IPR & Entrepreneurship- Essentials
• Highly competitive Subject
• Be open minded & helpful
• Learn to act in a team
• Be pleasant
• Participate in discussions
• Learn to face stresses
• Learn to respond to a change
• Never be biased
• Analyze facts (Trust-but-Verify)
• Accept failures or mistakes
• All of the above is linked to Entrepreneurship

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Innovation Ecosystem & Patent Laws

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IP Protection
1
2
3
4 6
7
5

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IP Protection

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(
Indian Patent Act, 1970, 1972, 2005, 2006…..)
2[(ii]
viii) in relation to any other State, the High Court for that State;
1."invention" means any new and useful-
2. art, process, method or manner of manufacture; and includes any new and
useful improvement of any of them, and an alleged invention;
1."legal representative" means a person who in law represents the estate of a
deceased person;
1. "medicine or drug" includes-
2. all medicines for internal or external use of human beings or animals,
3. all substances intended to be used for or in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation
or prevention of diseases in human beings or animals,
1. all substances intended to be used or in the maintenance of public health, or the
prevention or control of any epidemic disease among human beings or animals,
1. insecticides, germicides, fungicides, weedicides and all other substances
intended to be used for the protection or preservation of plants,
1. all chemical substances which are ordinarily used as intermediates in the
preparation or manufacture of any of the medicines or substances above
referred to;
(Source: http://ipindia.nic.in/ipr/patent/patact1970-3-99.html)

41. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201441
Indian Patent Laws (Biotech)
Sec 2 (1) (j): Inventions (novelty, inventive steps & industrial
applications)
Sec 10(4)(d): Mandatory deposition of biological (A) to (D)
Materials in IDA & disclosing date & number of deposit at
Institution with proper characterization

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Exclusions of Patenting Biotechnological
inventions in India
Sec 3(b) : Morality/ethical issues
Sec 3(c) : Scientific principles, natural living/ non-living
Sec 3(d) : Mere discovery of known substance
Sec 3(e) : Mere admixture
Sec 3(h) : Agricultural/horticultural methods
Sec 3(i) : Method of human/animal treatment
Sec 3(j) : Human/animal in whole or parts
Sec 3(k) : Computer program
Sec 3(p) : Traditional knowledge

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IP Protection
1
2
3
4 6
7
5

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Caution: Applicable if the “Product is Great, Easy to Use & Affordable”
Dreams

45. Intellectual Efforts Generate Technologies
(i.e. generate IP)
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Technologies have been generated under two
types of Revolutions:
(A) Industrial Revolution
(B) Knowledge Revolution

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Scientific Eras & Technology
Generation
Industrial Growth Knowledge Driven Revolution
Biotech will
touch zenith

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Global Biotechnology Scenario
Europe : Knowledge based bio-economy
North America : Synthetic Biology
Asia/Pacific rim
/Latin America : Coming up as powerful players
India : Attempting to do all of above
Africa : Lags behind
[Source: Current Opinions in Biotechnology, 23:827-829 (2012)]

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What We Need?
Innovations need platforms as they are emerging in the
world’s most advanced countries, and India has the
potential to capitalize on this platform as well.
In fact, our performance to date has been low. Nonetheless,
we observe a gradual change.
Our innovative_commercialization record has been weak; we have a limited
ability to harness risk capital; we have a shortage of critical, highly skilled talent;
and our slow regulatory approvals process could limit the pace of development.

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What we essentially need? (J&K)
Simple/ Affordable/ Mass utilization/ Incremental
Technologies related to silk-worm/ trout farming
Technologies to Improve Pashmina Goat breeding
Plant propagation/ Highly improved Varieties of Saffron
 Micro-prospecting
Solutions for T.B./Infectious diseases/ Cancer Biomarkers

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Technologies/ Solutions
Societal Relevance/Simple solutions or
technologies
Incremental
Disruptive
Futuristic
Business Impact

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Inventions/Technologies
From Social angle (Social Impact)
Social : (=cheap, easy to use; “Jugaad”?)
From Scientific angle (Technical Impact)
Incremental: (=small but useful innovations)
Disruptive : (=great path-breaking inventions)
Futuristic : (=as used by space agencies)
From Business Angle (Business Impact)
Sustenance of economy

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StagesofTechnologyLifeCycle
RPV=Remotely Piloted Vehicle

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[www.]
Disruptive Technologies

54. www: Our Constant Companion
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Imagine World without www at CERN
It is the birthplace of the World Wide Web. The
main site at Meyrin also has a large computer
centre containing very powerful data-processing
facilities primarily for experimental data analysis
and, to make them available to researchers
elsewhere; has historically been a major wide
area networking hub.
CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure
needed for high-energy physics research. Numerous experiments have been
constructed at CERN by international collaborations to make use of them.

55. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201455
Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd.
is entering the gene-sequencing race
with a new portable device to
analyze DNA on the go.
The product, called MinION, is about
the size of a USB memory stick, the
closely held Oxford, England-based
company said today. MinION will be
ready for sale in the second half of
the year at a cost of less than $900.
It’s a smaller version of the GridION
device that Oxford Nanopore is
developing.

56. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201456
Chemical Shield on Clothes and Fatigues
Clothes impervious to Coffee Stains and Biological agents
By a process called as Electro-spinning
U.S. Airforce + University of Michigan
(Source: J. American Chemical Society 13.2.2013)

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ASIA

58. Threatened Medicinal Plant Species in Asia
Mishimi teeta (Coptis teeta) (anti-inflammatory &
anti-bacterial).
Chirata (Swertia chirayita: anti-Hepatitis-B activity) have
highly localized ecological jurisdiction in the high altitude
regions of Eastern Himalaya.
Sarpangadha (Rauvolfia serpentina:anti-hypertensive &
anti-Schizopherinia) is another promising species of NE
India, but over-exploitation of the species from wild
habitat has obstructed the popularization of the species as
commercially cultivable crop
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201458

59. "Shockwave technology could be applied to the tea
processing unit to help kill major pests, prepare land
for cultivation, minimise overall time of withering
and other costs in the tea factories“
A similar mechanism could be developed to treat
pests in orchards in Kashmir
Source: IISc Bangalore
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201459

60. The invention of monel valves and their use in
the industry
The use of monel valves has increased over the past decade
as a measure to combat corrosive and unfriedly industrial
environments. Monel K500, Monel 400, A494 MR-35-1 are
often used in HF Acid applications.
The alloy used in Monel valves was
developed in the 1920s, the alloy is still
known as Monel alloy K-500
(http://www.super-duplex-valves.com).
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201460

61. Use of Engineering Plastics for
Diagnostic X-ray equipment
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201461

62. U_Mass, Amherst Chemical Engineers Boost
Petrochemical Output From Biomass By 40%
Chemical engineers at the University of Massachusetts
Amherst, using a catalytic fast pyrolysis process that
transforms renewable non-food biomass into
petrochemicals, have developed a new catalyst that boosts
the yield for five key "building blocks of the chemical
industry" by 40 percent compared to previous methods. This
sustainable production process, which holds the promise of
being competitive and compatible with the current petroleum
refinery infrastructure, has been tested and proven in a
laboratory reactor, using wood as the feedstock, the research
team says
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201462

63. Arctic Groundbreaking technologies
The two recipients of the 2012 Spotlight on Arctic Technology Award, as it is
called, were Texas-based seismic solutions company ION Geophysical's under-ice
towed marine streamer and Transkor Group Inc.'s Aqua magnetic tomography
method (MTM).
ION’s towed marine streamer technology is designed for high latitude operations
and is used in a dual-vessel and icebreaker system. The polarclass icebreaker
clears a path for the seismic vessel, while the towing system prevents the
remaining ice from damaging the cables in tow, keeping them in the water even
under wind gusts of over 100 knots.
The technology is able to withstand extreme temperatures and pole magnetics, which not
only reduces damage to the equipment and to the quality of the data acquired but also
extends the traditional season for data acquisition in the Arctic and allows for such
acquisition to take place further north.
Transkor’s Aqua MTM technology is designed to assess offshore ferromagnetic pipelines
and determine the probability of stress-deformed state anomalies. It can inspect the entire
length of pipelines and detect pipe sags, strains and twists, boasting a rate of anomaly
detection of over 80 per cent. The inspection determines and reports the deviation of
a pipe material stress-deformed state and estimates the period of accident free operation
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201463

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Health & Medicine

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World's First Bionic Eye Approved for Use in
Europe [Video] | Fast ...
7 Mar 2011 ... bionic eye Could blindness soon be a thing of the
past? A California company called Second Sight recently
received approval in Europe to sell ...
www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=steps-owards...bionic...
Retina

66. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201466
13.2.2013 (New York Times)
Latest Invention for the Blind from U.S.A :
The technique Allows blind to visualize
shapes

67. A Conversation With Nick Goldman Double
Helix Serves Double Duty
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/29/science/using-dna-to-store-digital-information.html?ref=science&_r=0
A group of researchers at the European Bioinformatics Institute reported in the
journal Nature that they had managed to store digital information in synthetic
DNA molecules, then recreated the original digital files without error.
The amount of data, 739 kilobytes all told, is hardly prodigious by today’s
microelectronic storage standards: all 154 of Shakespeare’s sonnets, a scientific
paper, a color digital photo of the researchers’ laboratory, a 26-second excerpt
from the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech and a
software algorithm. Nor is this the first time digital information has been stored
in DNA.
But the researchers said their new technique, which includes error-correction
software, was a step toward a digital archival storage medium of immense
scale. Their goal is a system that will safely store the equivalent of one million CDs in
a gram of DNA for 10,000 years.
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201467

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Metal Hip Implants

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Metal Hip Implants

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Microsoft and the University of Washington are developing an electronic
contact lens that can non-invasively monitor and wirelessly report blood
sugar levels (Jan 5, 2012)

71. New Drug for Treatment of Tuberculosis
31.12.2012 (N.Y. Times)
A new drug, to be called Sirturo, was discovered by scientists at Janssen, the
pharmaceuticals unit of Johnson & Johnson, and is the first in a new class of
drugs that aims to treat the drug-resistant strain of the disease, has been
approved by FDA. (Dr. Anil Kaul of J&J)
“This is quite a milestone in the story of therapy for TB,” Dr. Paul Stoffels, the chief
scientific officer at Johnson & Johnson, said in an interview. He said the approval was
the first time in 40 years that the agency had approved a drug that attacked
tuberculosis in a different way from the current treatments on the market. Sirturo works
by inhibiting an enzyme needed by the tuberculosis bacteria to replicate and spread
throughout the body.
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201471

72. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201472
FDA approves test that detects 11 causes of
infectious gastroenteritis from single sample
January 16, 2013
The xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (GPP), manufactured by
Luminex, detects 11 viral, bacterial and parasitic causes of gastroenteritis,
including Clostridium difficile toxin A/B, Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella,
Shigella, norovirus, rotavirus A, Cryptosporidium and giardia. It is the
first test capable of simultaneously detecting each factor from a single
sample.
Approval for xTAG GPP followed results of a study comparing its
efficacy with that of individual tests that detected each cause of
gastroenteritis, incorporating data from 1,407 adult patients and 313
pediatric patients with suspected infectious gastroenteritis, as well as
203 patients with confirmed gastroenteritis. The xTAG GPP performed
comparably to individual tests. “The test could also allow clinicians
and public health professionals to more quickly identify and
investigate the source of potential gastroenteritis outbreaks.”

