Plastics for Healthcare Packaging

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Plastics for Healthcare Packaging
Published on April 2010

Report Summary

THIS REPORT

Market analysis by resin volumes and by major end users and applications, with data for 2008, estimates for 2009, and forecasts, with
5-year compound annual growth rates (CAGRs), through 2014
Discussion of noteworthy international activities relating to foreign-based companies in U.S. markets, and international technologies,
standards and protocols
Coverage of the packaging of pharmaceutical products and medical products, such as blood and intravenous solution bags,
diagnostic kits, syringes and similar items
Assessment of technological developments, trends and challenges
Profiles of the major players and their contributory roles.

Table of Content

Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 1
INTENDED AUDIENCE 1
SCOPE OF REPORT 2
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 3
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 4
RELATED BCC REPORTS 4
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 4
DISCLAIMER 4

Chapter-2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE U.S. HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 5
SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN, 2009-2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 6

Chapter-3: HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Plastics for Healthcare Packaging Page 1/16


BACKGROUND 7
CONSUMER CHARACTERISTICS AND FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND 8
CONSUMER CHARACTERISTICS AND '(CONTINUED) 9
MARKETING 10
OVERVIEW 10
LARGE PURCHASING/MARKETING GROUPS CHANGING THE FACE OF MEDICAL DEVICE MARKETING 10
OFFSHORE COMPETITION 11
CONTRACT PACKAGING 11
OVERVIEW 11
RECENT ACTIVITIES IN CONTRACT PACKAGING 12
Expansion Mode 12
Howell Packaging 12
Catalent Pharma Solutions 12
Anderson Packaging 12
Alcan Global Pharmaceutical Packaging 12
INDUSTRY AND PRODUCT TRENDS 13
OVERVIEW 13
SPECIFIC TRENDS 13
TABLE 1 PREDICTED EFFECTS OF TRENDS ON PLASTICS USE IN HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 14
CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS AND LIFESTYLES 14
HEALTHCARE COST CONTAINMENT 15
OVERVIEW 15
MANAGED CARE 16
COST REIMBURSEMENT 16
HOSPITALS 17
PHYSICIANS, SURGEONS, ETC. 18
DRUG COSTS 18
GENERIC DRUGS 19
Background 19
Sales of Generic Products 19
Generic Substitution 20
Positive Aspects 20
OTC PRODUCTS 20
HOME HEALTHCARE 21
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 21
CORPORATE CONSOLIDATION AND RESTRUCTURING 22
CORPORATE CONSOLIDATION AND ' (CONTINUED) 23

Chapter-4: HEALTHCARE PACKAGING

OVERVIEW 24
DRUG REGULATIONS AND REVIEW PROCESSES 24
HEALTHCARE PACKAGING STANDARDS 24
COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS 24
ASTM 25
Overview 25
Examples of ASTM tests for healthcare packaging include: 25
ASTM Packaging Standards 26



TABLE 2 ASTM MEDICAL DEVICE PACKAGING STANDARDS 26
Recent ASTM Meeting in Czechoslovakia 26
ISO STANDARDS 27
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING TEST METHODS 27
HEALTHCARE COMPLIANCE COUNCIL (HCPC) 27
PACKAGING PLASTICS APPROVAL PROCESS 27
IMPORTANT AREAS AFFECTING HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 28
COMPLIANCE PACKAGING 28
CHILD-RESISTANT PACKAGING 29
SENIOR-FRIENDLY HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 29
TAMPER-EVIDENT HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 30
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICES OF HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MATERIALS 31
COMPETING PACKAGING MATERIALS 32
DISPOSABILITY AND RECYLABILITY 32
CURRENT HEALTHCARE PACKAGING PROGNOSES 33
HIGH COSTS COULD SLOW DOWN HEALTHCARE PACKAGING GROWTH 33
INCREASING USE OF HOME HEALTHCARE 34
OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET 34
THE CURRENT SCENE 'ON-THE-HILL' 34
POTENTIAL NEW HEALTHCARE PACKAGING INNOVATIONS AND THE FDA 35
AN INTERESTING NEW HEALTHCARE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY: FLOW WRAPPING 35
BACKGROUND 35
DETAILS 36
PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING 36
OVERVIEW 36
PRESCRIPTION PHARMACEUTICALS 36
NON-PRESCRIPTION (OTC) PRODUCTS 37
RX-TO-OTC SWITCH PRODUCTS 38
PACKAGING OTC PRODUCTS 38
HOSPITAL PRODUCTS/MEDICAL SUPPLIES 39
NEAR-TERM OUTLOOK FOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 39
TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT PACKAGING 40
Overview 40
Containers 41
Blister Packaging 42
Overview 42
Advantages 43
Obstacles 44
Blister Pack Materials 44
Other Important Issues 44
More Details on Resin Choices 45
Use of Clamshells 45
MEDICAL PRODUCT PACKAGING 46
TRENDS IN MEDICAL PRODUCT PACKAGING 47
Background 47
Home Healthcare 47
Blood and Intravenous Solution Collection/Delivery Systems 48
MEDICAL PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 48
Overview 48
Packaging Choices 48



