Digital marketing ppt 1 unit

Introduction
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Dr. Ravindra, Department of Commerce, IGU, Meerpur
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Today’s era of Internet has opened a gate of vast variety of
opportunities for businesses. Using social networks, one cannot only
share a private picture of one’s birthday but also earn customers for
one’s business and reach them conveniently. The speed and ease with
which the digital media transmits information and help boost a business
is amazing.
Let us first throw some light on the scope of digital marketing.
What is Digital Marketing? : Digital Marketing is the term used for the
targeted, measurable, and interactive marketing of products or services
using digital technologies to reach the viewers, turn them into
customers, and retain them.
So, how is digital marketing different from traditional marketing?
The traditional manner of marketing involved businesses to advertise
their products or services on print media, radio and television
commercials, business cards, bill boards, and in many other similar
ways where Internet or social media websites were not employed for
advertising.

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09/13/2020
Dr. Ravindra, Department of Commerce, IGU,
Meerpur
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Traditional marketing policies had limited customer
reach ability and scope of driving customers’ buying
behavior. Digital marketing achieves targets of
marketing a business through different online
channels. Let us see how.
Digital- The Next Wave of Marketing
The growth of online marketing and proliferation of
new media platforms and communication channels
have led to the evolution of marketing to its present
form most commonly known as digital marketing.
Digital marketing if explained on the line on the Porter
Value Chain concept would include consumer and
data-based technology implementation which aim at
introducing and integrating newer technologies for a
more data-oriented highly targeted marketing which is
personalized for every customer.

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Definition of Digital and What it Means for Business
Digital by definition involves storing and transferring
data in machine-readable language by conversion into
binary values of ‘Zero’ and ‘One’. It involves a shift
from the way data, be it audio, video, and images was
stored in the traditional mode (analog) to the manner in
which it is presently stores in the digital world.
For business verticals of all types, moving to digital
helps improve efficiency of operations and support
transfer of more data at lower costs and bandwidths. It
is also optimizes the move to paperless processes,
improves data procurement and delivery functions, and
helps better integration with end-consumer
technologies to enhance customer interaction and
service.
To understand how digital is transforming overall

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The figure showcases transformation elements for
each of the four key stakeholders- suppliers, internal
teams, intermediaries, and customers . The three
transformation types are:
1. Automation: includes automation of various
functions to enable faster and cheaper ways of
performing key business activities.
2. Digitalization: involves conversion of physical
assets and processes to port them on digital
platforms to be utilized by stakeholders and
delivered to customers.
3. Collaboration: helps instigate and share
knowledge through a set of tools and practices to
provide customers with a multi-channel digital
experience.
Apart from the above, other digital support

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Definition of Digital Marketing:
According to IDM (Institute of Direct and Digital
Marketing)
“The management and execution of marketing using
electronic media such as web, email, interactive TV,
wireless media in conjunction with digital data about
customers characteristics and behaviour.”
The key reason as to why digital scores over other
traditional forms of marketing includes:
1. Audience targeting: Helps to know which audience
to target and why, with specific pre-designed
messages suited to their specific problems and need.
2. Cost leverage: Digital mediums can be the most cost
effective for messaging across a large audience,
which was the key reason in the first place for
marketers to adopt them.

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data and qualitative feedback obtained here is far
more authentic and actionable.
4. Location based messaging: No other type of
marketing can develop and target personalized,
location based messages for customers as per their
specific interests.
5. Quicker funnel fulfillment: The covering of
marketing funnel from awareness to action can be
fulfilled much quicker after the customer has shown
the first intent.
6.Multi-channel reach: Digital marketing integrates
data, communication, and messaging across multiple
platforms, making it the best form of integrated
marketing.
7. Instant customer interaction: With customer
interaction and service tightly integrated, it is the first

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The following table lists a few points that differentiate digital
marketing from traditional marketing :
Traditional Marketing Digital
Marketing
1. Communication is unidirectional. 1. Communication is
bidirectional.
Means, a business communicates The customer also
can ask queries
about its products or services with or make suggestions
about the
a group of people. business products
and service.
2. Medium of communication is 2. Medium of
Communication is

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3. Campaign take more time for 3. There is always fast way to
develop an
designing, preparing, and online campaign and carry out
changes
launching. along its development. With
digital tools,
campaigning is easier.
4. It is carried out for a specific 4. The content is available for
audience throughout from general public. It is then made
to
generating idea up to selling a reach the specific audience by
product or a service. employing search engine
techniques.
5. It is conventional way of 5. It is best for reaching global
marketing, best for reaching audience.
local audience.

Factors Impacting the shift from Traditional to
Modern Marketing
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Traditional marketing techniques focused on
elements which in the present age have undergone
significant shifts. Key reason for such shift include:
1. Power shift to business to consumer attributed to
availability of a wide variety of product choice and
saturation of key categories.
2. Growing amount of communication channels leading
to clutter and brands moving away from mass
marketing to customized online marketing.
3. Consumers’ preference for interactive rather than
traditional medium like newspapers, magazines, TV,
which had a one-way information flow.
4. Need to validate marketing with product and service
recommendations from trusted group of
influencers/social interactions.

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5.Need for comparison of product benefits to make
informed decisions (multiple messages need to heard,
understood, and trusted upon by target segment).
6.Higher interaction with products and more avenues
for such interactions facilitating holistic messaging
rather than the traditional practice of one-off
marketing.
7.The emergence of marketing as a discovery-led
immersive exercise for an individual/group rather than
forced messages targeted to large audiences.
Advent of Modern Marketing Techniques
Modern marketing involves the following platform and
techniques:
1. Search Marketing: Using search technology towards

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2.Online advertising: placing ads across
websites/digital platform.
3. E-Mail marketing: sharing commercial messages
with people.
4.Social media marketing: using social media
platforms/networks for marketing.
5. E-Commerce: selling/trading goods and services on
any online platform.
6.Digital on traditional medium: Integrated digital
technologies with traditional marketing medium to
improve interactivity (set-top box for TV can be
integrated with internet enabled features to support
digital sales).

Internet Users
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In a tumultuous year for advertising amid the corona virus
pandemic and multiple recessions, every market we cover
will experience a decline in ad spending except China.
Google will see its first ever contraction in digital ad
revenues, as search advertising will struggle compared with
display.
 What is the outlook for global ad spending in 2020?
Overall ad spending will decline by 4.9% worldwide this
year, a significant drop from last year’s 6.3% growth and
from our pre-pandemic 2020 forecast of 7.0% growth. The
total figure will come in at $614.73 billion, which represents
$76.99 billion less new revenues than previously expected.
 Will digital ad spending perform better?
Worldwide digital ad spending will achieve 2.4% growth
this year, the lowest on record. Although this figure is still
positive, the category has never been in single digits. The
$332.84 billion total for 2020 represents $36.11 billion less
spending than our pre-pandemic forecast.