73. Merck tests needle-free vaccines
•Suzanne Elvidge
Journal name: Nature Biotechnology; Volume: 30,, Page: 1155, Year published: (2012); DOI: doi:10.1038/nbt1212-1155a, Published
online , 07 December 2012
In October, 2012, the Whitehouse Station, New Jersey–based
Merck agreed to license a novel vaccine delivery system from
Sydney, Australia–based biotech Vaxxas, for testing with an
undisclosed Merck vaccine candidate. The biotech's Nanopatch,
needle-free delivery platform is a densely packed array
(>20,000/cm2) of 110-μm-long needles dry-coated with vaccine.
The antigens are…
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201473

74. Bacterial shield for seeds
Emily Waltz
Journal name:Nature BiotechnologyVolume: 30,Page:1158Year published:(2012)DOI:doi:10.1038/nbt1212-
1158aPublished online 07 December 2012
Agribusiness giant Syngenta will pay up to $113 million to acquire
Pasteuria Bioscience, a small biotech with a novel natural process to
control nematode pests in plants. Under the terms of the agreement, the
Basel-based Syngenta giant will acquire Pasteuria for $86 million, with
additional deferred payments of up to…
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201474

75. Hand held Ultrasonic machine
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201475

76. Diagnosing Malaria with one drop of body
fluid
Researchers from the Aarhus University in Denmark have developed a
new test to diagnose malaria infections very quickly and with a high
sensitivity. The test measures the activity of the enzyme topo-isomerase-I
from the Plasmodium parasite, which causes malaria.
The new method is based on a technology which the researchers call Rolling Circle Enhanced
Enzyme Activity Detection (REEAD). This method is able to diagnose malaria infection with
just a single drop of blood or saliva, and on top of that it has high sensitivity and no special training
is required to perform the test. Other features of the REEAD method are the
ability to detect the infection of less common malaria parasites and
measure whether the Plasmodium infection is resistant to drugs.
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201476

77. Singapore based Veredus Laboratories announced the launch of its
VereMTB multiplexed lab-on-a-chip for the detection of various mutations of
Mycobacterium responsible for causing tuberculosis as well as nine other similar clinically
interesting mycobacterium. The chip identifies the specific mycobacterium within three (3) hours
after being presented with a sample of coughed up direct sputum.
The technology doesn’t require culturing the bacteria, a slow process that can
extend into days when rapid detection is key.
Veredus VereMTB Chip for Fast Diagnosis of
TB
by Gene Ostrovsky on Nov 9, 2012
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201477

78. Tumor-Fighting Immune Cells to Attack Cancer
(Researchers at UCLA’s Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center have created a large, well-armed troop of tumor-seeking immune
system cells to locate and attack dangerous melanomas)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201478

79. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201479
Incremental Innovations

80. Oil-Eating Bacteria to Clean up Oil Spills
That certain bacteria have the ability to metabolize oil isn’t a new discovery of course. Back in 1989, bacteria were used
experimentally in attempts to clean up the 11 million gallons of crude oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez after it ran aground off the
coast of Alaska. Though it made little to no difference back then, now that researchers have a complete blueprint for the oil-
hungry bacteria: Alcanivorax borkumensis, they’ll have the ability to optimize the conditions for these bugs, enabling them to soak
up the hundreds of millions of liters of oil that enter our waters each year
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201480

81. Engineered Tobacco Plants as Biofuel
The challenge researchers faced was that this precious oil is mostly found in tobacco seeds, and tobacco plants only produce about 600 kg of seeds
per acre. However, they have now found ways to genetically engineer the plants so that their leaves express more oil. According to one of the
project’s researchers, Dr. Andrianov, they have been able to modify plants to produce 20-fold more oil in the leaves. Andrianov says “”Based on these
data, tobacco represents an attractive and promising ‘energy plant’ platform, and could also serve as a model for the utilization of other high-
biomass plants for biofuel production.”
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201481

82. Stem cell culturing without the use of animal substances (in
a completely chemically-defined environment)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201482

83. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201483
Innovations Having Immediate Social
Impact
Improved/ Affordable versions of B.P machine
Cycle rickshaw with a small engine
Bag containing Tea leaves with a thin (painful) or thick
handle (comfortable)
Dhara oil pack with an easy to remove seal
Table fork with a knife on edge
 Drug eluting stent
 Airport Baggage Handling on Ground
 Honey manufacturing from Apiaries

84. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201484
Innovations Having Social Impact
Evolution of Camera

85. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201485
Conclusion

86. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201486
S.
N
o.
Status of
Technology
Method of Disposal Outcome
1. Societal/
Jugaad
Short tem life, but useful in daily life – should be used
due to cheap price, but safety precautions be
considered. Maternal & child health, Rickshaws, pens etc.
Useful
2. Disruptive Great use, great products, long life, really change the
world e.g., Cell phone, PCR, Vaccine, Pen drive sized Gene
Sequencers, Microwave for cancer cure, Space-crafts
V.V. Useful
3. Incremental Sustains Disruptive or incremental innovation, very
useful: new models of Phone or pressure cookers,
microwaves
Fairly useful/
maintenance)
4. Futuristic Concept of Cell phone was futuristic in 1960-70s; Cloud
computing for war or navigation is useful today; keep under
wraps for future use
Very thoughtful
5. Great
Business
Model for
any of the
above
Shampoo sachet, small packs of tooth paste.
Tata Nano had a bad business model/ Colgate tooth paste
had great business model
(Necessary for
money generation;
No one works for
charity)

87. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201487
Take a Break, Relax & Look at
this!

88. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201488

89. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201489
Technology Addiction

90. “I fear the day when technology
overlaps with our humanity. The world
will only have a generation of idiots." –
Albert Einstein
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201490

91. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201491
“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no
simpler.”
Only a handful, however, have had the opportunity to discuss the concept with the physicist over breakfast. As an applied-
mathematics student at Harvard, Dr. Neumann had a two-hour breakfast with Einstein on Nov. 8, 1952. What the young math
student took away was a deeply held philosophy of design that has remained with him for six decades and has been his governing
principle of computing and computer security. “His biggest contribution is to stress the ‘systems’ nature of the security and
reliability problems,” said Steven M. Bellovin, chief technology officer of the Federal Trade Commission. “That is, trouble occurs
not because of one failure, but because of the way many different pieces interact.”

92. What is Intellectual Property? Def.
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
92
 Classical Definition: “A mental or intellectual
activity” which results in a useful Technology related
to an industrial design or a machine comprises
Industrial Property (=IP).
 IP is generated by Inventors or Innovators****
 Over years this term evolved into Intellectual Property which
includes Patents, Copyright, Trade Mark, Trade Secrets,
Geographical Indicators, Protection of Plant Varieties etc.

93. Forms of Intellectual Property
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
93
 Property:
Tangible (which can be seen)
 House, Expressway Road  a commercial activity
Non-tangible (which can not be described as such)
 Vaccine
 Computer chip  a commercial activity

94. Innovators desire:
 Legal protection of innovations;
 Compensation + Awards to keep their
innovative spirit going
Governments of various countries agreed to do the
needful
Net Result:
These regulations keep the “fire in the genius going”
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 94

95. Innovation Index Issues?
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
95
 Innovation Index for us?
 Our Issues
 Can we innovate alone?
 Do we need to innovate alone?
Current Economic Scenario in the world necessitates us to
join hands ; & draw more out of less

96. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201496
Top 10 in the Global Innovation Efficiency
Index
•China
•India
•Republic of Moldova
•Malta
•Switzerland
•Paraguay
•Serbia
•Estonia
•Netherlands
•Sri Lanka
(source: WIPO)

97. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-201497
Group-1
Group-2
Group-3

98. Why IP Rights are Necessary!
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98
Creation of IP needs financial support
 IP Rights boost innovation
by protecting the :interest of inventor
 IP generates :revenue
 IP results in :commerce
 Commerce is :trans-continental
 Commerce is :regulated
 Commercial :practices should be uniform for
healthy business ethics
(WTO + WIPO)

99. 16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 99
Incentives from Property Ownership are
Deeply
Rooted in Law
(John Locke (1632-1704)– Father of Liberalism)
John Locke uses the word property in both broad and narrow
senses. In a broad sense, it covers a wide range of human interests
and aspirations; more narrowly, it refers to material goods. He
argues that property is a natural right and it is derived from labour.
Locke believed that ownership of property is created by the
application of labour. In addition, property precedes government and
government cannot "dispose of the estates of the subjects arbitrarily."
Karl Marx later critiqued Locke's theory of property in his social
theory.

100. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
100

101. Evolution & Historical Perspective
 Technology development in India & elsewhere: Historical perspective
 Protection of Creative Glass Blower’s Art in Italy, 1449
 USA: Patent protection initiated by President Jefferson (1793)
(http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter2000/jefferson.html)
 India : Extension of British Patent Laws- Act VI of 1856
 In India, during British era : modifications in British Labor Laws to protect
dissemination of technology related information to others (1942)
 Patent Laws of India – Post Independence (1970, 2005)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
101

102. Industrial Property Rights Systems
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
102
IPRS encourages the talented inventors
(=creators/innovators) to further industrial
development
Research & Investment
Essential Requirements/ Life Comforts

103. 16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 103
Technology Generation
Industrial Revolution
Knowledge Driven Revolution
Ramifications of
Biotechnology
Will
Touch
Zenith in future

104. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
104
 Intellectual Property Rights (WIPO Classification)
 (A) Copyright and rights related to copyright
 (B) Industrial property:
 (1) trademarks and geographical indications
 (2) industrial designs (protected by patents), and
 (3) trade secrets.
 What are “intellectual property rights”? Intellectual property rights
can be defined as the rights given to people over the creations of
their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the
use of his/her creations for a certain period of time.

105. Salient Features of IP
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
105
 IP shares many characteristics associated with real
and personal property
 IP is an asset – it can be bought, sold, licensed,
exchanged or given away like any other form of
property; but Indian Banks do not give loans?
 IP owner has the right to prevent unauthorized use
or sale of property
 However, IP is intangible (it can’t be defined)

106. Intellectual Property : A Complex & Serious Subject
Science & Technology
IPR, Patent Laws
Commerce
International Trade Relations
Business Development & Networking
Negotiation Skills
Economics
Accounting
Public Opinion
Ethics
(Anybody who works in this area needs a flexible attitude)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
106

107. Creativity i.e., Innovation results in IP
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
107
 Innovation generates Intellectual Property
 Intellectual Property in Biotech Sector is generated
through rigorous experimentation but is more
complex
 Innovation changes life styles e.g., tele-medicine by
use of mobile phones/ pacemaker/ vaccine/ recombinant
crop

108. Relevance of Technologies in Current Global
Scenario in Biotech sector
Requirement of people friendly technologies for health
care/ Agriculture/Environment/Fuels etc
Growth of biotech institutes
 Increase in number of skilled & semi-skilled people
 Increase in international & national collaborations
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
108

109. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
109
Current Advantages
• Robust economical scenario******
• Promising potential to be a global player in the arena of
biotechnology
• Large pool of skilled and cost competitive manpower
• Well developed and integrated scientific infrastructure
• Advanced chemical synthesis technologies
• Manufacturing practices conforming to US and EU norms
• Diverse biological resources
• Globally recognized as a producer of low cost, high quality
bulk drugs and formulations.

110. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014110
Funding
for
Innovative Research in Biotech Sector
---GoI Effort & Evolution of BIRAC---

111. Funding Support (loans or grants) in INR
BIG SIBRI BIPP CRS BISS & UIC
50 Lacs 2 Cr 50 Cr > Case to case Case to case
National Biotechnology Policy
16/4/2014
RD_UOK_April-2014 111
Source: BIRAC website (modified)

112. Why Technologies?
Is Change Useful!
S.
No.
Old Technology New Technology
1. Test Tube Eppendorf Tube
2. Petri Dish Tissue Culture Flask
3. External Pace maker Implantable Pace Maker
4. Mercury Column B.P.
measuring machine
Digital B.P. machine
5. Drugs Target Specific Drugs
6. ELIZA tests PCR amplified Tests
High level of Technology : Higher Royalty or Prices
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 112
This makes life more comfortable!!!

113. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
113
Technology Sectors & Investment
Opportunities
•Agriculture and Plant Biotechnology
•Medicinal and Aromatic plants
•Animal Biotechnology
•Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology
•Seri biotechnology
•Stem Cell Biology
•Human Genetics and Genome Analysis
•Environmental Biotechnology
•Microbial and Industrial Biotechnology
•Healthcare
•Bio-Fuels
•Bio Pesticides
•Bio-Informatics
•Software Support
•Mechatronics

114. Legal Protection to Human Creativity !
 Patents : Glivec, Immuvac, Humira mAb, Pandylfu
 Trade Mark : Nescafe;
GloFish***/
ARTSK_NII/Prozac/Tylenol
 Design Registration : Honda Model XX
 Copyright : Internet Explorer, Gene Sequences & Music
 Trade Secrets : Coke, Techniques to generate enzymes
 Traditional Knowledge & Protection of New Plant Varieties
 Geographical Indicators : South Indian Silk sarees/ Bengal cotton cloth
(***The GloFish is a trademarked transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) expressing a red fluorescent protein from a sea anemone under the transcriptional
control of the promoter from the myosin light peptide-2 gene of zebrafish1. Produced and patented by a group at the National University of Singapore)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
114

115. Examples of IP Protection:
16/4/2014
115
RD_UOK_April-2014

116. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014116
PATENTS

117. Patents?
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
117
PATENT: may be granted for a new (novel), non-
obvious (having inventive step), and useful (having
utility) invention
It gives the patent holder a right to prevent others from practicing the invention
(unless licensed by the inventor), for a certain period of time (typically 20 years from
the filing date of a patent application).

118. What are the Parts of a Patent?
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
118
 Abstract
 Background of the Invention
 Summary of the Invention
 Figures with brief descriptions
 Detailed description or “specification”
 Fully discloses what the invention is
 How it is made?
 How it can be used?
 Claim(s): sets the legal boundaries of protection
 Independent
 Dependent

119. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
119
Step 1: Prior Art as home work?

120. Pace Maker
Drug Eluting Stent
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 120

121. Medication
Pore to release drug into blood vessel
Blood Vessel
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 121

122. A Vaccine
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 122

123. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014123
PANDYFLU vaccine
DBT-BIRAC Supported
Product - 2011

124. 16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 124

125. GloFish®™
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 125

126. Patents & IP Protection of our Works
“Patent protection does not result in owning the invention by the inventor but
protects, others from repeating the effort which has already been made”
Characteristics of a Patent :
Novelty : (=something new & different)
Inventive Step : (=non-obviousness)
Industrial Application : (=utility)
A patent has a life : 20 years
It has to be renewed periodically by payment of money
“ Patent System Adds fuel to interest to the fire of the genius”
 Ref. to Indian Patent Laws !!
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
126

127. Examples: Patents
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
127
 Pandyflu vaccine : (anti-flu vaccine: Panacea + BIRAC)
 Immuvac : (anti-leprosy vaccine/immunomodulator: Cadila)
 ARTSK_NII : (artificial wound healing membrane: NII)
 Paracetamol : (pain killer)
 Therapeutic Antibodies : (Humira)(auto-immune disorders)
 Recombinant Banana?? (QUT + BIRAC)
 Recombinant Cotton : (Textiles: Monsanto)
 Straw Water Purifiers : (US Army)
 K-Series Engine : (Motor Car)

128. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014128
Novelty

129. 1
2 3 4
Protein Adjuvant Vaccine
Cough
Syrup
Excepients Cough Syrup
Perishable
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014129
A
B
C

130. 1
2 3 4
Protein
Adjuvant
+
Thimerosal
Vaccine
Cough
Syrup
Excepients
Cough Syrup
with 12 months
shelf life
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014130
A
B
C

131. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014131
Obviousness

132. Obviousness
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
132
 Obviousness, means that “a person having ordinary skill in
the art” would not know how to solve the problem at
which the invention is directed by using exactly the
same mechanism.
 The obviousness standard prevents the patenting of
relatively insignificant differences between the
invention and the prior art
 The invention must provide one or more new and
unexpected results

133. Test tube vs Eppendorf tubes
Round bottom is Novelty
(1840-50)
Non-obvious
Round pointed bottom is Novelty?
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014133

134. Tissue Culture Flasks
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014134

135. Vaccine:
Antibody (a protein or peptide)
+ Adjuvant (binds Ab to target)
+ Antifungal (Thimerosal)
+ Envelope-hypothetical (that can not be
digested by enzymes)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014135

136. Obviousness (contd)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
136
 Prior art can be combined in an obviousness
determination, that is, more than one reference can be
cited by the examiner as showing different features of
the invention which, taken together, render the
invention obvious
 Obviousness is inherently a subjective determination,
as the examiner cannot be, or know the mind of, the
hypothetical “one skilled in the art.”