Sterile Packaging is not Simple 49
Overview 49
Sterile Barrier System Validations 49
Shelf Life of Sterile Packaging 50
ACCELERATED AGING PROTOCOLS 50
MATERIAL CHOICES 50
BLOW-FILL-SEAL PACKAGING (BFS) 50
PARENTERAL PACKAGING 51
DRUG DELIVERY CHALLENGES AND NEW PRODUCTS 51
Dry Powders for Pulmonary Uses 51
Pouches for Unit-Dose Delivery Systems 51
Tamper-Evident Syringes 51
Use of Olefin Polymers 52
Beveled-Needle Syringes 52
Reclosable Pouches 52
Safety Syringes 52
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MEDICAL PACKAGING 52
USE OF TRANSPARENT MEDICAL PLASTIC PACKAGING 53
OTHER ADVANCES 53

Chapter-5: HEALTHCARE PACKAGING PLASTIC PROCESSES

INJECTION MOLDING 54
BACKGROUND 54
DETAILS 54
EXTRUSION 55
BACKGROUND 55
SINGLE- AND TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION 55
EXTRUSION AND MELT FILM FABRICATION 55
BLOWN FILMS 56
FILM CASTING 56
SOLVENT CASTING 57
BLOW MOLDING 57
OVERVIEW 57
EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING 57
INJECTION BLOW MOLDING 58
STRETCH BLOW MOLDING 58
THERMOFORMING 59
HISTORY 59
OVERVIEW 59
APPLICATIONS 59

Chapter-6: HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN

OVERVIEW 60
TABLE 3 HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 60



POLYPROPYLENE 60
OVERVIEW 60
APPLICATIONS 61
PROPERTIES 62
PRODUCERS 62
TABLE 4 KEY GLOBAL POLYPROPYLENE PRODUCERS AND ESTIMATED CAPACITIES (BILLION LBS/YEAR) 62
UPGRADED POLYPROPYLENE 63
U.S. MARKET SHARES IN POLYPROPYLENE SALES 63
TABLE 5 U.S. MARKET SHARES OF LEADING POLYPROPYLENE PRODUCERS (%) 63
ADVANCES IN POLYPROPYLENE TECHNOLOGIES 64
HIGHLY CRYSTALLINE GRADES 64
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENES 65
Overview 65
Hi-Impact Grades 65
Long Glass Fiber Polypropylene 66
Random Copolymer Polypropylenes 66
Techniques Used to Impart Clarity 66
MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS 66
TABLE 6 POLYPROPYLENE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 67
POLYETHYLENES 67
BACKGROUND 67
POLYETHYLENE PRODUCERS 68
TABLE 7 SELECTED MAJOR HDPE PRODUCERS AND CAPACITIES 68
MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECAST 69
TABLE 8 TOTAL POLYETHYLENE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION
POUNDS) 69
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) 70
Overview 70
Background 70
Healthcare Packaging Aspects 70
Market Estimates and Forecasts 71
TABLE 9 HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION
POUNDS) 71
LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) 71
Overview 71
Markets and Applications 72
LDPE Grades Add Value to Healthcare Packaging 72
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 72
Overview 72
Properties 73
TABLE 10 LLDPE/LDPE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 74
A SPECIAL POLYETHYLENE: DU PONT'S TYVEK 74
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE 75
OVERVIEW 75
FORMS OF PVC 75
A VERSATILE RESIN 76
EXTRUSION 76
CALENDERING 76
PRODUCERS AND CAPACITIES 77