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Internet user in India has been steadily increasing,
as shown in the table. With the increase sales of
smart phones, it has become easier for individuals
to access the internet. Over 429 million internet
users indicate penetration of internet among 34%
of Indian population. There are more than 1 billion
mobile connections in India which means healthy
mobile penetration among the population. But
many users have dual SIMs and the number of
unique mobile users is about 731 million. Out of
the number of mobile phone users, 37 percent
have smart phone. Table shows the internet
behaviour in India given in next slide;

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Types of Internet Connection
There are various types of Internet connection that we are
potentially exposed to for accessing Internet services. Dial-
up and broadband are the two major categories that are
formed when we look at the transmission technologies.
The dial-up connection was the first technology invented to
access the Internet. It is, however, losing its presence
across the globe. This type of connection essentially uses
a telephone line to connect a PC to the Internet. It requires
a modem to setup the dial-up connection. This modem
works as an interface between the PC and the telephone
line.
On the other hand, broadband connection is becoming
more popular. It can be seen in different form as follow:
1.DSL (Telephone Line): Digital Subscriber Line is a form of
broadband connection that provides connection over

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2. ISDN (Instigated Services Digital Network): ISDN
establishes network connection using phone lines that
carry digital signals instead of analogue signal.
3. Wireless Internet Connections: This type of
connection makes use of radio frequency bands to
connect to the Internet and offer high speed. Wireless
Internet provides a connection that can be accessed
from anywhere if the user is geographically within a
network coverage area.
4. Mobile Internet: Telephone Service Provider (TSP)
provide internet plans to access internet services.
Depending on the type of mobile, internet connection
speed varies; it is the lowest in the case of 2G and
higher in 4G connection. People even create hotspots
with mobile phones to give access to other devices

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5. Satellite Internet: Here, one gets the internet access by a
satellite dish as the signal gets beamed to a satellite, which in
tern beams the signal to users.
Digital Marketing Strategy
In this section, we will examine some of the consumer
behaviour aspects that can help shape digital marketing
strategies.
1. The Consumer Decision Journey: In today’s world,
consumer, even after the purchase, remain engage and
promote the purchased product amongst their friends, family
or colleagues if they are satisfied with the product. The basic
AIDA is an acronym that of marketing applies to digital
marketing too, for consumer decision process. AIDA is an
acronym that stand for A-Awareness, I-Interest, D-Desire, A-
Action. The consumer move through successive stages in the
buying process.
(a) Awareness/Attention: The consumer is aware of a brand,
has heard of its name. The goal of the marketer at this stage
is to get to the top of the mind recall. Awareness is the first
step in the buying process and the most important. Without
awareness, the consumer will not consider the brand for

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Channels of digital marketing are more apt for it. There
is display advertising on website, social media such as
Face book, LinkedIn and You Tube.
(b) Interest: It is not enough for a marketer that a
consumer is aware of the brand. Consumer must be
interested in the brand. They must want to know more
about the brand. This is only known as consideration
stage. Consumer must consider the brand for
purchase and it must be included in their consideration
set.
(c) Desire: New media make it easy for consumer to
evaluate the competing choices using inputs from
reviewers, peers, retailers, specialists, marketer and
competitors. Smart marketers assist consumers in the
evaluation process by providing competitive analysis,

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them in making choices.
(d) Action: In this stage, consumer purchase the
product that they desire and prefer. This stage
generates revenue for the brand and is the outcome
every marketer desires. Having conveniently located
retail outlets or online purchase facility will help the
consumers in making the purchase. The website
should have smooth navigation so that consumers
can easily find products that they are looking for at
the right price and at the right time. Consumers may
drop off at any stage as they may not like the design
of the site or it may be slow to load or they may not
find the right variant of the product or may be seeking
discounts or payment may not go through. Marketer
must insure that all hurdles are removed. In the
digital marketing, marketers have a plethora of
channels to choose from search engines, websites,

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the most appropriate channels.
(e) Advocacy: Consumer experience satisfaction or
dissatisfaction after purchase. They may share their
experience on social media and spread word of
mouth. If consumer are highly satisfied, they may
develop a bond with the brand and become loyal and
purchase repeatedly or in larger quantities. They may
purchase again without undergoing all the stages of
the decision process. Social media is most apt for
advocacy and word of mouth post purchase.
2. The P-O-E-M Framework: A good framework that can
help you organize your digital marketing strategy is
Paid, Owned, and Earned Media.
(a) Paid Media: Paid media includes sponsored
advertisement in different channels of digital
marketing such as search engines, websites,

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They include campaigns run through different platforms
such as Google, AdWorld and campaign manager of
Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter. It also includes
campaigns run through ad networks or Demand Side
Platform (DSPs).
(b) Owned Media: Owned media is like an assets of the
company i.e. the company has the ownership of these
media. It includes company’s official website, micro site,
and social media pages such as Facebook page,
LinkedIn page, You Tube channel and Twitter handle. It
also includes mobile apps or blogs, and also the original
content created by the company such as videos, images,
info-graphics and posts.
(d) Earned Media: Earned media is organic and unpaid. It
includes publicity that is generated through
recommendations and word of mouth. It also includes
social media engagement such as like, shares,
comments, replies, re-tweets, favorites etc. Earned media
id generated by users and hence is more credible and
has the power to give exponential reach to the marketer.

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3. Segmenting and Customizing Messages: One of the
digital media is the enormous data that is collected about
customers. This data enables rich segmentation based on
geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral
variables. Segmentation is dividing heterogeneous
population into smaller homogenous groups which are
similar in characteristics. The targeted segment should
respond better to marketing stimuli than general
population as the marketing mix will be more customized
for the chosen segment. Hyper local targeting can be
useful for local businesses and for retailers, and outlet
who wish to attract customers in the vicinity. Another
popular method of targeting is behavioral, wherein intent
of the user is tapped based on online behaviour to
determine if the user is in the market to buy a product or
not. Another upcoming method of targeting is your CRM
data targeting, wherein you target database of leads or
customers you have generated. A new method of

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sophisticating algorithms to find similar users. Figure
show the list of methods used in digital marketing.

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4. The Digital landscape: Digital marketing consists of
different channels such as search engines, social media,
mobile marketing, influencer marketing, Digital PR etc.
Search engine marketing done either through paid
advertising or search engine optimization is good for
customer acquisition. You may be wondering why! This is
because search engine capture the intent of the user, and
hence are more of pull medium, thus getting higher click-
through and conversion rates than other mediums. User is
interested in finding out information about a product or
service, and is hence typing a query on search engine. This
user is more likely to click and take the desired action. The
click through rates of search engines are among the
highest of all digital channels as shown in figure at next slid.
Popular portals and websites such as Yahoo!, Indiatimes
and YouTube are very good for brand building. Do you

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applications have million of unique users and page views per
month, and hence have huge reach. If you place banner ad on
these websites than it will reach large number of users thus
creating awareness. A standard banner ad is more like a push
medium, unless it is remarketing to visitors of the website or
doing behavioral targeting.
Social media is very apt for customer engagement as it is
about building a community and nurturing a bond with
members. It is not so apt for generating sales or conversion as
users do not come to social media to buy products or services
but to engage with friends. Marketer some time are
disappointed that they are not getting enough leads or
conversions from social media. You must understand that each
medium of digital marketing has its own unique strengths and
characteristics, and hence marketing objectives must be
aligned to each medium’s unique characteristics.
Micro blogging platforms such as Twitter are apt for
disseminating information rapidly. These are more about ‘what’
happening? They are good for trending and for spreading word
of mouth. This is because they are open networks where users

