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King2e ppt ch01
1.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology
2.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview • Defining psychology and exploring its roots • Contemporary approaches to psychology • Psychology’s scientific method • Types of psychological research
3.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Chapter Preview • Research samples and settings • Conducting ethical research • Learning about psychology means learning about you
4.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Definition of Psychology • Scientific study of behavior and mental processes • Key terms • Science • Behavior • Mental processes
5.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Figure 1.1 - Settings in Which Psychologists Work
6.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Psychology’s Beginnings • Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • German philosopher-physician • First psychology laboratory (1879) • Though he was not the first to study behaviors or mental processes, • He Was the first use of the scientific method in his lab • So, he is considered the “FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY”
7.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Psychology’s beginnings • William James (1842-1910) • American psychologist and philosopher • Was the first to borrow Wundt’s ideas and use the scientific method in his US Psychology lab • So, he is considered, “the father of American Psychology”
8.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Contemporary Approaches • Biological • Behavioral • Psychodynamic • Humanistic • Cognitive • Evolutionary • Sociocultural
9.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9 Biological Approach • Focus on brain and nervous system • Neuroscience • Structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry of nervous system • Brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion • Try to move your right arm and left leg clockwise, while also moving your left arm and right leg counterclockwise • Biology prevents us from doing some behaviors!
10.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Behavioral Approach • Emphasis on observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants • Notable behaviorists • John B. Watson (1878-1958) • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Imagine a kid in a store who throws a tantrum and gets the candy they wanted. They have just learned if they don’t get something, throw a tantrum and I’ll get it. This is the behavioral approach
11.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Psychodynamic Approach • Emphasis on: • Unconscious impulses • Conflict between biological drives and society • Childhood family experiences • Founding father: • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • He only gets the title “father of Psychodynamic Psychology!”
12.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Humanistic Approach • Emphasis on: • Positive human qualities • Capacity for positive growth • Freedom to choose any destiny • **the opposite of all things Freud stood for with his Psychodynamic approach
13.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Cognitive Approach • Emphasis on mental processes involved in knowing • How we: • Direct attention • Perceive, remember, think • Solve problems
14.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Evolutionary Approach • Use of evolutionary ideas such as: • Adaptation • Reproduction • Natural selection • Used as a basis for explaining specific human behaviors
15.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Sociocultural Approach • Examination of ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior • Focus on comparisons of behavior across: • Countries • Ethnic and cultural groups within countries • Think about how (what terms) you would use to tell a story to your Grandmother versus your best friend.
16.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Figure 1.3 - Steps in the Scientific Method
17.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Scientific Method: Observation • Choose a variable • Phenomenon studied by scientists • Anything that can change • Develop a theory • Idea that attempts to explain observations • Seeks to explain why something happened • Can be used to make predictions
18.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Scientific Method: Hypothesis • Formulate a hypothesis • Educated guess derived from theory • Prediction that can be tested • Can lend credibility to theory
19.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Scientific Method: Research • Design study • Establish an operational definition • Objective description of variable • Choose between design types • Descriptive, correlational, experiment • Implement study / Collect data • Methods: Survey, observation, test data • Analyze data &Number crunching
20.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Scientific Method: Conclusions • Draw conclusions • Is theory supported? • Should theory be changed? • Evaluate conclusions • Publication and review • Ongoing research process
21.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Types of Psychological Research • Descriptive research • Finding out about some variable • Correlational research • Discovering relationships between variables • Experimental research • Establishing causal relationships
22.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Descriptive Research • Describing some phenomemon, without answering questions of how and why • Demographics of who (gender, age, education level, etc.) • Number of occurrences (how many times a day, a year, in your life) • What something is (what does it mean to you to “date someone”?” – and you would describe what that means to you)
23.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Correlational Research • Examining whether and how variables are related and change together • Strength (accuracy of prediction of one variable by knowing the other) • Think no strength = guessing • To strong strength = perfect predictions • Direction (in which direction should you make the prediction: same or opposite as other variable) • Positive = same direction • Negative = opposite direction
24.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Figure 1.4 - Scatter Plots Showing Positive and Negative Correlations
25.
Correlation coefficient • Statistical
representation of the correlation • Represented with a lower case r • r = + .75 • Strength interpreted by looking at the VALUE of the number (in this case: .75) • Closer to 1.00 = perfect. • Closer to 0.00 = no strength • Direction interpreted by looking at the sign in front of the value (+ or -) • + = positive • - = negative © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25
26.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Correlation and Causation • Correlation ≠ causation • Third variable problem • Some other variable accounts for relationship between two variables • Third variables also called confounds
27.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Experimental Research • Determining whether causal relationship exists between variables • Experiment • Manipulation of one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable • Random Assignment • Researchers assign participants to groups by chance (to minimize third variable problems)
28.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Experiments and Causation • Random assignment helps establish causation • Independent variables manipulated • Dependent variables measured • Experimental groups • Experience manipulation • Control groups • Serve as baseline for comparison
29.
“manipulating” the I.V. ©
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29
30.
“manipulating” the I.V.
Option 2 © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30
31.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Experimental Research: Bias • Experimenter bias • Demand characteristics • Research participant bias • Placebo effect • Double-blind experiment
32.
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McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Figure 1.5 - Psychology’s Research Methods Applied to Studying Social Media Use
33.
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McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Research Settings • Laboratory research • Control, but with some drawbacks • Naturalistic observation • Real-world setting
34.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 APA Ethics Guidelines • Informed consent • Confidentiality • Debriefing • Deception
35.
© 2013 by
McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Psychology and You • Avoid generalizing based on little information • Distinguish between group results and individual needs • Look for answers beyond a single study • Avoid attributing causes where none have been found • Consider source of psychological information