TABLE 11 KEY PVC PRODUCERS AND THEIR CAPACITIES (MILLION POUNDS/YEAR) 77
TABLE 12 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION
POUNDS) 78
PVC ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 79
Overview 79
A Little History 80
THE PVC REPLACEMENT ISSUE 80
Background 80
Potential PVC Replacement Resins 81
Background 81
PVC Replacement Candidates 81
Overview 81
Polyolefins 82
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) 82
COPEs 82
Laminated Polyolefins 82
Polyolefin Blends 82
Functionalized Polyolefins 83
TPEs 83
Some New PVC Healthcare Packaging Developments 83
Use of PVC Replacements for Trays and clamshells 83
PVC Replacement Plastics Provide Advantages 83
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) 84
BACKGROUND 84
MAJOR APPLICATIONS 84
MODIFIED PET RESINS 84
GLYCOL-MODIFIED PET COPOLYESTER (PETG) 85
TABLE 13 KEY NORTH AMERICAN PET PRODUCERS AND CAPACITIES (MILLION POUNDS/YEAR) 86
TABLE 14 POLYESTER HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 87
NEW PET HEALTHCARE PACKAGING DEVELOPMENTS 88
Heat-Treated PET Films 88
Use of RPET 88
Plastic Replaces Glass for Bottling Vascular Grafts 88
POLYSTYRENE 89
GENERAL PURPOSE POLYSTYRENE 89
HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE (HIPS) 89
Background and Properties 89
Applications, Pluses and Minuses 90
PRODUCERS 90
HEALTHCARE PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 91
THERMOPLASTIC STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMERS 91
Background 91
Processing 92
Properties 92
Producers 93
Healthcare-Related Applications 93
STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMERS (SAN) 93



OVERVIEW 93
PROPERTIES 94
SAN TRANSPARENT APPLICATIONS 94
PRODUCERS AND SUPPLIERS 95
TABLE 15 POLYSTYRENE AND COPOLYMERS HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015
(MILLION POUNDS) 96
NYLONS 96
BACKGROUND 96
PROPERTIES 97
MAJOR TYPES OF NYLONS 97
Nylon 66 97
Nylon 6 97
Other Nylons 98
Overview 98
Nylon 46 98
Nylon 6/9 98
Nylon 6/10 and Nylon 6/12 98
Nylon 11 98
Nylon 12 99
A NEW NYLON HEALTHCARE PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT 99
TABLE 16 NYLON PRODUCERS AND CAPACITIES (MILLION POUNDS PER YEAR) 99
TABLE 17 NYLON HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 100
POLYCARBONATES 100
BACKGROUND 100
GENERAL GRADES 100
ALLOYS/BLENDS 101
PROPERTIES 101
Overview 101
Property Advantages and Disadvantages 101
Overview 102
TABLE 18 NORTH AMERICAN POLYCARBONATE PRODUCERS AND CAPACITIES (MILLION POUNDS/YEAR) 102
IMPACT OF BISPHENOL A ON POLYCARBONATE USAGE 103
TABLE 19 POLYCARBONATE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS)
103
ACRYLICS 103
OVERVIEW 103
PROPERTIES 104
MANUFACTURE OF ACRYLIC POLYMERS 104
Sheet 104
Applications 104
COMMERICIAL ACRYLIC POLYMERS 105
PRODUCER/SUPPLIER ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENTS 105
Background 105
Cyro Industries 105
Lucite International 106



Aristech Acrylic LLC 106
Plaskolite 106
MEDICAL PACKAGING PRODUCTS 106
TABLE 20 ACRYLICS HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 107
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS (TPES) 107
OVERVIEW 107
TYPES OF TPES 107
ADVANTAGES 108
DISADVANTAGES 108
PROCESSING 108
APPLICATIONS 108
NEW DEVELOPMENTS OF TPES IN HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 109
High-Barrier TPEs for Healthcare Packaging Applications 109
TPEs Provide Complete Medical Fluid Delivery 109
COPEs 109
Background 109
Properties and Medical Applications 109
TABLE 21 COPE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 110
THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES (TPU) 110
Background 110
Medical Packaging Applications 111
TABLE 22 TPU HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 111
SILICONES 112
Background 112
TABLE 23 SILICONE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 112
POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE (PVDC) 113
Background 113
Cited Advantages 113
TABLE 24 PVDC HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 114
MISCELLANEOUS RESINS 114
OVERVIEW 114
METALLOCENE POLYETHYLENES 114
Background 114
New Developments 115
Global Metallocene Producers 115
CELLULOSICS 116
FLUOROPOLYMERS 116
IONOMERS 116
NITRILE RESINS 117
SELECTED ETPS 117
Polysulfones 117
Polyetherimides 118
CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMERS (COCS) 118
TABLE 25 HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MISCELLANEOUS RESINS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 119



Chapter-7: HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKETS BY APPLICATION