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happenings.
Another strategic area of digital marketing is ‘online reputation
management’ (ORM) which is about listening and understanding
consumer sentiments and proactively shaping the brand attitude.
Many social listening tools are available such as Radian 6, Simplify
360 that identify the influencers, brand associations and
sentiments. Another aspect of ORM is the Digital PR which is fast
replacing the traditional PR. Many newswires have come up online
where marketers can submit news for dissemination to different
media and journalist. Influencer marketing is another important
area as in digital world anybody can be an influencer. Identifying
influencers, building relations and seeding content with them
requires an understanding of the process.
Digital marketing generates lot of digital analytics and metrics.
Measurability is one of the strengths of digital marketing. Looking at
the metric and improvising on your digital marketing strategy helps
in improving the ROI. Many tools are available for digital analytics
through which performance of each campaign can be measured
and optimized.

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Skills Required in Digital Marketing
Digital marketing is complex and requires different skill sets. It is
impossible to one person to posses all the skills needed to be an
effective digital marketer. Marketer should hence build a team which
has all the requisite competencies. Some of them can be in-house (in
employees) and some can be outsourced (digital agencies). We can
use the following framework for skill sets.
1. Think: Digital marketing requires people who can think and
conceptualize. They should be able to look at metrics and analyse the
performance and optimize. They should have analytical skills and
should be able to run campaigns on search, display and social media.
They should be able to do testing to know what works and what does
not and optimise.
2. Feel: This is one of the most important skills in digital marketing. It is
the ability to empathies with your customers by stepping into their
shoes and understanding their pain points. This skill will enable the
digital marketer to identify the content strategy that will resonate with
their target audiences. Members of the team possessing these skills
will be actively involved in creating content strategy for websites,
blogs, forums and social media. They should analyse the sentiments
using listening tools so that they know the pulse of the market, the

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3. Act: Digital marketing requires lot of execution. You need people who
can understand the brand concept and the content strategy and create
creative images and videos. These people should be graphic
designers or be from institutes of design and know software for editing
photos and videos. They should not only know how to use tools and
software but should also be artistic and creative. They should also
understand brand values and should be able to create images and
videos that are aligned with the brand value.
Digital Marketing Plan
The head of digital marketing will have to prepare a digital marketing
plan which outlines the objectives, target audience profile, content
strategy, budget and measurement. Let us have a look at each of the
elements in detail.
1. Objectives: The starting point is to identify the objectives of digital
marketing. This can be split into branding and performance objectives.
Both the goals can coexist. Some campaigns and activities may have
the objective of increasing brand awareness and brand recall,
whereas others may have the objective of increasing sales or leads or
conversions. It is advisable to identify metrics for measurement of
performance alongside objective setting. If the goal is branding then
the metric would be recall. This may be measured by hiring a market
research agency which may do an online or offline research for top of

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conversions and CPA(Cost Per Acquisition).
2. Buyer Personas: Next step is to identify multiple buyer
persona. This should be based on analysis of past data
and profile of your best customers and not based on
hunch or assumptions. The more scientific it is, the more
accurate it will be. Another important aspect is that you
should develop multiple personas and not one. Rarely
customers would be so homogeneous that they can be
categorized into one persona. The information that you
need about your best customers can be categorized into
three areas:
Who: You should identify the age, gender, location, job
title, responsibility, education of your customers and make
a pen profile.
What: You must deliberate what are the goals of your
customers and their pain points that need to be resolved.

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Why: Ultimately you must question why will they buy your product, what is
your unique selling proposition, what is your elevator pitch, and how
compelling it is to convince the customers to buy.
You can get information to fill your buyer persona by examining the social
media profile of your customers. You can also get useful information from
audience reports in Google Analytics that explains the geographic,
demographic, device data of your audience.
3. Content: You must prepare content strategy by analyzing what worked in
the past and what did not. You must analyze the performance of each of
the content types such as video, image, info graphics, eBooks, webinars,
games, how to create more of the variety that performed better.
4. Channel: As part of channel strategy, how much would you invest in
creating paid, owned, and earned content? In owned, will you have a
website or a microsite? Which social media pages or handles will you
have and how will you priorities? For earned media, will you participate in
blogs or forum or question answer sites? What is your content strategy for
getting engagement? Will you use contests or promotions or controversy
or emotional appeal? For paid media, which platforms will you run
campaign on? Will you run campaigns on search engines or banner ads
on websites or on Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn?
5. Timelines: You must prepare a month wise calendar to record which
activities will be done in which month. You must further break down
content strategy, target audience week-wise so that there is a starting
point to refer to.
6. Budget: How much budget will you allocate to digital marketing? It
depend upon what

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percent of the marketing objectives will be met
through digital. It also depends upon the industry and
the role of marketing communications in marketing
mix and the role of digital in marketing communication
mix. For certain industries such as e-commerce,
financial services, automobile and education, digital is
very important and hence higher percent may be
allocated to it. How much budget will you allocate for
paid campaigns across different medium? Hence,
how much budget will you allocate as media cost?
How much budget will you assign for content
creation? How much budget will you allot for
technology development cost such as developing
website or a game?
7. Measurement: The measurement metrics in the next

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You may wish to hire a market research agency to
do it either online of offline. If the campaign objective
is performance then measurement is through CTR,
leads, and conversions.

Search Engine Optimization
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Introduction: The search engine is the first medium
where people search for information they need. It is
often referred to as the ‘zero moment of truth’. Search
Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of
enhancing the visibility of the website by improving the
ranking in the Search Engine Result Page (SERP). It is
a process of making the website much more search
engine friendly, thus getting higher positions in organic
or natural or unpaid search results. Since it is organic,
it is a more credible and a cost effective way of
reaching out to prospects. It enable discovery. SEO is
pull medium as users themselves seek information; it
is powerful as it captures user interest. SEO is a long
term strategy as it takes time for efforts to fructify.
While short term strategy can be to go for paid search

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Search Engine: A search engine is a programme
designed to retrieve or search information on the web.
The search results are usually displayed in line of
results on pages known as search engine results page.
When a user enter search query, search engines
display both organic and paid search results. Organic
results are natural and unpaid, whereas paid results are
sponsored for which advertisers must pay to display
their webpage link when users do a search.
How Search Engines Work: To show results matching
user query, search engine perform the activities as
shown in figure;
Web › Indexing › Processing › Calculating ›
Retrieving
Crawling Relevancy
Results