137. Non-obvious to Whom?
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
137
 A patent will NOT be issued if a person having ordinary skill in the
field of the invention would consider the invention obvious at the
time of creation
 The law considers a person having ordinary skill in the art to be a
worker in the field of the invention who:
 Has ordinary skill
 Is totally knowledgeable about all the prior art in his or her field
 Pure Fantasy, but no other realistic way to determine non-
obviousness
 The PTO creates a hypothetical person and tries to weigh the
obviousness of the invention against the knowledge this
hypothetical person would possess

138. Examples of Obviousness
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
138
 Non-obvious: Slight Physical Changes – Dramatic Result
 Sometimes, a very slight change in shape, slope, size, or material can
produce a patentable invention that operates entirely
differently and produces totally unexpected results
 Non-obvious: New Use Inventions
 Do not involve any physical change to old invention
 Must be different use of known product or process and produce
new, unexpected results
 Obvious: Different Element, Similar Function
 Courts have held that substituting a different, but similarly
functioning, element for one of the elements in a known
combination creates a novel invention but an obvious one.

139. Examples of Obviousness (contd)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
139
 Obvious: Old Concept, New Form
 The PTO will consider as obvious the mere carrying forward of an old
concept, or a change in form and degree, without a new result (notches on
inner rim of steering wheel for better grip, obvious because of medieval
sword handles)
 Obvious: Duplication of Parts
 Usually consider the duplication of a part as obvious unless new results can
be observed
 Obvious: Portability, Size, Speed, and Integration
 Making devices portable, making parts smaller or larger, faster or slower,
making elements adjustable, parts integral, separable, etc. will be considered
obvious unless new, unexpected results can be shown

140. Rationale Examples
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
140
The following examples will demonstrate the
appropriate fact findings to support rationales
suggested for Company “A” and provide an
explanation of how the rationales lead to a
conclusion of obviousness under 35 USC 103.

141. USE OF KNOWN TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE
SIMILAR DEVICES IN THE SAME WAY
We claim:
A cholesteric color
filter comprising:
A barrier coating
formed on a
cholesteric filter layer,
said barrier layer
preventing oxidation
of the filter.
16/4/2014
RD_UOK_April-2014
141
Substrate
Substrate
Liquid Crystal Layer
Barrier Coating
Cholesteric Filter
Layer
Cholesteric Color Filter
Adapted from Application No. 10/191,445

142. USE OF KNOWN TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE
SIMILAR DEVICES IN THE SAME WAY
Reference B teaches applying a
barrier coating 78 to a color filter
86 to prevent oxidation of the
color filter.
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014
142
Reference A teaches a cholesteric
color filter having a layer 200 of
material having a cholesteric order
and known to have a problem with
oxidization.

143. USE OF KNOWN TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE
SIMILAR DEVICES IN THE SAME WAY
16/4/2014
RD_UOK_April-2014
143
• The prior art references teach all of the claimed
elements.
• The difference between the prior art and the
claimed invention is the use of a barrier coating to
prevent oxidation in a cholesteric color filter.
• The prior art shows adding a barrier coating to a
color filter to prevent oxidation.
Applying This Rationale:

144. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014144
Disruptive Technologies
are an outcome of
Convergence of Technologies

145. Convergence of Technologies
Systems at
Molecular Level
Self Replicating
Biological Processes
Self Assembly
Intelligent, Evolvable, Adaptive System
Biotechnology Nanotechnology
Information Technology
(Source: National Science Foundation, USA, 2006; modified)
Future unknown
Technologies
?
ForHumanUse
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
145
Green technology

146. Technology Management
&Transfer
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
146

147. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
147
Proof of Concept Legal Protection
ValidationIn house Experimental Production
MARKET SALES
Components of Technology Management
Clinical Trials/Field Trials

148. Technology Transfer Process
Technology
(A Vaccine/Therapeutic Agent/GM Crop etc)
(Drug Discovery> Product Development (Delivery Method+ Kinetics of Absorption, Distribution,
Metabolism, Excretion)> Clinical Evaluation (Toxicity + Animal & Human Studies)>
Invention Disclosure
Assessment/ Screening
Patent Protection
Licensing & Monitoring
Technology Transfer
(Active Pharmaceutical ingredient> Drug Product(Dosage & Delivery Systems)>
Analytic Methods> Stability)
Product Development & Commercialization
Revenue & Monitoring
(http://www.nii.res.in/faculty-06/RaviDhar.htm)
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
148
University/
Institute/
Organization
Start-up Company
/Entrepreneur or a
Big Company

149. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
149

150. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
150
Main Stages of Product Development
Activity:
1) Idea Generation
2) Idea Screening
3) Concept Development and Testing
4) Business Analysis
5) Beta Testing or Market Testing
6) Technical Implementation
7) Commercialization

151. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
151
Management : Product Development
The organization of the product development process is a key
success factor within the organization of large manufacturers. Key
issues are:-
•the process of product development
•the underlying philosophy, especially platform strategies
•the relation and integration of product and process/manufacturing
engineering
•the involvement of suppliers into the product development process
•the responsibility of product development departments within
the launch process
As a consequence of the increasing demand for higher product
development process performance, many - not to say all - OEMs have
built their one-site-development centers. The purpose is clear and
means co-locating of all involved faculties in one site.

152. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
152
Contract Research Services
• Physical and chemical characterization
• Formulation development for small and macromolecules
• Reverse Engineering
• Release and Stability testing
• Container/closure selection
• Process development
• Scale-up and technical transfer to manufacturing
• Manufacture for GLP Toxicology support
• Extractables and Leachables evaluation
• Product life-cycle management
• IND, NDA and aNDA support.

153. Disposal of Technology
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
153

154. Disposal of Technologies
We may get a Patent for a Technology or License it to an
Industry after :-
 Evaluation : Apply “Go- No Go –Kill” concept (on the
basis of maturity/market requirement etc)
 Upscale
 License after Valuation
 Production
 Monitor
 Sales & Royalty
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
154

155. Technology Valuation
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 155
Acthar Gel for infantile spasms ?

156. Value Grid mapping of Technology /
Product Portfolios
16/4/2014 RD_UOK_April-2014 156

157. Great Expectations:
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
157
Biotechnology & Allied Areas
(National & International collaborations
will play
a great role in these areas)

158. Quality of Science is essential for
Technology Development….
16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014
Canada
Korea
Italy
Netherlands
Switzerland
India
Belgium
Sweden
Russian Federation
Poland
Australia
Brazil
Spain
United States
Germany
France
China
Japan
United Kingdom
1998 2008
Canada
Korea
Italy
Netherlands
Switzerland
India
Belgium
Sweden
Russian Federation.
Poland
China
Japan
Australia
Brazil
Spain
United States
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Source: OECD (2010) Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective
?
?

159. 16/4/2014RD_UOK_April-2014159
Improved Quality of Science needs:
1) Big Budgets & Political will
2) Pool of Skilled Manpower
3) Technology Platforms
4) Intense & meaningful Collaborations

160. Technology Transfer
A complex process involving series of well thought of steps:
1. Research
2. Pre-Disclosure
3. Invention Disclosure
4. Assessment
5. Protection
6. Upscale
7. Make a Start-up Company or Use Existing Company
8. Licensing
9. Marketing & Commercialization
10. Revenue Generation
11. Royalty Sharing or Charity?
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161. Technology Transfer Process
Drugs/Vaccines/GM crops/Bio-processes etc
(Drug Discovery> Product Development (Delivery Method+ Kinetics of Absorption,
Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion)> Clinical Evaluation (Toxicity + Animal & Human
Studies)>
Invention Disclosure
Assessment/ Screening
Patent Protection
Licensing & Monitoring
Technology Transfer
(Active Pharmaceutical ingredient> Drug Product(Dosage & Delivery Systems)>
Analytic Methods> Stability)
Commercialization
Revenue & Monitoring
(http://www.nii.res.in/faculty-06/RaviDhar.htm)
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Startup Company

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163. Organizations with Integrated Innovation
& IP Management have High Quality (economically
valuable) Patent Portfolios
Patent Quality Impact on Performance
(+)
High Potential
(++)
Innovation
Leaders
Losers
(-)
Activists
(--)
(low) (high)
Patents/R&D Expenditure
Ernst, 2008; Chicago
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Strike a Balance

166. !!!Word of Caution !!!
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GMCs
Raises Ethical/ Social or
Religious Issues !

168. International Trade
&
Trade Practices
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169. IP & International Agreements
Various treaties for different components of IPR
 Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property (1883)
 Mother of all IPR harmonization Process. Revised several times; last
revision in 1967 followed by an amendment in 1979. Article 30 covers IPR
related to Patents etc.; 170 countries
 Lisbon Agreement on Geographical indicators (1958)
 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 144 countries (1970, 1984, 1989)
 Budapest Treaty for Deposition of Microorganisms (1977)
(List in the Gazette of India; Part II; No. 456, New Delhi, May 30, 2003); 50 countries
 Community Trademarks (1996)
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170. WTO & WIPO
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 Uniform trade practices across nations regulated
by WTO. Organization which develops ground-rules for
international Commerce & mediates trade disputes.(153
members)
(Web Site : www. wto.org)
 Uniform IP practices are regulated by WIPO. WIPO
is responsible for the promotion of the protection of
intellectual property throughout the world through
cooperation among States, .... (179 members)
(Web Site :www.wipo.int)

171. TRIPs
 TRIPS agreement gives enough room for member
countries to balance international obligations w.r.t
domestic/national interests
 World was more divided before TRIPS
 This impeded the international trade & knowledge
diffusion
 Conflicts around TRIPs
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172. TRIPs (Relevant Titles & Parts & Sections)
Parts Sec. Articles Content
I - 1-8 General Provisions & Basics
II - Scope on use of IPR
1 9-14 Copyrights
2 15-21 Trademarks
3 22-24 Protection of Geog. Indicators
4 25-26 Industrial Designs
5 27-34 Patents
6 35-38 Layout designs
7 39 Protection of undisclosed information
8 40 Control Anti-competitive practices
III Enforcement of IPR
1-5 41-61 General/ Admn. Procedures/ Criminal
Procedures/
IV 62 Acquisition & Maintenance of IPRs &
Related Inter-parties procedures
V 63-64 Dispute Prevention & Settlement
VI 65-67 Transitional Agreements
VII 68-73 Institutional Agreements; Final Provisions
(Reference example : Part II, Sec. 5, Article 27-34, Patents)
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173. Place of the TRIPS Agreement in the Multilateral
Trading System?
• One of the fundamental characteristics of the TRIPS Agreement is that
it makes protection of intellectual property rights an integral part of the
multilateral trading system, as embodied in the WTO.
• The TRIPS Agreement is often described as one of the three “pillars” of
the WTO, the other two being trade in goods (the traditional domain of the
GATT) and trade in services.
•That implies that the TRIPS Agreement applies to all WTO members. It
also means that the provisions of the agreement are subject to the
integrated WTO dispute settlement mechanism which is contained in the
Dispute Settlement Understanding (the “Understanding on Rules and
Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes”).
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174. TRIPS
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 The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an
international agreement administered by the
World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down
minimum standards for many forms of
intellectual property (IP) regulation as applied to
nationals of other WTO Members. It was
negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) in 1994.