OVERVIEW 120
OVERALL MARKET FORECASTS 120
TABLE 26 HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 121
PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING 121
OVERVIEW 121
ETHICAL PRODUCTS 122
NON-PRESCRIPTION (OTC) PRODUCTS 122
SOME TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 122
CONTAINERS 123
Bottles 123
Background 123
Plastics Usage 124
Examples of Pharmaceutical Packaging Bottles 125
New Developments in Pharmaceutical Bottles 126
Vials 126
Background 126
Vial Labels Undergoing Changes 126
TABLE 27 PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: CONTAINERS, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 127
CLOSURES 127
Market Application Details 127
Market Application Details (Continued) 128
Lidding 129
Recent Developments in Pharmaceutical Closures 129
TABLE 28 PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: CLOSURES, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 130
BLISTER PACKAGING 130
Background 130
Blister Packs Can Be Made via Thermoforming or Coldforming 130
Market Application Details 131
Market Application Details (Continued) 132
TABLE 29 PROS AND CONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL BLISTER PACKAGING 133
Product Applications 133
Impact of OTC Products on Blister Packaging 134
Non-Institutional Ethical Pharmaceuticals and Blister Packs 135
Institutional Product Use and Blister Packaging 135
Institutional Product ' (Continued) 136
Blister Pack Materials 137
Recent Developments in Pharmaceutical Blister Packs 138
High-Pressure, Cold Forming Technology (HPC) 138
New PVdC Developments 138
TABLE 30 PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: THERMOFORMED BLISTER PACKAGING, THROUGH 2015
(MILLION POUNDS) 139
Clamshells 140



Overview 140
Advantages 140
Types of Clamshells 140
Sealing of Clamshells 141
TABLE 31 SEALING CLAMSHELLS PARAMETERS 141
Clamshell Materials 141
Is There a Difference' 141
OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 142
Pouches/Bags 142
Introduction 142
Recent Developments in Pouches 142
Market Estimates and Forecast 143
TABLE 32 PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: MISCELLANEOUS, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 143
USE OF FOILS 143
MEDICAL PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 144
OVERVIEW 144
PACKAGING CHOICES 144
TRENDS IN MEDICAL PRODUCT PACKAGING 145
Background 145
Home Healthcare 146
A Growing Issue: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESD) Medical Device Packaging 146
SYRINGES 147
Background 147
Products and Applications 147
Syringe Alternatives 148
Syringe Innovations 148
Syringe Innovations (Continued) 149
Pre-filled Syringe Historical Aspects 150
Materials Used 150
Polymer Usage 151
Recent Developments of Plastics Usage in Syringes 151
Self-Administration Becomes a Major Issue 152
Warnings against Reuse of Plastic Syringes 152
No Needles 153
An Interesting Observation 153
TABLE 33 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: SYRINGES, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 154
TUBING 154
Products and Applications 154
Stainless-steel Medical Tubing Increasing 154
Plastic Medical Tubing Niches 155
Properties 155
Resin Components and Requirements 155
PVC Usage 156
Features of Medical Tubing 157
TABLE 34 COMMON FEATURES OF AND SELECTED APPLICATIONS FOR PRIMARY RESINS USED IN MEDICAL TUBING 157
Applications 157
TABLE 35 SAMPLE APPLICATIONS FOR FLEXIBLE MEDICAL TUBING BY MAJOR CATEGORY 158
Current Status of PVC Replacement 158
Multilayer Tubing 159



Material Advancements 159
Selected Plastic Medical Tubing Extruders 159
TABLE 36 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: TUBING, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 160
KITS 160
Overview 160
Performance Criteria 161
TABLE 37 MATERIAL PROPERTY CRITERIA: KITS 162
TABLE 38 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: KITS, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 163
BAGS AND PARTS 163
IV Bags and Parts 163
Alternatives to PVC in Medical IV Bags 164
New Developments 165
Two Companies Dominate the Market 166
Medical Bags 166
Fluid Administration and Collection Bag Review 167
Pouches 168
Overview 168
Pouch Features 168
New Medical Pouch Packaging Developments 169
Puncture-Resistant Types 169
Unit-Dose Pouches 169
TABLE 39 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: IV BAGS AND PARTS, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 170
TABLE 40 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: OTHER BAGS, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS) 170
TRAYS 171
Background 171
TABLE 41 RESIN PROPERTY CRITERIA: TRAYS 171
Sterilization 171
Thermoform or Injection Mold' 172
Property Parameters for Choosing Tray Materials 172
Tray Designs for Different Environments 173
Recent Developments Related to Medical Tray Packaging 173
Examples of Recent Medical Tray Products 173
Tray Films 173
Secondary Trays 174
Custom Trays 174
TABLE 42 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: TRAYS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 174
MISCELLANEOUS MEDICAL PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 175
TABLE 43 MEDICAL PACKAGING MARKET BY RESIN: MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2015 (MILLION POUNDS)
175