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content available on the web. Websites are crawled
by automated bots or spiders or crawlers that are
software programs that visit each webpage. How will
crawlers know which domains to visit? Crawlers get
information about registered domain names and their
IP addresses from Internet Corporation for
Assignment Names and Numbers (ICANN), which is
a non profit organization responsible for assigning
unique identifiers such as domain names and IP
addresses for the entire Internet. Crawling is done
periodically depending on the frequency that
webmaster request a websites keep updating their
content.
Search engines then take all the data that has been
crawled and place it in massive datacenters with

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that best describe the page and assigning the page to
keywords. Indexing involves many concepts from
linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, and
computer science. Using those concepts, search engines
have developed capabilities to index media files such as
video, audio, and graphics along with the text.
When a search request comes, the search engine
processes it i.e., compare the search query with the
indexed pages in the database. Since more than one
page will contain the search query, so the search engine
starts calculating the relevance of each of the pages in its
index to the query. The last step in the processes is
retrieving the pages with highest relevance score on top
of the search results and displaying them in the browser.
Concept of Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
Search engine optimisation is the process of influencing
the visibility of a website or a webpage so that it appears
higher up in the organic search result. The purpose of
doing SEO is to establish a web presence and get
discovered, so that one gets quality traffic that generates

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SEO Phases: The process of SEO involves multiple
steps given in figure. The starting point is audit so that
the marketer knows where the company stands and
can identify goals. After doing the reality check, efforts
to follow best practices of search engines must begin.
The first step is to make sure that original, relevant,
high quality content is there and is discoverable by the
search engines by following practices such as
submitting a site map or a robot.txt file. Subsequently
on-page optimization has to be one which is the easy
part as it is to be done on the web pages and hence is
within the control of the marketer. Thereafter, off-page
optimization, which involves back links, need to done.
This is the difficult part of SEO. Subsequently, social
submission must be done across social media
channels to increase the reach and get interaction of
users. Thereafter, regular maintenance of the website

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Website
Audit
Maintenanc
e
Content
Social
Channels
Submission
On-page
Optimization
Off-page
Optimizatio
n

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1. Website Audit: The SEO process begin when
businesses conduct an audit for a reality check so
that they know where they stand. There are many
free resources available on the Internet for doing an
overall audit such as seositecheckup.com,
smallseotools.com. They give a score out of 100,
which gives a quick and easily understandable
assessment of site performance on SEO. The
target should be to get a score about 80. Some of
the main elements of SEO audit are:
(a) Keyword Position: For important keywords, what is
the position of a website in SERP? http://
smallseotools.com/keyword-position/ is an excellent
free resource for finding out keyword position.
(b) Sitemap: Sitemap shows the architecture of the site

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facilitates crawling and indexing by search engines.
http://seositecheckup.com/tools/sitemap-test is a free tool,
which help us to know whether sitemap exists for a site or
not. One can also check out their sitemap on
www.example.com/sitemap.xml.
(c) Browser, Operating System, Devices Compatibility: It is
important to check if the website is compatible with
different browsers, operating system, and screen sizes. It
is possible that a website may function well on Chrome
but not on Internet Explorer or vice versa; or work on
desktop but not on mobile devices. There are hundred of
screen sizes available in market and website should be
checked for their responsiveness.
(d) Back-link Checker: Search engine use back-links as an
indicator of the authority of the site. They checkout how
many back-link are coming for which domains and what is

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based on back-link which indicate the likelihood of a
website coming high in SERP.
(f) Keyword Cloud: Which keywords appears more
often and have greater density on the website? Are
they the right keywords?
(g) Speed Audit: Website loading speed is one of the
important aspects of user experience. A good
benchmark is two seconds. Many user close the site
if it takes more than three seconds to load. Two
popular tools for measuring site speed are Google
Page Insight and Pingdom. They give the score out
of 100; a score of 85 and above indicates good
performance.
Mentioned here are only key elements of an audit.
Apart from them, several other aspects are there in
overall SEO checkup that will be discussed in

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2. Content: Content refers to all the information
contained in any webpage. The page content can be
displayed in the form of text, hyperlinks, images, audio,
animation, or videos. Text has advantages of speed,
accessibility, and mobile responsiveness. It also has
faster download capabilities from the server than images.
This is because, texts takes less space on the server than
images. Although, the search engines have a limited
ability to understand images, animation, audio and video,
these forms attract users. In these cases, to determine
page content search engines, it is important to use file
names of Alt (alternate) tag that will be covered later.
Content should be unique ,fresh, original, and should add
value to the target audience. Offering quality content not
only attract visitors but also attracts other websites to link
to the brand’s site thus enhancing their authority.
Improving the content on one’s website should be a
priority, regardless of the website type. Several tools are
available to check for plagiarism.www.duplichecker.com

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checker and conduct quality check of web contents
including proofreading and editing.
Smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/ is another
plagiarism checker tool to make sure that content is
original and unique.
3. On Page Optimization: There are several on-page
factors that affect search engine rankings. These are
discussed as follow:
(a) Technical Elements: A good SEO roadmap is built on a
strong technical foundation. Unless the score technical
components of the website are in place, all other SEO
efforts will go in vain. Important element are:
(i) Site Performance: Site performance is about the page
speed, which is described by the time it takes to load. It
is tough to hold a visitor on a website when the
webpage does not load within five seconds. The
benchmark should be 2 seconds. Slow websites tend to
have higher bounce rates and lower average time per

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There are many tactics to improve site performance such
as:
a. Enable Compressions: By minifying HTML, CSS,
JavaScript. Here, minifying refers to the removal of all
unnecessary characters from the source code without
changing its actual functionality. Ideally HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript larger than 150 bytes need to be
compressed on the server.
b. Compress Images: Generally, image uploads on the
web are different from what users see when images are
captured with a camera or created using image editor
tools like Photoshop. The captured images are usually
large in size and high in resolution and if they are
uploaded on the server and added to any webpage in its
original from, then the user may experience a long
waiting time for the webpage to load. A good practice

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Some available tools are:
Adobe Photoshop (paid software)
www.reduceimage.com and www.imageoptimiser.net
(available online and are free)
c. Reduce Redirects: Redirect is a way to send users to a
different URL from the one they intially requested the
browser to open. It is also known as URL forward. When
visitor experiences redirection over the website, there is a
waiting time for HTTP Request-Response cycle to finish.
Reducing these redirects can help to improve site
performance.
Suggested Tools
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/
Page load speed is one of the most important aspects of
user experience. Page Speed Insight gives the detailed
report about the time taken by different elements of the
webpage such as image, text, CSS to load. It gives a
score ranging from 0 to 100 points. It is important to score
high; and a score of 85 or above shows that the webpage

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Domains: Domain names are Internet addresses of
websites. Domain have extensions such as .com, .in,
.org etc. for example, www.example.com. They are
purchased from registrars such as GoDaddy or
BigRock who get authorization of selling available
domains by ICANN. There are few points that one
needs to keep in mind while registring any domain.
(i) Domain Name Memorability: There are many
domains available but selecting one is a difficult task.
A domain should be short, catchy, and easy to
remember, spell, and type. One can conduct an
informal survey by giving a few options to people and
later see which ones are the most memorable. Some
of the most memorable brand such as eBay, Yahoo!,
Expedia, Wikipedia, Google etc. have created their
word. These domain are single word domain name
that people remember so well. If brand can not find