175. TRIPS
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 TRIPS contains requirements that nations' laws must
meet for: copyright rights, including the rights of
performers, producers of sound recordings and
broadcasting organizations; geographical
indications, including appellations of origin;
industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs;
patents; monopolies for the developers of new plant
varieties; trademarks; trade dress; and undisclosed or
confidential information. TRIPS also specifies
enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute
resolution procedures.

176. TRIPS
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 Protection and enforcement of all intellectual
property rights shall meet the objectives to
contribute to the promotion of technological
innovation and to the transfer and dissemination
of technology, to the mutual advantage of
producers and users of technological knowledge
and in a manner conducive to social and
economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and
obligations.

177. Facts about Innovation Process
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 Innovation should be of societal relevance
 Innovation Process is uncertain
 Many times it is unpredictable, more-so when related to
Biological systems
 Innovation process creates new competencies
 Knowledge generation depends on a cumulative
process that links prior knowledge in the economy
 Various factors influence speed of innovation
 Scientific discovery & Innovation is deeply linked
 Innovation output has weak relationship with market
demand

178. Biotech in India: Parameters
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179. Contributors to Indian Biotech-IP
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 Funding Organizations (DBT/ICMR/ICAR/CSIR/Charitable)
 Academic Partners (Public/Private/Industry/Academia/NGOs)
 Industry
 Private Sector
 Technology Acquisition
 Within a nation
 Between nations

180. Strengths for Developing Technologies
Strengths
Quality of Basic Research
R& D Personnel
Infrastructure
Quality of Business Facilitation
India
Low
High
Needs Improvement
Low
U.S.A.
V. High
V.High
Great
Great
Germany
V. Good
V. High
Great
Good
Weaknesses
Pharma & Chemical Industry
Exposure to Entrepreneurs
Personnel Mobility
Venture Capital
Angel Investors
Permits/Licenses & Approvals
No. of Pilot Plants
High/Ranbaxy Problem?
Lack experience
Very Low
V.Few
None
Slow Process
Lack of Proof +-
Low
V. High
High
Many
Many
Quick
Proof +++
High
Low
Low
Few
None
Slow
Lack of Proof+
Opportunities
White Biotechnology/Industrial Biot.
Maturing Biotechnology Firms
Low
Very Few
Accepted
Large numbers
Accepted
Yes
Threats
Green Genetic Technology
Competition over High Potentials
Danger of Exodus of Key Industries
Commercialization Abroad
Competition to West
Clear Consumer Benefits
Growth of Aged Population
Controversial
Little
Debatable
Low
Yes: Drugs/
Fermentation
Products needs
to be increased
No : 60% youth
Applicable
V. High
Biotech Flourishing
Low
Yes/No (East)
High
Yes
Low Acceptance
Very High
High Danger
Yes; including Patents
Yes from East
Low
Yes
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SWOT (strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) analysis in Life Sciences

181. Western India : Revenues Rs. 12,137 Crores (=43% share)
Aurangabad : Agri-/bio-manufacturing;
Mumbai : Bio-pharmaceuticals & Stem Cell Research;
Ahmedabad/ Baroda : Agri-biotech, Bio-pharmaceuticals, Enzymes,
Bio-information & Contract Research
Pune : Agri-biotech, Bioinformatics, Bio-processing,
Stem Cell Research & Vaccines
Southern India : Revenues Rs. 5084 Crores (=16% share)
Chennai : Bio-information, Bio-pharmaceuticals,
Genomics, Marine Biotech. 48 Firms
Hyderabad : Vaccines
Mysore : Bio-diesel
Bangalore : Industrial Biotech
Northern India : Revenues Rs. 1453 Crores (=15% share)
Delhi/ Gurgaon/ Noida : Agri-biotech, Bio-fuels, Genomics
Lucknow : Bio-information & Bio-pharmaceutics 48 Firms
115 Firms
120 Firms
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182. Challenging Areas in Tech Management
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 IP Mining
 FTOs
 Technology Mapping (BIRAC initiated this-2012)
 Infringements
 Licensing
 Institutional IP policies
 How to gel Public and Private effort ??
 IP rights are being felt as a burden to
innovation?

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Role of Public Private Partnerships
Government
BIPP/SBIRI
•Funding Agency Private
CRS/BIG
Charitable
•Academic Institution
•Industry
•CRO
•Marketing Agency

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Innovation/ Proof of Concept/ Product
Validation/Product Development/Sale
Deliberate on Royalty issues

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“India BT Industry to reach Rs. 36,107 by 2010”-BioSpectrum, October, 2010

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The articles below were the top 10 for 2012. Some surprised me
as to how fast they rose in the rank. I hope you read them all
ready, but if you have not, here they are:
•3 Main startup traits attract money and talent
•Working hard is not enough
•The One Word Entrepreneurs Do Not Say
•Indecision can kill your business
•Freaking Out is Not a Management Style
•Need Money? A Few Links to Possible Investors
•Are You Involved or Committed in a Startup?
•The best guru for entrepreneurship and startup for your company
•Networking is not a one sided activity
•Mergers and acquisitions take thought and planning
Taffy Williams is on Twitter by @twilli2861

187. Thank you
Questions ?
(rdhar_in@yahoo.com)
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188. (rdhar_in@yahoo.com)16/4/2014
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