Chapter-8: STERILIZATION TECHNIQUES

OVERVIEW OF METHODS 176
THE STERILIZATION PACKAGING MANUFACTURES COUNCIL OF THE FLEXIBLE PACKAGING ASSOCIATION (SPMC) 177
ETO GAS STERILIZATION 177
RADIATION STERILIZATION 178



GAMMA RADIATION 178
OZONE STERILIZATION 178
POLYMER REACTIONS TO STERILIZATION METHODS 179
BACKGROUND 179
PVC 179
POLYPROPYLENE 179
POLYETHYLENE 180
ABS AND SAN 180
POLYCARBONATE 180
POLYSTYRENE 180
POLYESTERS 180

Chapter-9: IMPORTANT AREAS AFFECTING THE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING MARKET

CONSERVATIVE NATURE OF THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY 181
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICES OF PACKAGING MATERIALS 181
DISPOSABILITY AND RECYLABILITY 182
TECHNOLOGY 183
SAFETY 183
COMPOUNDERS/CONVERTERS/MOLDERS AND DISTRIBUTORS 183
BACKGROUND 183
COMPOUNDERS 184
CONVERTERS 184
MOLDERS 184
IMPORTANCE IN THE MARKETPLACE 185
POSITION IN PRODUCT CHAIN 185
DISTRIBUTION 186
Distribution (Continued) 187

Chapter-10: OTHER IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING BUSINESS

END-USER HEALTHCARE COMPANIES 188
MARKETING AND COMPETITIVE ISSUES 188
END-USER PLASTIC SELECTION CRITERIA 188
Background 188
Competitive Materials 189
NEW APPLICATIONS 189
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 189
CONTAMINATION OR TOXICITY ISSUES 189
IMPORTS 190
PURCHASING PRACTICES 190
GENERAL MARKETING DEVELOPMENTS IN PLASTIC HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 190
RIGID VS. FLEXIBLE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 191
Rigid vs. ' (Continued) 192



Chapter-11: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

OVERVIEW 193
SPECTRE OF CONTAMINATED PRODUCTS 193
SOURCE REDUCTION 194
BIODEGRADABILITY 194
SUSTAINABILITY 195
INTRODUCTION 195
EARLY EFFORTS 196
SPECIAL CHALLENGE FOR HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 196
THE SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING COALITION (SPC) 197
RECENT HEALTHCARE COMPANY DEVELOPMENTS 197
BIODEGRADABLE ASPECTS 197
PAPER HEALTHCARE PACKAGING FIGHTS BACK AS SUSTAINABLE HEALTHCARE PACKAGING CHOICE 198

Chapter-12: FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATORY PROCESSES

OVERVIEW 199
DRUG REGULATIONS AND REVIEW PROCESS 199
PACKAGING PLASTICS APPROVAL PROCESS 199
GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE 200
PLASTICS TESTING PROCEDURES 200
FDA CHANGES COULD IMPACT HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 201

Chapter-13: RECENT HEALTHCARE PACKAGING COMPANY DEVELOPMENTS

REXAM 202
OLIVER TOLAS HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 202
KLOCKNER PENTAPLAST 202
TEKNI-PLEX 202
AMPAC FLEXIBLES 202
ROLLPRINT PACKAGING PRODUCTS 203
EASTMAN CHEMICAL 203
GERRESHEIMER 203
AMCOR & ALCAN PACKAGING 204
PRENT 204

Chapter-14: COMPANY PROFILES

ALCAN PACKAGING 205
ALCAN PACKAGING 205
ALCAN PACKAGING 206



AMCOR FLEXIBLES 206
AMERICAN HEALTH PACKAGING 207
AMPAC FLEXIBLES 207
BEACON CONVERTERS, INC. 208
BD MEDICAL-PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEMS 208
CARDINAL HEALTH, INC. 209
CATALENT PHARMA SOLUTIONS 209
CELESTE CONTRACT PACKAGING LLC 210
CONSTANTIA HUECK FOILS, LLC 210
MCKESSON RXPAK 211
OLIVER-TOLAS HEALTHCARE PACKAGING 211
PERFECSEAL 212
PERLEN PACKAGING LLC 212
PLASTIC INGENUITY 213
ROLLPRINT PACKAGING PRODUCTS, INC. 213
TEKNI-FILMS, INC. 214
SELECTED ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY 215
SELECTED ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY 215
SELECTED ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY (CONTINUED) 216



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