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may forget it easily. The test of easy name is that one
should be able to pronounce it over the telephone and the
other person should be able to spell it correctly.
(ii) Keyword-Rich Domain: Having one’s keywords in their
domain name can increase the Click Through Rate. It also
gives users an idea about the business. Earlier, keyword
rich domain name would contribute in SEO but overtime
its importance has decreased for SEO.
(iii) Sub-Domain: Sub domain are parts of domains that are
free to create under any domain that a webmaster could
access. For example, in www.blog.example.com, blog is a
sub-domain. www.google.com is the domain and sub-
domain is www.analytics.google.com. However, it is
recommended that webmasters place link-worthy content
in subfolders instead of sub-domains-
www.example.com/blogs instead of

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404/500 Error: 404 error is an error message that
appears when the webpage that user is trying to
reach could not be found on the server. When any
webpage that the user is trying to access is not
available on that website server, then the URL is
redirected automatically to the 404 error page.
Another error that one can encounter is the 500 error.
These errors are internal server errors which is shown
when any unexpected conditions occur. The server
here could not be more specific on why the problem
has occurred and solution of it. This error can occur
due to server’s hardware or a software code issue.
The publisher should avoid the 500 error as it gives a
bad impression to the visitor as well as the search
engine. When 500 errors occur, the user can refresh

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(b) HTML Tags: HTML is a markup language commonly
used to create WebPages by using different tags so
that web browsers can read the code and process
them to display on one’s screen. It provides a means
to create structured WebPages that browsers can
understand.
(i) Meta Tags
a. Meta Title: While creating any HTML document, one
often indicates page titles using title tag on their
webpage. This webpage title visible on browser tab.
A title tag describes the topic of any webpage. It is
denoted by <title> and should be placed within the
scope of <head> tag of any webpage. Ideally, there
should be a unique title for each page on any
website.

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that webpage’s content. Most search engines (Google
and Yahoo) penalize for abusing its use. Best practice
is to use keywords in all HTML and meta tags such as
title, description, Alt tags, anchor text, and URL.
c. Meta Description: Meta description is used to
describe a webpage that gives search engines a
summary of that page. It can be written in a sentence
or two or even in paragraph if needed. The meta
description is important as search engines may use
them as snippets of one’s webpages on search result
page.
(ii) Heading Tags: Heading tags helps to define page
structure and allow users to scan a page quickly to
find what they are looking for. A good practice would
be to start a page with “HI” and then followed by other

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a. Anchor Text: Anchor text is the highlighted hypertext
link that can be either internal website link or external
source. Appropriate anchor text helps the reader to
learn content associations . For search engines, link
relevancy is one of the factors that determine the
webpage rank. If a webpage has content about football,
and has the anchor text- ‘football ground’ and the
heading page is an article about football ground , then it
is an appropriate use of anchor text.
b. Image/Video Optimization: In a webpage, the Alt
attribute provides image-related information. Alt
basically stands for alternate, where we describe an
image in a textual form. Every image should have a
distinct file name and associated text of image in the Alt
attribute that would allow specifying which image is for
what. It also helps visitors who cannot access image. In
case of inaccessibility, screen reader would be able to
identify corresponding Alt text and speak text mentioned

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(c) Schema.org: Schema.org is a community activity that
aims at promoting schemas for structured data over the
web for website. Many search engines have collaborated
in this movement. A schema is a micro data type that
allows search engines to search for a webpage data
easily. It works by adding some codes directly into your
HTML code. Many types of categories are commonly
used for the schema, such as movies, products, TV
episodes, events, and local business.
How to Include Schema Micro Data on One’s
Webpage?
(i) Go to Google Structured Data Markup helper using this
link-https://www.google.com/webmasters/markup-
helper/u/0/ then the window is appear on the screen,
now one could choose ‘product’ and give
www.iimb.ac.in URL. Now on clicking on ‘start tagging’,
the screen opens.

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iv Look for text that highlighted in the source code and add
it to your HTML.
What Does Schema Have to Offer?
• Properly categories your website’s content.
• Marking up your pages with schema micro data.
• Rich snippet of your content in SERPs.
(d) Keywords: In the content, keywords are words and
phrases that make it possible for users to find any website
by using search engines. While writing any content, one
should focus on building a theme out of the content,
which is formed through relationship between concepts
and groups of keywords. Closely related keyword phrases
strengthen the topicality of any webpage. So, one should
build content related to a theme as search engines can
naturally extract entities from those WebPages. Use of
synonyms and related keywords help search engines to
learn better about the webpage. This idea can be best
understood by using an example.
Suppose one decides to write a webpage about the
President House,

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then the keyword that they will want to optimize for will be
‘President House’. In the content, one should not only
have the keyword, ‘President House’ but also related
keywords such as ‘President’, ‘New Delhi’, ‘Government’,
and secondary keywords such as ‘Pranab Mukherjee’,
‘Abdul Kalam’, etc. These keywords together will build the
concept of the page help in SEO.
Choice of Keywords
A thorough research needs to be done for choosing the
right keywords for optimising the website. One must talk
to the users of the website and observe their search
behaviour. Here is a short list research tools that can help
in selecting the keywords:
• Moz keyword explorer.
• Google AdWords keyword planner tool.
• Google suggest.
• Keyword cloud of competitors
• Google trends
• Microsoft Bing Ads intelligence.

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• Wordtraker’s keyword demand.
• Related search suggestions on search engines.
The above tools will not only help in discovering
keywords, but also to priorities them. Additionally, one
may even know the search volumes corresponding to that
keyword. While choosing keywords, the following should
be kept in mind:
• The words people would search for to find the product or
service.
• Keyword tags on competitors’ websites by viewing their
page source on right click.
• The website’s keyword cloud.
• Think from the users’ perspective rather than having an
inwardly focused approach.
• Problems that a brand’s prospective customers may be

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(i) Long Tail and Short Tail Keywords: The web is made
up of short tail and long tail keyword searches. Short
tail keywords are very few and each one has millions
of monthly search volume. They are typically generic
or category keywords. Most keyword are the long tail
ones, which have longer phrases, and each of them
has only a few hundreds of monthly search volume.
The high number of keywords having few searches
appears like a long tail, and hence the term. What do
you think the tradeoffs between long tail and short tail
keywords? Long tail keywords are specific brand or
product related queries. They lead to more
conversion, but less traffic as few people would
search for them. On the other hand, short tail will
result in high traffic, but conversions will be low as
user queries are generic. The competition will be
more intense for short tail keywords as they are

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grows, SEO strategy should evolve from long tail
keywords to short tail keywords. According to research by
the company-Hitwise, there are millions of searches made
using short tail keywords. But in reality, these popular
short tail keywords makeup less than 30 percent of the
searches performed in search engines. The remaining 70
percent are made using long tail keywords.
To understand the concept better, let us take an example
of the keyword-’Smartphone’- which is very generic and
hence short tail. A more specific would be a brand
keyword such as ‘4G Smartphone’ and even more
specific would be a brand keyword such as ‘Motorola 4G
Smartphone’. Even more particular would be
product/model keyword such as ‘Motorola G plus 4G
Smartphone’.
Another strategy that can be used for identifying keyword
is to identify modifiers that can be used in conjunction

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‘buy’, ‘online’, and ‘discount’. Hence, for the product
‘rice’, the keyword could be- ‘buy rice online’,
‘discounts on rice’, ‘online basmati rice’, ‘buy basmati
rice’, ‘kohinoor rice online’, etc. Keywords must be
identified for each page on the website including
home page, category pages, and product pages.
(ii) Keyword Density: Keyword density is the frequency
of a keyword that appears on a webpage. This is
calculated in terms of percentage compared to the
total number of words on that page. Keyword density
of the word is 2 percent if it is repeated two times in a
100 word of a webpage. Abnormally high keyword
density can be considered as a search engine spam
where the website will be devalued and then appear
lower down in organic search results. Keyword
density should be between 0.5 to 2.5 percent, but
principally, content should be written naturally by

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rank high for only very few keywords. There are only very
few domains that rank high for many keywords. A study by
Moz indicates that only 722 sub-domains ranked high for
more than 100,000 keywords. Hence ongoing SEO
strategy should be to broaden the pool of keywords for
which website should rank high.
(iv) Keyword Funnel: Keywords correspond to stages of the
buying funnel as shown in the figure. Broad category
keywords indicate customers are at initial stages of the
buying process, whereas brand and product specific
keywords indicate consumers are at the action stage of
the funnel. The keywords corresponding to initial stages of
the funnel will be the short tail and will have high traffic
volume and more competition but less conversion. On the
other hand, keywords corresponding to lower stages of the
funnel will be the long tail and have less traffic and hence
less competition but more conversion. Market leader will
focus on the upper funnel to grow the business by driving
traffic. A new entrant in a competitive industry with
entrenched players or a niche player will focus on the
lower funnel. But as the company grow, it should move

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(v) Page Segmentation: Keywords appearing in main body
section have greater weight in SEO than keywords
appearing in header or footer or sidebars of the webpage.
(vi) Synonyms: It is a better strategy is to use natural variants
and synonyms instead of using only one keyword, so that
search engines can understand what the page is all about.
It also helps for words that have multiple meanings. For
example, ‘plant’ can be a ‘factory’ as well as ‘vegetation’. By
using a natural variant ‘shrub’, search engines know a page
is about vegetation and not factory.
It is also good to give related resources and hyperlinks so
that search engines know clearly what the page is all about.
Suggested Tools/s
http://tools.seobook.com/general/keyword-density/ its
provides keyword density for a keyword in your webpage.
www.smallseotools.com/keyword-position/ keyword position

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(e) RSS Feeds: Rich Site Summary or Really Simple
Syndication (RSS) is an XML code that contains
recent information updates. RSS feeds give a user
the ability to opt for a subscription very similar to
newspaper subscription. It fetches the updates from
the website and delivers via RSS feeds named ‘feed
reader’ or feed aggregator’. It may be in an e-mail
based feed reader or mobile based feed readers.
Search engines prefer websites that consistently
update their content and RSS feeds as it helps search
engines find updated content faster.
(f) Microsites: Microsites are auxiliary websites, which
are usually about a product or a service that provide a
separate entity for a brand. They typically have their
domain, but some exist as a sub-domain. They must
interlink between each other and with the main

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main website or they have enough resources to do
SEO over a long period of time for the microsite.
Sometime, marketers create a microsite with the
objective of dominating the SERP. However, search
engines do not prefer to show multiple results from
the same domain in SERP. Hence, it is better to add
additional content on the man website and build one
awesome site which has high domain authority
instead of building many mediocre sites. The
company Panasonic can be an apt example for
understanding microsites. They have dedicated
website for mobile phone, air conditioner, cameras,
and recipes.
(g) Site Structure: A site structure help us in
understanding how the website is set up and how

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(a) Breadcrumbs: A breadcrumb is a list of internal links
in a hierarchical form that allows users to quickly
navigate back to a previous node or section in any
website. Text in breadcrumb is clickable in nature in
order to improve the use’s experience while they
are viewing information on any website. Usually, the
first node is the root section like ‘News’. It is always
suggested to use breadcrumbs as it allows visitors
to understand the structure of the website and
directly navigate from one page to another without
having to follow a linear path. It may also lead to
more number of pages visits.
(b) Optimise URLs: URL create the first impression in
users mind about the webpage before they visit the
page. Familiar and descriptive words in URL
motivate users to click. It is recommended to use
hyphens (-) to separate words.

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www.example.com/on-page-Optimisation.html
www.example.com/onpageOptimisation.html
The third example mentioned is the most difficult to
understand for both users and search engines.
Hyphen (-) is preferred over underscore (_) as search
engines take the hyphen (-) as two words but
underscore (_) as one word. Another
recommendation is the use of words in URLs instead
of numbers to make the website easier to navigate.
Creating descriptive categories and filenames for
webpages also leads to better crawling by search
engine.
(c) Internal Linking: Internal link are those links that
point to another page on the same domain, and are
used for internal navigation purposes. There are

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(ii) It helps to improve the brand’s search engine
ranking as internal linking in categories, or articles
help search engines to crawl to their website better.
(iii) They help in spreading ranking power around the
website.
Internal linking is mostly useful for establishing
website architecture and spreading ranking power.
4. Off-Page Optimization: Initially, SEO was mainly
on-page. But since it was under control of
webmasters, some started abusing it by stuffing
keywords. Hence, search engines introduced the
concept of off-page optimization which includes
activities done outside of the webpage that help in its
ranking. Publishers do not directly control those
platforms where the activities are done. Off-page

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(a) Authority and Hub: The most important objective of
off-page activity is to build the ‘authority’ of the
website. The concept of authority has been
borrowed from academia. The quality of a scholarly
paper is judged by how many citations (references)
the paper has. The more the number of reference
paper and the higher the quality of those papers,
the higher would be the authority of the paper in
question. Similarly the more the number of sites
hyper linking and the higher the quality of these
sites, the higher would be the authority of the
website under consideration. ‘Authority’ is a website
that is linked to by many websites and a ‘hub’ is a
website that links to many websites, as shown in
the figure at next slid;
Suggested tools
www.smallseotools.com/domain-authority-checker

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Authority Through a Sociological Lens
In sociology, ‘Authority’ is decided by the number of
referrals an individual has as well as the quality of his
referees. Individuals will try to either understand authority
based on (i) personal experience or (ii) how much they
trust another person’s opinions. Based on these
evaluations of individuals, an ‘authority’ is though to be
knowledgeable in that subject. Authority grants not only
membership to a group, but also credibility within a group.
Let us look at an everyday scenario. A,B, and C are
members of a class-a group of otherwise unrelated
individuals. A is through to be the authority on physics in
the class. B must decide whether to take C as her partner
in a science competition. B will make this decision based
on how she thinks C is in science. B’s evaluation of C’s
ability will depend on- (i) an average score for C’s ability
based on all of B and C’s shared experiences relevant to
this context (ii) what A thinks of C’s abilities, (iii) what does

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scores from a test. Now, how much weight each of
these elements has on B’s final evaluation of C will
depend on B herself.
(b) Back-link: Back-link is a process of getting hyperlink
not owned by a brand, from external pages that are
to link to a webpage of their website. Back link will
help in building the authority of the website. Each link
to a webpage is counted as a vote for that page and
page with most votes win. Link represents an
‘editorial’ endorsement’ of a web document. Building
back-links is the most important and challenging
activity in SEO. Not all the back-link would help one
to improve their search engine rank; only quality
back-link will. High quality back-link comes from high
quality websites that are trustworthy. Some examples
are Wikipedia, BBC, The Hindu, Information Week
etc.

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a site it is better to have 100 back-links from 100
different domains rather than all 100 back-links from
a single domain.
(ii) Source Independence: Another thing to remember
is source independence. If all the back-links are
coming from one’s micro sites or blogs, then they will
not get any SEO advantage as the source is not
independent or unbiased, as they are owned by the
brand only.
(c) Blog Posts/Commenting: Blogs are informational
websites displayed in a reverse chronological order.
Many businesses have blogs as it provides a
platform for creating content which is broader in
scope than website. Since content is the most vital
aspect in SEO, a blog can positively boost one’s

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link in the comment section.
(d) Press Release: A press release is a way to spread
organizational news and information to the news
media. It can be recent updates, new product
announcements etc, Nowadays, a lot of PR has
shifted online. There are wires such as Bloomberg,
PR Newswire, Press Trust of India (PTI) etc. Which
carry press releases, some for free some for
payment, and journalist can source from them.
Press release fructify when journalists pick these
stories from wires and publish them on newspaper
sites. There may be a back-link from these sites to
the company’s site, which will boost their SEO.
However, if the back-link is there on the press
release, which has been submitted to a wire and is

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(e) Directories/Classifieds: Directories are like a database that
has a list of websites in defined categories. Directory
submission were very popular earlier, and webmasters used
to submit website URL with other details such as type of
business etc. to directories. Some directories such as Dmoz
and Yahoo! Directory had 95 percent rejection rate and long
waiting period for review. In fact, Yahoo! Directory was like a
search engine where users could find websites related to a
category. It was used to improve your authority, but with the
algorithmic updates of search engine, it does not affect SEO
much nowadays unless directories are very reputed. There
are three types of directories submissions:
(i) Paid or Featured Web Listing: These are premium web
listings where one must pay the directory administrator to
list their website.
(ii) Free or Regular Web Listing: As the name suggests, it is
free to submit one’s website link, but there is no
guarantee for getting approval from the directory
administrator.
(iii) Reciprocal Web Listing: One must put the link to the
directory into their website, and then directory

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(f) Forums: Forums, on the other hand, are member
communities who share the same interest and are willing
to discuss problems or topic that help fellow members.
Posting relevant and interesting comments on
authoritative forums can help to get organic traffic as well
as give a back-link if one puts their link. The objective of
participating in the forums should be to add value to the
community and hyperlink should be inserted only when it
will increase the value as some users may wish to visit
the landing page for more details. Some forums or
question answer sites such as Quora are becoming
increasingly important in India and come high in SERP. It
is advisable to participate in forums and give relevant and
credible responses and comments.
(g) Article Promotion and Syndication: Many article
databases which are focused on niche areas also exist.
One must identify them, submit their articles and place an
Author Bio at the end with a link back to their website. It
will help in getting back link as well as increase in website
traffic.

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than one’s website which will give them reputation
and visibility benefits. Businesses do not want to
syndicate all their content as this will lead to duplicity,
and nothing unique will be there on their website.
Some sites suitable for syndication are bookmarking
sites such as Digg, Reddit.
(h) Unnatural Links: Search engine categories some
links and hence do not give any SEO advantage for
them. These link are:
• Paid link.
• Giving free product to blogger in exchange for them
writing about it.
• Reciprocal linking- two sites decide for quid pro quo
and link to each other
• Large number of guest posting back-links.
• Advertisement on other sites with back-link.

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• Low quality directory or bookmark site back-links.
• Links embedded in widgets distributed across sites
such as coupon site running a promotion for a brand
in exchange for a widget on the footer of the brand
site.
• Link is footer of site ‘site designed by www.xxx.com’.
Spider would not crawl links in following situation.
• Link in hard-to-parse JavaScript.
• Link in flash, java, or other plug-ins.
• Link in power point and PDF file.
• Link in frames and i-frames.
• Link on pages with hundreds of links.
• Link pointing to pages blocked by the meta robots
tag, rel=‘No follow’, or robots.txt.
Hence these aforementioned link should be avoided.

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5. Social Media Search: Social media is becoming
increasingly important in SEO. Search engines
consider social signals such as like, share, and re-
tweet as a form of user feedback. Content that is
engaging and getting organic traction is considered
good quality by search engine. It is important to do
cross posting of the content on social media, so that
you can drive some traffic from social media to your
website, Similarly, it is good idea to put social buttons
on one’s website so that users can share and like.
Share can from back-links, which would further help
in search engine ranking.
(a) Video Creation and Submission: Marketers create
videos as they are richer format. But, mostly they
upload the videos without optimizing them for

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(i) Rich Snippets: Creating rich snippets are like conveying
the whole video in a single thumbnail. It is tough to do
that, but they have a higher CTR than standard organic
search results.
(ii) Video Title: Intuitive, engaging title captures the
attention on the first glance.
(iii) Optimizing Description: Optimizing description of video
with appropriate keywords that will allow search
engines to index it and rank higher. One’s description
may contain web link of your website so that if the
viewer wants more information about your product or
services, they can always find details in website.
(iv) Transcripts: Many of the videos one watches do not
have transcripts and these videos lose their chances og
getting visibility in organic search results. Search
engines can read the transcripts of the video and look

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(v) Length: Length is a very important factor in video
submissions. According to Wista’s statistics, shorter
videos are better for getting people to watch the
entire video. So, the longer the video, the fewer
people will watch the whole video. But it again
depends on the case-to-case basis. You Tube is the
world’s most popular video channel followed by
Dailymotion and Vevo.
(vi) Embedding Options: One can give users the
access to code so that they can embed the
businesses video on their website. This helps in
gaining valuable back-links and boosts one’s ranking
in search engine. You Tube the most popular video
streaming website gives option to user to embed.
This code can be pasted in your webpage code.

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(viii) Target Specific: Keywords in the description and other tags
would help in discoverability.
6. Maintenance: SEO is not a one time task as search engine
algorithms constantly change. Moreover, SEO must be done
on a regular basis for new content that is posted. Also, if SEO
is stopped, then the website will start falling behind, and
competitors will catch up. To maintain one’s web presence and
stay at the top of SERPs, one must regularly do SEO.
A. SEO Tactics
(a) Black Hat SEO: Spamdexing, search engine poisoning, web
spam are some commonly known names of black hat SEO.
When someone deliberately manipulates indexes of a
search engine to improve the ranking of WebPages, then we
can call that as usage of black hat SEO. Search engine
obviously discourages such practices; hence, we should
avoid using them. It involves several techniques as;
(i) Keyword Stuffing: Keyword stuffing is a technique in which a
webpage is loaded with keywords unnecessarily in the meta
tags or in content to obtain a rank on search engines. It may

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(ii) Cookie Stuffing: It comes under illegal affiliate
marketing technique which involves placing an affiliate
third party tracking cookie from an entirely different
website on the visitors’ browser without their knowledge.
If the user later visits the target website and makes a
purchase, the cookie stuffer will be paid a commission.
Because the stuffer has not driven traffic from his site to
the target site, this technique is illegitimate and can even
steal commissions of genuine affiliate marketers as
fraudulent cookies may overwrite their cookies.
(iii) Hidden Text/Links: Text can be hidden in several ways
such that it is visible to the search engines but not users.
An example is white text on white background, using
CSS to position text off-screen, setting the font size to 0,
hiding the link by linking only one small character such a
hyphen.

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Comment tags are used by developers to give some
clues to other coders, They are present in the
source code but are not visible on the webpage. But
if they are misused to hide keywords or links then it
is a malpractices.
(iv) Cloaking: This technique is an attempt to mislead
search engines regarding the content served.
Delivering content based on IP address does not
this. When a user is identified as a search engine
based IP address, a different webpage is served;
and when the user is identified as it human, then a
different page is served. Hence, while the user may
see pornographic content, search engines may see
non-pornographic content.
(v) Gateway Pages: These are also called as doorway

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landing page. The end user or visitor will never be able to see the
doorway pages as they are automatically redirected.
(vi) Mirror Site: It is the process of creating multiple websites with similar
content, and design hosted on different domains is called site
mirroring. It is done to drive traffic to the main site and get back-links.
Search engine consider this as duplicate content and can penalise
the site.
(vii) Blog Comment Spam: The spammer to get back-links writes a
certain script which targets few specific websites. Because of the
script, comments appear on multiple websites promoting some
content with malicious URL that possibly contains a virus. By looking
at the email addresses of the commenter we know that it is spam.
(viii) Social Networking Spam: It refers to unwanted spam content
appearing on social networking sites that have user-generated
content such as comments, updates etc. It can be done using fake
account to send bulk messages or hate speeches, fraudulent reviews,
links etc. When there is a huge number of postings and messages on
social networking it is social spam.
(ix) Link Farms: Link farms are a group of websites that hyperlinked to
each other. They are formed with the sole objective of getting back-
links and thus improving search engine ranking.
(x) Cyber-squatting: It an act of registering and using an Internet domain
name, especially well-known company or brand names with an
intention to earn profit from the goodwill of some other company.

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(b) White Hat SEO: White hat SEO refers to following
search engine rules and policies for doing SEO and
adopting optimization strategies and tactics with a
focus on human audience and not search engines. A
comparison between black hat and white hat SEO
technique is given below:
Basis of
Difference
Black Hat SEO
Technique
White Hat SEO
Technique
On Page Factor Hidden text Titles and meta data
Duplicate content Quality content
Off-page Factor Doorway pages or
gateway pages
Guest blogging
Links Page swapping Link building
Link farming Quality back-links
Content Keyword stuffing Relevant Keywords

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B. Google Search Engine: Around 1996 Alta Vista-a
search engine-claimed that it handled roughly 20 million
queries per day. The algorithm of Alta Vista for retrieving
search results was based on the number of times a
keyword appeared in the content. Sergey Brin and
Lawrence (Larry) Page, while they were working on their
thesis at Stanford University, realized that search result
based on the number of back-links a page had from
quality websites would be better than those based on
keywords frequency. They found Google and based their
search engine on this algorithm. They called this
algorithm PageRank.
Google began to become popular as users found its
results better. In 2002, Google launched Google News
which is a computer generated news site that aggregates
news from different websites and allows readers to
choose which source they want to read. It also
personalizes the news based on readers’ interests. Often
in organic results, there is a result ‘in the news’ which is

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converted to text and stored in its database.
Depending on copyright, either the full book or
preview or snippet is shown in search results.
In 2005, Google launched Google Suggest which is
an auto-complete function. If a user enters a word in
the search field, associated word are shown in the
dropdown menu. The words are chosen based on
search frequency, location etc. and enhance user
experience as the user does not have to type the
whole phrase, and it reduces chances of spelling
mistakes.
From time to time, Google has introduced updates to
its search engine. Some of the major
changes/updates are as follow:
(i) Google Caffeine (2009): Unlike smaller updates,
Google caffeine was a retooling of the entire search
engine for achieving greater speed, better indexing

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got indexed fast. It also led to tighter integration with
social networks.
(ii) Google Panda (2011): The update was named after a
Google engineer, Naveen Panda, who design this
algorithm for spam filtering. The change aimed to lower
the rank of low quality sites near the top of the search
results. It rewarded sites with high quality back-links and
original value adding content and punished sites with low
quality back-links and content.
(iii) Google Penguin (2012): This algorithm focused on
punishing sites that spam the search engine results
specially those that buy back-links or obtain them from
link networks primarily designed for boosting search
engine ranking.
(iv) Page Layout (2012): Also know as Top-heavy Algorithm,
it downgrades the ranking of WebPages with too many
ads at the top or if they are distracting for users or have
too little content.

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enhance its search engine results with semantic
search information gathered from multiple sources. It
provides a chain of information related to one’s
search in a structured form. It display a summary that
helps the user to use related information to resolve
their query without having to navigate from one
website to other. It also provides related links.
(vii) Google Hummingbird (2013): This update was
about enabling semantic searches, focusing on the
context of a search query. It is about ‘understanding
the intent of the query’ where the meaning of the
whole phrase in the query is understood as opposed
to just a few words to deliver results that answer the
query in a meaningful way.
(viii) Penguin (2014): It was introduced to fight web

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paying for links or stuffing keywords, and violating
Google’s webmaster guidelines, and try to defeat the
system.
C. Other Suggested Tools: Here are some of the
recommended tools that one can use for SEO. Most
are ‘freemium’ wherein some basic services are free
and more advanced features are paid.
• SEMrush: It helps to understand what the ranking is
of the website for different keywords. It helps in
estimating the reach of the website through organic
traffic.
• www.seositecheckup.com- It instantly analyses
website from Search Engine Optimization perspective
and gives a score and a detail report which the
webmaster can use to improve their ranking in search

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• http://www.brokenlinkcheck.com/find-broken-
links.php - Broken link Finder as the name suggests
find dead URL on one’s website. It also checks
internal and external broken hyperlinks and many
other validations.
• http://www.ispionage.com/ -iSpionage is a search
marketing competitive intelligence provider. Business
owners, marketing managers, and agencies use this
software to optimize SEO, AdWords quickly and other
PPC campaigns using information about their top
competitors.

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Thank You!

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